POPULAR SERIES I

TRIBAL PROFILE OF

~6,K. MOHAN RAO, M. A..'~+D- DIRECTOR

TRIBAL CULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE, Tribal Welfare Department, ANDHRA PRADESH, HYDERABAD.

May, 1988

The Illdial cultural heritage comprises of a wide variety of "Great traditioil" as well as simple but rich folk- lore found among the tribnls living in the forest clad moun- tainous ancl hilly tracts of . More than 300 main tribal communities are Ustributed from Himalayas down to Indian Ocean and from the Arabian sea to Bay of Bengal and Eastern Frontiers. The origin and original settlement patterns, peregrinations and their inter-relations with other Comxai- ties are lost in thC mist of antiquity. But the oral tradi- tions, mythologies, folk tales, historical evidences partly reveal their hoary past. The total population of Scheduled Tribes in the country is 538.16 lakhs and they constitute 7.85% of the total population as per 1981 Census reports. he Scheduled Tribe population State-wise are furnished in Annexure-I). The Tribal population of Andhra Pradesh works out to 6.10% to the total tribal population of the country.

The concept of the Scheduled Tribe varies from State to State or area to area. A community may be Scheduled Tribe in one State and it may be Scheduled Caste in another State and same may be backward class or forward class in an- other State. For example, Lambadas or Banjaras or Sujalis

_------.-.-I------. ------.. .: Director, Tribal Cultural Research and Training Institc~t~., ~ndhroPradesh, Hyderabad. are ScIleduled Tribes in AncLhrs Pradesh, but they are classi- fiec: as Schemed Castes in Karnataka and Union Territory of Delhi and baclmard class in neighbouring Kaharashtra. Simi- larly, 'Gou&at is Scheduled Tribe within the Agency tracts of flndhra Pradesh but they are not recowsed as Scheduled Tribes in adjoining State of Orissa eventhough they are pre- dominantly found in tribal areas of Orissa State. This kind of anamolies lead to emigration of identical Communities in order to grab the benefits. Identical nomenclature of cer- is tain Communities within the State alsolleading to much con- fusion and facilitating these non-tribal caste groups to claim Scheduled Tribe social status. The Kammara Caste, who are black-smiths in the plain areas, are also claiming as Kammaras of Agency tracts for the sake of grabbing the reservation benefits. These i~oare quite distinct Cornmuxi.- ties and they differ widely in their customs, traditions, habits and values. The social organisation of these -two Com&ties and associated ritual prgctices are dian?~tricdl~ opposite to yach Comunity.

AndIra Pradesh is the traclltional home of nearly

33 tribal Croups ancl most of these co.munities are found il2- habiting in the border areas of Andhra Pradesh in the North and North-East. The list of recognised Scheduled Tribes of Andhra Pradesh i :: f Urnished in Annexure-11. Identical %rib& Groups are found in the borcler areas of Maharashtrn in the North and I4adhya Pradesh and Orissa in the North-East. Out of 33 recognised Scheduled Tribes in Andhra Pradesh, 30 groups are found livinc in the sprawling 30030 Sq.Kms. of scheduled areas and conti@ous non- scheduled sub-plan area in the districts of Srikalculam, Vizianagaram, Visakha?atnam, Ease Godavari, West Godavari, Khammam, Warangal, Adilabad and Mahboobnagar districts. The scheduled area in the State which is the chief habitat of tribal groups of Andhra Pradesh constitutes 11%of the total geographical area of the State. The density af population in tribal areas is 125 ;>er ,;quare KiLol.~etre as c,;;ailsst 194 in the-plair_ area& The details of Scheduled villages and non-scheduled Sub-Plan villages are furnished in Annexure-111.

On the basis of Geo-ethnic characteristics, the Tribal areas of Andhra Pradesh can be divided into the fol- lowing five geographical regions:

1) Gond-Kolarn region - The Tribal areas of Adilabac! district. 2) Koya-Konda Reddi region - TribaX areas of Karin- nagar, Warangal, Khammam, West Godavari and East Godavnri districts - area along Godavari gorges. 3) Khond-Savara region - Tribal areas of Visakha- paenam, Vizianagaram and Srikakulam districts.

4) Chenchu region - Tribal areas of Mahboobnagar, Nalgonda, Kurnool, Prakasm and Guntur districts.

5) Plain areas - Areas of habitation of Yanadis, ye&las and Banjaras. The Adilnbad district situated in the extrene Northern part of Anclhra Pradesh is part of Gonclwana region. and identical tribal groups are found in the adjoinin6 districts of Maharashtrn. This district has natural boun- daries of important rivers i.e., the Pen~angain the North, the Wardha in the North-East, Pranahita in the East ai~dthe Godavari in the South. Most of the rivers in and around Adilabad are tributaries of Godavari and this river exer- cises great influence in socio-religious lives of tribals of the region. The predominant soils are black cotton and sandy loams. Cotton is the important commercial Crop zrown in this region. The important minerals available in this district are cod., limestone, Manganese and clay. The dist- rict is having one of the richest forests and area covered by forest works out to 42.43% to the total geogr2phicd ersc;.

2. KOYA-I

The Koyas are found all alon~the Godav31-i river starting from 1:arirnllagar to East Godavari and Idlest Godavari districts. The Konda Reddis are inhabiting on either sidc of Godavari banks from Bliadrachalam area of to Devipzt.;tnm and Polavaram areas of East Godavari and I;est Codavari districts respectively. The Sabari and Kir.:~ernszni arc other imgort,at tributaries of Godavari in Kham,un dist- rict. This district Is endovred with most varied types of minerals. Coal deposits are extensively found in the traz- tional habitat of tribals on either side of Godavnri gorzed. Iron ore, lime stone, narble and dolamite are also found in larger quantities.

The East Godavari and Vest Godavari districts were formed in 1925 from erstwhile Godavari district. Good mis- cellaneous dry deciduous and semi evergreen forests are found in these two clistricts. The total forest area in East Godavari is 3,23,148 hectares and this constitute 29.9 percent to the total geographical area of the district. I: liest Godavari district, total forest area constitutes only 10.4 percent. The mighty Godavari greatly influenced the socio-economic conditions of Icoyas and Konda Reddis. As the lands situated on either side of Godavari are extremely fertile, non-tribals in large numbers immigrated to the tribal areas and occupied the fertile lands. Commercial crops like tobacco and chillies are widely cultivnted mostly by non-trib'als. This river facilitated the movenent of non-tribals from widely populated plain areas of Zast Godavari and 'Jest Godavari to sparsely popul~tedtribal areas through mech~nisedboats and launches.

2. THE KEIOIJD-SAVJ&A REGION:

Tlie Savarn-Khond re~ionis one of the significant tribal habitat having common tribal groups in ncljoininc Orissa State which was formed in 1936. This region spreads from forest aid hill tracts of Srikakulam to Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam districts and these hill ranges f om part of Eastern ghats. Winter is extremely cold and summer will be pleasant with salubrious climate. The Nagavali, Vamsa- dhara, Suvarnamukhi, Vegavathl, Mahwdratanaya, Gomukhi and Chempavathi (~osthani)are important rivers in Srikakulam district. These rivers mostly traverse in the trib& 'areas of Srikakulm and Vizianagarm .districts but tribals are not benefitted. South Indian moist deciduous mixed forests are found. The Sal forests are also found in this region only.

MacWcund (fish tank) is one of the importat rivers which foms boundary between Orissa and Andhra Pradesh in the North-Eastern part of Visakhapatnam district. The same river is known as Sileru in Chintapalli and tNs river joins Sqbxi river. The MaclIkund river profoundly influenced the socio-religious lives of tribals of Padem region. A sec- tion of Bagatas whose clan name is MatSya (fish) worship fish of a pond near Pdderu area. ~aradariver which origi- nate in the Maduma hills flows through Chodavarm, Anaka- palli and joins into Bay of Bengal, Visakhapatnam district is rich in its forest resources especially Minor Forest Produce. The foreshpread over an area of 4,70,813 hec- tares and this area constitutes 41.5096 to the total geocra- pkicd area of the district. The maximum height in the hilly areas is 1,@O metres. Southern tropical semi ever green forests, Southern tropical. moist deciduous f orists, tropical dry deciduous forests are found in this district. One of the highest broad-gzuge Railway lines pass through the enchanting mountainous tracts_ of Anan-hgiri and Arahu areas of Visakhapatnam district.

4. CHENCHU REGION:

The traditional habitat of Chenchus is found in contiguous forest tracts of Nallamdai hills in the dist- ricts of Guntur, Prakasam, Kurnool, Mahboobnagar, Halgonda and Vikarabad areas of Raga district. Much of the area of these Ndlamdai hills through which Krishna river flows is presently declared as Tiger Project Area.

The Nagarjwlasagar-Srisailam Tiger Sanctuary extents over an area of 3568 Sq.Kms. in the districts of Guntur, Prakasam, Mahboobnagar, Nalgonda and Kurnool. It covers 124 villages of v~hich31 are Scheduled villages.

Tile total population in these villages is 23,404 Of which 3,972 are Scheduled Tribes and they mostly belong to Chenchus, a Primitive Cribe. An extent of 13,457.50 acres in of cultivated area is FncludedLTiger Project area.

The Chenchus of This area are more or less at food gathering stage of economy and they largely subsist by hunting and collectio.? of roots, tubers and honey. 3. PLAIN w:

Yanadi, Yerulcula and Lambadas are only importat numerically predominznt Tribal groups found in the plain areas of the State. These three groups w.ere recognisec? as Scheduled Tribes from 1956 onwards in Andhra region and from 1977 throughout Andhra Pradesh. Eventhough they in- with habit the same area alongLother caste groups, their settlements are found in separate localities or hamlets. The settlementsof Yanaclis are found on the river and cad banks as their main source of livelihood is fishing. The Yerulwlas who are mainly pig rearers live in mixed villa~es maintaining symbiotic relations with non-tribal groups. The settlements of Lmbadas are found in separate hamlets (tandas) nearer to hill areas or pastures where they coulc! rear their cattle. Once Lambadas were nomadic group but, in modern times, they are becoming sedantary cultivators a1d rearing of cattle has become their secondary occupation. Y arul

Yanadis are found only in Andhra region.

The details of total geographical area, forest covered, 1ntei;rated Tribd Development Agency area both in sub-plan area adPrimitive Tribal Group wea outside sub- plan area clistrict-wise are furnished in the Annexure-IV. The tot& Scheduled Tribe population in Andhra Pradesh is 31.76 lakhs according to 1981 Census reports cad their population increased by 15.18 lakhs (91.67%) when con- parec? to 1971 Census reports. This abnormal growth in Sche- duled Tribe population is due to inclusion of Lambada, Yerukula and Yanadi communities of Telangana region in the list of Scheduled Tribes in 1976. The Tribal population in the State constitute 5.93% to the total population in the State. The details of Tribe-wise population as per 1961, 1971 and 1981 Census reports are furnished in Annexure-V. The Lmbadas are numerically predominant tribal grocp anand Koyaa occupy the next position. The Yerukulas and Yanadis possess equal number of population. Tne details of tribds and their percentages to the total Scheduled Tribe popula- tion are furnished in Annexure-VI. Lambadas emerged as the largest tribal group (36.48) and next Koya, Yerukula and Y anadi groups occupy next positions.

Highest Scheduled Tribe population is found in Khmlm district (4,29,959) and Visakhapatnm district comes second (3,54,127), Hyderabad district is having lolvest tribal population (14,488). The district-wise population of Sclleduled Tribes and their ~rowthfrom 1951 to 1981 are fur- nished in Annexure-VII .

Tlie district-wise predonlinmt tribal groups in the 9 Scheduled districts are as follows: Percentage S1. Name of the Sche- Predominant Tribal of Schedu- No. duled District Groups led Tribes to total population

Savara, Jatapu, Gadaba, Konda Dora

Viziana~aram Visakhapatnam Bagata, Gadaba, Kammara, Konda Dora, Kotia, Khond, Mali, Manne Dora, Mukha Dora, Reddi Dora, Porja, Valmiki, Goud, Kulia

East Godavari Koya, IConda Reddi, Kammara, Konda Dora

West Godavari Roya, Konda Redcli, Yerukula, Yanadi Koya, Konda Reddi, Su~di or Lambada Warangal Koya, Lambada Adilabad Gond, Kolam, Pardhan, Thoti, Lambada, Naikpod, Andh Mahboobnagar Lambada, Chenchu

The Scheduled Tribe population increased fron 7.67 lakhs in 1951 to 13.24 lakhs in 1961 (72.6%) and fron 16-57 lakhs in 1971 to 31.76 lakhs in 1981 (91.67%).

There was substantial increase in Scheduled Tribe population in 1961 because three communities namely ~~bada, Yemkula and Yanadi of Andhra area were included as schocl~ld Tribes as per the Sched1~ledCaste Scheduled Tribe b~~difica- tion Order 1956. Similarly, the Scheduled Tribe population almost doubled in 1981 when compared. to 1971 Census reports because the area restriction for the above three tribes was removed in 1976 and these groups residing in Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh also became Scheduled Tribes with effect f ron July 1977. Similarly, the Scheduled Tribe population was chiefly found in only Scheduled districts as per. 1951 Census reports as hill tribes were alone included in the 1i::-; oT Scheduled Tribes in the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe Order 1950. Out of total population of 7.67 ldchs in the entire Andhra Pradesh, 7.05 lakhs constituting 91.92 per cent were foundin Scheduled districts and rest of 0.62 lakhs were oriiy found in the plain districts.

Out of the total 30 hill tribes, 15 groups are in- habiting the forest and hill areas of Visakhapatnam District alone and rest of the 15 groups are found in other 8 Scheduled districts. The three major tribes namely Lambada, Yerukula and Yanadi are predominantly found in plain areas and they are cot distributed throughout the State. But Lambadas areffound in tk districts of East Godavari, Visal~hapatnaEl, Vizianagarm and Srikakulam and Yanadis are not found in Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh, The tribe-wise population from 1961 to 1981 are furnished in Annexure-V. The growth rate for each decade for Scheduled Tribes in Andhra Pradesh cannot be taken on the basis for compma%ive purpose because new Con?rnunities were added ill 1956 and in 1977. Annexwe-V reveals that newly 9 tribd communities registered negative growth in population from 1971 to 1981, This is purely due to wrong enumeration of certain Communities. For example, several thousands of Kolams were enumerated as Manne (Scheduled Caste) as these people call themselves as "Mannewar" or "Mannepul'. Hill FLecldi tribe has shown steep fall from 1971 to 1981. But this does not reflect the true picture. The term 'Hill Reddi' is ollly English name for Konda Reddi an? most of the peo2le were enumerated under Konda Reddi only. Similarly, Konda Kapu has shown negztive growth, This is the most misleadin;: and confusing Community. In certain areas like Paderu, Konda Doras style themselves as ICondn ICapus in Koyyura Panchayat Samithi area of Visakhapatnarn District and Rajavom,?t;iarea of . Bagatas call themselves as Konda Kapu. In certain tribd areas of East Godavari and Iflest Godavari, . Konda Reddis call themselves as Konda Kapus. Some of the plain Kapus also style themselves as Konda ICapus in order to get conces- sions and privileges and reservation benefits. The Savaras, one of the largest tribal group in Srikakulam and Vizia- nagarm di.stricts,have also registered negative growth from 1971 to 1981.

The various tribal groups of Andhra Pradesh are at the following different stages of economic levels. 1) Food gathering - Hunting, fishing, collection. 2) Pastoralism. 3) Shifting cultivation. 4) Settled cultivation. The Chenchus living in the forest and hilly areas of Mahboobnagar, I(urnoo1, Prakasarn and Gu~turdistricts are largely subsisting by collecting tubers, roots and huntin; srn,all Game. Lmbadas and Gouds are mainly pastorals. Ichonds, Por jas, Gadabas, IConda Reddis, Kolams, Savaras and Iconda Doras are shifting cultivators. Jatapus, Bagatas, Kotias, Muklia Doras, Valmilcis, Koyas, Gonds, Pardhans etc. are settled cultivators. The Yerulsulas are tradition~l basket makers and pig rearers. The Yanadis living in the plain areas of the Andhra region are traditional inlz:lil . fishermen and rodent chatchers. But in modelm tines, no tribal community can be classified strictly into any wqL~er-. tight economic cate$ories.

Tribal families wlio are mainly shifting cultivators are also partly subsisting by food collection from forest areas, Lmbadas who were once living by milk and products are gradually becoming settled agriculturists. The u~orkiry~ force among Scheduled Tribes constitute 49,456 whereas in plain areas, they constitute % as per 1971 Census reports. The details of workers, non-workers district-wise are furnished in Annexure-VIII. This Table indicatesthat in Schedulecl areas where Integrated Tribal Development figencis?? were established during the middle of 1970~~cultivatsrs constitute 49.3% whereas in plain areas, they consti -~:t

36.176 to the total working force. The percentage o.~i,ll- cultural labourers is Illore in plain areas when conparc,~! -t hill areas. But tribals 1~110 are pursuing household ~n~~s-t-., are more in number when compared to hill tribals. The occ-~.

pational pattern of 1981 Census reports also indicate 3il -l.-.

trend. The details are furnished district-wise in i\.n-nc:~: ;' IX.

As per latest surveys conducted by Integrated I'ri5c7 Development Agencies and Forest Department that shifting cultivation (~odu)is prevalent on an area of 62,943 hectares and approximately 62,504 families in 8 Scheduled districts are subsisting by shifting cultivation. Podu is on the wane in tribal. areas of Adilabad and lgfarangal&st- rict~. It was once practiced by both Kolams and Gonds who are now engaged in settled cultivation. It is still p2rc. tised on larGe extents in the tribal areas of Khamanl, IIest Godavwi, East Godavari, Visakhapatnm, Vizianagarm and

Srikakulan districts. The details regarding extent of aca uncler shifting cultivation district-wise are furnished in Annexure-X .

In Srikakulam and Vizianagaram Districts, ide;l=ica~ tribal groups are found. Savaras are one of the important and ancient tribal group living in these two districts. "The Aitaraya Brabmana of Rigveda makes the Savaras the descendants of the sons of Viswamithra vrho were cursed to become impure by their father for an act of disobedience, while the Ramayann describes them as having emanated fro1 the body of Vasistasl Cow to fight against Vimmitl?ra (E. Thurston Vu1.6 page 305). Savaras are believed to be admixture of Mongolian and Dravidian stock. Their popula- tion according to 1981 Census reports is 81,121. Savaras generally live on hill tops or valleys in linear shaped rows of huts parallel to each other. This tribe is divided into following sub-divisions.

1. Sudda Savaras. 2. Kapu Savaras. 3. Lanjiya Savaras (Lombo Lanjiya or Arsi). 4. Dulia Savaras. 5. Baru Saraji or Toka Savaras. 6. Parbat Savaras (~aliaSavaras or Konda Savnras or Bheema Savaras).

The sub-groups mentioned at serial Nos.1 and 2 are settled in plain areas and pursuing settled cultivation. They are sufficiently acculturated groups and Sudda Savaras (pure Savoras) have completely become vegetarians, trlzile Kapu Savaras gave up beef. The Savnras living in the in- terior hill areas eat beef. During investigation in Bhadragiri Panchayat Samithi area of Vizianagaran~District, the Savaras stated that there are no sub-divisions mong Savaras ancl Savarns who settled in plain areas and who are sufficiently rich are claimi~lgas Kapu Savaras or Sudcla Savnras. The sub-divisions mentioned from seriol Nos.3 to 6 are usually living in the hill areas and practisin~Shift ing cultivation. The Savara social structure is not based either 3:: clans or septs. The village exogamy is the guiding princi;-ie for acquiring mates, The boys .and girls of the same villace are considered as brothers and sisters. The cross cousiil marriages are &so encouraged. But in modern times, Savr-.TI.:-

are adopting surnames of Jatapu tribe who are living in ;heir

OW1 area. The common totemic clans adopted by Savaras fror! Jatapus are as follows:

1. Arika (small millets).

2. Biddika (~arthenpot). 3. Kunbirika (A kind of tree). 4. Gedala (~uffaloe), 5. Korangi (Descendents of those who ate the daughter-in-law by mistake).

Savwas speak a dialect and this can be included in the Mundnri linguistic family. They C~dlthefi- Selves as soarman. v[ith regard to acquiring mates (Siroci. 32 ,\ they resort to capture (mdin~bbai) t nenotiation (Valbzt), love and elopement(Donrc?bai), service and dl these .ict~i~ec

Of marriage are reco@sed by their society- They practice also leviratetype of marriage (Dandals J~ba). Ti-- tr- ' tionalvillage hea&mis called Chudamar or Gomru?f:o Land hc settles all kinds of disputes within the village, The medicineman or Sham-an who is known as riKuclunboyir' in Savara dialect plays zib~ficmtrole in magico-religious functions. The Savaras worship the following gods and goddesses.

1) Janango or Jakara Devata (Village deity). 2) B~Suoy(Hill deity). 3) Yongubuoy (~oddessof small pox). 4) Gusadabuoy (Village boundary goddess). 5) Mundadabuoy (Household deity). 6) Jamudubuoy (Goddess of fertility).

E. Thurston while describing Savaras stated that they got only 12 numericals in their dialect (Vo1.6 P.312). But it is not correct. They ~otnumericals upto thousands in their own parlance. Savaras perform robust dance called 'Tramson' to the occompaaiment of blowing of trumpets acd beating drums. The Savaras living in the interior places follow scrupulously the age old customs and traditions. One of the significant custom related to sexual relations is practised by Savaras even today. After birth of a child, the husband generally abstains from sex relation with the wife till the child is completely weaned. That is why tke post-natal diseasesamon~tribals in general and Savaras in particular are absent md proper spacing is given from one child to another. Saveas celebrate new fruit eatin- f~;.~l ( A,atra Pandugra) , seed charming festival v31L(Kil,jab) and hair tonsuring festival (Jum.ium,~al)wit11 illore joy and merriment. IConda Savaras of Srilcakulam and Vizianogarm dstricts who are eking out their livcliizood -: 18 :- rimiti~e*rib& sed as scheme S by shifting cultivation, are recogd UP specid Groups by Government of India for tdin6 for their development. of

Jatapus of Srikakulam, Vizi& Visakhapatnam District are one and *re themselves as "ICuvinga" or "Kui

The dialect Spoken by Jatapu is cds longs to the Dravidian linguistic according to 1981 Census reports is spe'aing people call them as also call tllemselves as .%tnantha w@ This name is adopted by this Cornmu&- social status among other tribal

Jatapus or who ~ettleine~ltson hill slopes by shifting cultivation. The hair 5 merits pattern Of Khonds of tinct when compared to number of hair pins acquire their mates tions (~endili),by (Ko~a.i Kayorn socidly whosoever catches the am] of an -0 titular person has to marry her. T,fiakG

a" arm or put his arm across her shoulders. They also practise levirate type of marriage. The Pejjeni (priestess) and

Ye j juralu (~Iedicinewoman) play very important role in magico-religious functions of Jatapus.

The Khonds of Visakhapatnam District perfom splendid peacock dance and this dance is known as "Pirodi Yenda" in their own dialect. In this dance pattern, the dancers decorate themselves with peacock featheres and per- form dance to the melodious music produced by bamboo flute. Khonds of Visakhapatnam District are recognised as a Primi- tive Tribal Group for taking up special schemes for their development.

Gadabas arc predominantly found in tribal areas of

Srikakulm, Vizianagararii and Visakhapatnam Districts. The population according to 1981 Census reports is 28,049. Gedabas speak their own dialect and this dialect is included by G. A. Grirson in Mundari linmistic family (Thurstorm Vol. 2 P. 243). But Gadabas of Srikakulam call themselves as 'Gutoni' and those living in tribal areas of Visakhapatnam call then- selves as "Gitadim" in their own perlance. The Gadabas are divided into two endogamous divisions viz., Katturu Gadabas and Goe Gadabas.

Both of these sub-divisions are settled cul.tiv,?tcrs. But Gadabas of Visakhapatnam district reported the follow- ing three milin divisions, 1. Savara Gita (Pdanquine bearers). 2. Luppu Gita (Basket makers), 3. JCollai Gita (Cultivators).

In some parts of %rib& areas of Srikakulm and Vizianagaram Districts, the Gadabas are also known as Mudli. In former days, some sections o f Gadabas worked as Palan- wuine beaers to former Zamindars in tribal areas. In re- turn to their services, they were granted 'inamst. Gadabns are also reco~isedas a Primitive Tribal Group by the Government of India in the year 2982-83 and special funds are being alloted for their development.

IConda Doras are chiefly found in tribal areas of Srikakulm, Vizianagarm, Visakhapatnam and East Godavari Districts, The Konda Doras living in interior places with other ethnic groups call themselves as "Kubing" or ItKodangi" in their own parlance and the dialect spoken by them is called "Kubi" which belongs to the Dravidian lin- wistic group, According to 1981 Census reports, they number 1,41,374, Konda Doras of Srikakam, Vizianagaram and East G0da~~r-ihave forgotten their OW dialect and adopted TeluLU as their mother tonme* They are divided into number of totemic clans such as Paraek (Sun), Mandelek (Tieer), Bidlar ( snake), Somelun~er(fish) , Surrek (kite), Golorigune (monkey) and Oljukula (bear) Totemic clans .such as Korra (sun), Kimudu (bear) , Vontal~(snake), Pan~i(kite), ICillo (Tiger) etc. are &so fomd in socid orgasation of Konda Dora% Marriage by capture (~dichitasipendli or Kiddangi or Bottelagutta) , Marriage by negotiations (Pedikinappu or Pedda Pendli), Marriage by love and elopement (Yatravelluta) and Marriage by Service (Karje Marhanivuta or Illirikam Pendli) are the traditionally accepted ways of acquiring mates. IConda Doras celebrate following festivals:

1. Pusa Pandoi (first eating of addanuts). 2. Kadak Pancloi (Seeds charming). 3. Chaitpurab (Hunting festival) . 4. Korralcotta, Mamidi Kotta etc. (eating of first fruits of first crops).

Some of the Konda Doras are also styling themselves as Konda Kapus but Konda Doras and Kapus are two distinct groups. Konda Doras eat beef whereas Kapus do not eat beef.

Bagatas who are also known as Ronas are predominantly found in tribal areas of Visakhapatnam District. Most of the Muttadars advillage headmen of Visakhapatnan tribal areas belong to this tribe. The headman for group of villages of 10 to 15 was called Muttadar in former days. These headmen acted as intermediary landlords and they used to collect revenue from farmers and paid fixed sums either to former Zm.indars or British administrators in India. Bagatas occupy highest social status in social hierarchy whereas

Valmikis who are also known in some parts as Paidis and ~LI are at the bottom of social pyramid. Thurston while describing Bagtitas used the terms Bhaktas or Baktas as synol~ynousterms and he used the same homenclature for both fishermen community and hill tribe who are distinct croups. They account for their name by the tradition that they served with great devotion (bhakti) the former rulers of Golugonda and Madugula (Thurston, Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Vol.1 P.128). The inland fishermen community in Nellore, Ananthapur and

Cuddapah Districts also call themselves as Bhagaata ($7~ @$. The Bagatas -- the hill tribe are found in tribal aress o; Visakhapatnam District and they are also known as Rono which means warrior. The observation of Thurston may not be correct with regard to etymolo&ical meaning of the word 'Bagata'. This word might have been derived from the local word "Bv.gatat' which means landlord. AS this Commu- ni'cy people were generdly landlords in the Agency tracts, they might have been called Busatas and later Bagatas. Most of the village headmen and former Nuttadars belong to this Community and they used to collect revenue frolll tribaS and pay to forner Kings Ad Zamindars. Bagatas in different parts are called with different nomenclatures. The word Rcma or Padal is popular title to Bagatas living near Orissa border.

The tribal Groups living in the border areas oS Orissa speak corrupt fern of Oriyn

including dress pattern are similar except Khonds, Por j,,

and Gadabas. The social organisation, marriage patterlls

are more or less identical. The following clans (BOIJSU) are commonly found among all the groups.

Korra (Sun). Pangi (Kite). Ontala (Snake). Killo (Tiger). Gollori (Monl~ey). ~tir~udu(Bear). Matya (Fish). Chelli (Goat).

Marriage by capture (Gikeanabar), love and elopement (lJdaliya ~iba), service ( Gor juvai) and negotiations (Bio- bandi Biba) are socially accepted ways of acquiring mates. Cross cousin marriages are encouraged and they are collsi-

&red as potentid mates, Ulllike plain areas, marria,c 01 one~ssister's daugiiter is prohibited. AS the womax enjoys

equal status with man, the bridegroom has to pay bridc- priceand .bear dl 'expenses connected with marriage even at the house of bride. In case of divorce, the second h~~shand has to pqj (M0ganjL.i) to the aggrieved husband.

One of the importmt socia institution which tribals of vis,?khapatnm ancl Srikalculam preserved is sacred bond friendship or dimunitive association. Irrespective of tribe, caste, creed or sex, a boy or girl or two boys or

two girls can enter into t!ds sacred friendstlip. This In- stitution is locally called 'Gott-Band-Bar'. Jatapus called it 'Thona gotha', Savaras call it 'Nelava' and other Oriya speaking people call it as 'Sangato'. The Telugu speaking tribal groups call it 'Nestam'. Persons who enter into this fold or friendship promote welfare of each other and this sacred bond is continued from generation to generatio:-.

Chaitra festival is one of the important festivals celebrated with lot of joy during the month of March-April in the entire Agency tracts. This festival is celebrated from tribal areas of SrikakulLm to Xhammam district. alrinc this festival, all male members go to forest for huntin:

and rvomenfolk swin,: in bamboo cradles while singing 2x1 kinds of romantic songs. The men are not allowed to enter the village unless they bring the big animal by hunting, The catch is distributed equaly among all the villagers, Durillg this festivd, the ribal connected with seed cham- ingis also observed. This hunting festival, in forner celebrated for nearly a month but in modern tines, days, they are celebratin&' this festival for a week only.

The tribal. groups of Vlsakhapatnam perform enchant; ingfollc dance called "Dimsa". The Khonds perfom 'oea~~-i;ili;i dance called i'Pirodiyendul' in their dialect. Pnrjni.

sttractive folk dance called ' Jhodianat' or 1 Jill i-.. natt or ')Jandinztf vhile sin~in~melodious songs r~~sic. PIultlia Dora or Nuka Doras style themselves as Reddl

Doras and Telugu is their mother tongue. They claiil! equal social status with Bagatas. Kotias occupy social status next to Bagatas and they speak ,'Adi Vasi Oriya" and their social structure, marriage patterns 2nd other custons anrl traditions resemble those of other Oriya speaking tribal

groups.

Porja -- a Primitive Tribe is predominantly found in tribal areas of Orissa and sparcely in Visakhapatnam Dist- rict. This group is divided into following endogamous sub-

divisions:

1. Parengi Porja. 2. Didoi Porja. 3. Jhodia Porja. 4, Pengu Porja. 5. Kollai Porja. 6. Bondo Porja.

They arc. traditional basket makers and they also partly subsist by P0d.U cultivation.

Vdmilcis living in Scheduled areas of Srikakularl, Vizimagaram, Visalchapatnan, East Godavari and Viest Godavclpr are recognised as Sclleduled Tribes. The Boya Vnlrlikj"

are living in "~stlyRayiyalaseema area of Andllra Pr,,, a

are distinct and different groups and they are not rccu2- lliscd as Scheduled Tribes. This Community people who arc -: 26 :-

in border areas of Orissa are also known as Paidis >i-vinC gombs -d they speak AdiV~siOriya like other tribal dcra The Telugu speaking eon-tribes call them as eZO@ 6el?-cY Maas". In the backward Tribes list of 1936, they $1 p.w classified as Agency or Valmikis. They possess ,,.,ef azZ Z;he tribal chara~teri~ticf;and share the common tribal 5-t;orns md traditions as dis6:ussed in preceding pages GO with nei6hbouring tribG1 groups. @zoDe

Ichonda, porj as md Gadabas are recognised as imi%ive Tribal Groups in V5sakhapatnam District and l?r schemes are being im$lemented for their development w

Koyas who call -t;hemselves as Koitur in their own di.d3~tare one of the nmerLcally predominant tribal grouw

0-d liWnf; in East GodaVarL, '+'lest Godavari, Khammam, viarangal, Karimnagar ar~dAhilabad districts on either side of Godavari gorges, Their gopulation in the State accord- jtzG to 1981 Census repor*s 3s 3,62,342. Koyas and Gonds linblisticdlY cultwally belong to same

0 clc .

~h~ ~~~~s are divide%into following endogamous

1. Gommu Koya (%hosd Who live on river banks). 2, Llngadari Koya (9aivits and Priests), 3. Gampa Koya (Baskdt makers). 4. Musari Koya (BP~~sworkers). S. Gut;ta JC~~~(:ao&>cain Dwellers). 6. Deli !coya (Traditional bards to KoY~~). All the Koya sub-divisions except Doli Koya sq~lc! theti~selvesas Hacha Koyas md 'Dorda Chattam'. The socinl 0rC;anisation of Koyas is identical with Gonds. Koqra tribe is divided into followinC; phratries and associated clans:

S1. Name of the Clans No. phratry

1. Mudavagatta Korasa, Kurasam, Madakam, Punen, Purkam, Tellam, Tata, Tatiyerapu, Penuballi, Dega, Uma, Undameer, Dodda, Chinnala Boyi, Fasim.

2. Malugavagatta Parisika, Kacham, Majji, Peji9 (paredugatta) Turnsam, Soyam, Payam, Madivi, E?adi, potta, China Kunja, Koram, Nun@.

3. Idavagatta Voyika, Yerupa, Chodi, Jaj jara, Pusam, Sodem, Turusa.

4. Aravagatta Kunja, Kattam, Karm, ICornoram, Fodi- (~erambayi yam, Veku, Savam, Pedda Kurja, Raju Gotram) Karm, Asu Karathi, Karathi, Tosa- Vade.

5. Yedavclgatta Korama, Paddam, Ptuchiki, Kovirasi.

The tern1 -G- is said to be corruption of gotram, corresponding to of Gonds. Some of these clans are also having totemic significance. For example, Modivi clan people do not eat flesh of goat. Similarly, Korsa peo;lo regfld tortoise cs their ancestor ,and eating its flesh is taboo. Drinking milk and milk products is taboo to peopls whose clan is 'Barre Soden'. The following marriage pat- terns are prevalent among Koyas.

1. Marriage by Capture. 2. Marriage by love and elopement. 3. Marriage by Negotiations. 4. Marriage by Service.

In all kinds of ~arriagerituals and ceremonies, the maternal uncle plays sigiificant role. The cross cousin marriages are first preferred. The village headman (Poyi

or Berakc.pu), Deputy headman (~eyor~edda) officiate at thr marriage cere~onies. In all kinds of marriages, the croon has to arrange feast to the entire village community. In case the groom fails to orrange community dinner bccouse of poverty, he cannot tie tali (marriage badge) in tile neck of wife. Iihenever the husband arranges community dinner, -t!:el? only both are reco,mised as wife and husband by the villajcrs.

In case a man dies without giving mnrricge dinner, his dead-body is carried to burial ground by tying it to a single pole. Levirate tme of marriage (Yenen Tattun) is also in vase among Koyas.

Koyas worship number of Gods ,and Goddcsses. The chief deities are Korrn Rajulu, Lord Bhima, Hsmili etc. The temple of Mcmili is found at Dativrada of Bastar and Koy:.~ go to this temple re&larly 'and sacrifice ,mirn,?ls mi fi,>~'

addition to these chief gods nnd goddesses, each ll~i~ or clan got their deities. In every house of Koyas, a se3--- rate place is kept for keeping their household deities. Tkis sacred place in the house is cnlled Anngondi.

In some villages, Koyns perform fire walking ceremor?. duing ,ceLebra~;ionsof hill deities (Kondala Kolupu) , Generally, these celebrations start on Sunday 22 C4e roiz of May. The deities which are kept in shrine in the f,>rc-:t area are brought to the village. These deities are in tne shape of umbrellas made out of silver and they are kept 1:1 a pot. They perform rituals and sacrifice on all five d~ys. On final and fifth clay, they dig two pits cdled Ra~u,lmda1 and Yadavapndam 2nd burn logs of wood, First, a shepharcl casteman (Golla) and then a Naymod walk on the burning charcoal by carrying sacred food cnlled Ra;iubonam or Yadavn- -bonam. Then, the village elders walk on the burning char- cod. After walking on the fire, a goat is sacrific,.c; n~id its flesh is cooked. This sacred food is served to all the villagers assembled.

Koyas also celebrate another important festival called Vi,ju~mdmor Bhudevi Pandufia in honour of earth goddess in the month of May. The tern Vi;i;ii means seeds and Pmdum means festival and as seeds are ritullly cl:?r,ic> during this festival, it is called Vi,i.iu Pandum.

The vil1,lgers brin~; samples of the seeds from their home to a cclntr=?l place in the village md ill^^,^ sacrifices fowls and mix these seeds wit11 blob,l -.ncL distribute to the villagers. Then all go for ceremonial hunting with their bows and arrows. The womenfolk stria, , the bamboo swings by singini, all kinds of romantic son@. The men are not allowed to enter into village unless they bring a big catch from the forest, The womenfolk collect money from persons who pass through their village. T,~L:~ celebrate this festival for 4 days with much joy and amuse- ment. Sadal! and Szirdamma are also inportnnt deities to ICoyas. A festival in honour of these deities is cele- brated once in two years at IIvledaram, a tiny Koya villnse ii; 16ar,wgd District. lCoyas perform robust bison-horn dance called Permakok Ata on festive and marriage occasions.

Konda Rcddi is another important tribe living in East Godavari, West Godavnri ,and Khman Districts. Their population in the State as per 1981 Census reports is 54,473. Konda Reddis are GenerLally found inhabiting in the interior forest and hill areas and they largely subsist bj- shifting cultiva'tion. Their mother tongue is Telugy only, Surnames or Intiperlu only regulate matrimonial relntions. The following surnames are commonly foynd among Iconda Reddis,

1. Gntreddi 2. Icelala 3. Kondla 4. VeluLluii 5. Mula 6. Pallala 7. Sadala 8. KaI~uri

9. Duchni 10. -Tampa 11. Konala 12, GLICIT~--?? 13. Vadabda 14. Tarmilala 15. Mutiurada 16. Kopal 17. Golla 18. Knralcnla 19. Boli 20. G 3 711T 21, Gugunta 22. Madk~fl 23. Sagina 24. Chclld: 1: 25. Tmunnila 26. Cholen 27. Marala 28, Sukura 29. Bhatttu 30. Kotla These surnames nay also vary from region to region. They re- sort to Marriage by Capture, Negotiations, Service and Elopement in acquiring mates. They also practise poly,ynous and levirate type of marriages. Like other tribd groups, they celebrate Bhudevi festival (Hunting festival) durin~ summer. They do not eat first fruits or foodgrains unless they are ritually offered to their gods. They eat Pork but not becf. On every festive or marriage occasion, Pork is thc choicest cliet to Icondo Reddis. They rear pigs also. Some of the Konda Reddis are developing matrimonial rola- tions with Konda ICapus also. It is informed that Kondn Kapus living in Ra javomrnangi Panchaytlt Samithis and Konck ReddLs living in Addateegaa are one and the same. These so called Konda Kapus are having matrimonial relations with Bagatas of Visakhapatnam District. Kapus living in 213jn areas in large number are settling in Agency areas and styl- ing themselves as Konda ICapus with selfish motives. They are also entering ixto matri~loninlrelations with local tribals to establish their rights as genuine Scheduled Tribes in order to grab the Denefits extended by Government. The Konda Reddis of Scheduled areas and ordinary Reddis of plain orc?s arc distinct md different Communities. Government of Inaa rccognised Konda Reddis as Primitive Tribal Group in 1980 nlld special schemes*are being jmplemented in Enst Godavari, i,icst Godavari ,and Khar,~rnam districts for their devclo- ?cl A.

The Gonds of Adilabad District are one of the nmericLllly predominant and socioloeically signif ic, .. group. As per 1981 Census reports, their population is

1,67,108. The Nailcpod, ',rl.;ich is 3. distinct and different GrOUP, is listed with Gond and Rajgond in the Presidential Order. The Gonds and its various sub-divisions such as

Muria Gond, Maria Gond, Roj Gond, Durve Gond etc. are &is- tributed in the heart of India, described after them as Gondvrana. All these sub-divisions irrespective of their place of I~abitationscall themselves as Icoitur in their own dialect like Koyas. The Gonds were once ruling Kings be- fore invasion of Moghals 'and emergence of Maratha rulers. They established their Kingdoms at Kherla in Betul, at Deogarh in Chindware, at Garha Islandla (Madhya Pradesh), at Ch,anda (Maharashtm) and at Sirpur and Utnoor in Adilabad district of Andkrn Pradesh.

The Gond society is divided into the following four exogan~ousph-atries and each of these divisions consists of number of clans.

I. au-Divine Brothez Branch (Ndwen Sa~,?a):

I. Pusam 2. Madakm 3. Marpachi 4. Siram 5. Tekm 6. Chakati 7. PoY~ 8. Korrm 9. Naitan 10. Paitam 11. Chilkm 12. I

11, I;iy-e Divine Brother Branch (Siwen Sagga): 111. Six Divine Brother Branch (Sarwen Sagga):

1. Atram 2. Guana 3. Kotnak 4. Pendm 5. Urveta 6. Kohochanda 7. Korenge 8. 11eih-n 9. Korrarn 10. Arram 11. Bedrm 12. Du~garn 13. Torsam 14. Pawle 15. Katle 16. lfadde 17. Kuraneta

IV. Seven Divine Brother Branch (Yedu Sagga Wen):

1. Madavi 2. Marskolla 3. Pandram 4. Purlla 5. Kurveta 6. Merma 4. Mesram 8. Taram

Each phratry as well as several clans are having totemic associations with certain animals, birds, trees etc. The four divine brother group regard tortoise, croccdile anJ brown monkey as sacrosanct. Some clans belonging to five divine brother and seven divine brother growps &o not kill nor eat the flesh of porcupine and tiger. Similarly, c clan members belonging to Here Kumra, Marapa,Jg:gnaka and Daranja do not eat the flesh of goat or sheep. Ara elm people regard bison as sacred animal and take steps to prc . tect it whenever they came across. Clan members of 'verliar show reverence to Mango tree; Tekam people to teak; and Iapachi people to Mohwa tree. The Gonds claim mythical affinity with these totemic objects and show all kinds of reverence and try tc protect the species whenever i?; 1s 1 dan@?r. The animals which are associated with each clan or phratry -re referred as Tado which means grand fat~~cri- Gondi dialect. The Gonds practise following socially accepted ways of acquiring mates:

1. Marriage by Negotiations (Khaja Khopra naming). 2. Marriage by Service (Lamsade marming). 3. Marriage by Capture (Pisiwatwal manning). 4. Marriage by Intrusion (Siwa Ne~ial). 5. Marriage by mutual love and elopement (Pisoditor marming) . 6, Marriage by Exchange.

Levirate type of marriage through which younger brother marmthe widow of the deceased elder brother is also in vogue in Gond society. Divorce is permitted. In case the divorced woman wants to marry again, she has to marry the clan member of her 1st husband only. As a general principle, the clan as well as plratries are exogamous and worn* gets the clan of her husband after going teough mar- riage ceremonies.

Gonds possess rich and complicated mythologies. got only each phratry inherited distinct gods and goddesses but each clan members also possess their household deities. Three religious heads - Devari (village priest), the clan priest (~~atora)and the Bhaktal (the seer) play prominent role in worship of village deities, clan deities and fore- casting of welfare of villagers respectively. Each phratry and clan possess supreme God known as "Persapen" in Gondi di3lec.t. The Persapen is represented by a bamboo shaft with iron spearhead (Salle). The bamboo should have as mmy no&sas the number of divine ancestors in that particular phratry (Saga). The whisk of the wild cow called Chau~mris tied to bamboo shaft. Gonds identify their great God (per- sapen) as Lord Siva. Gonds believe that Salle, iron spear- head represents the trisul and Chauwar signifies the matted loch (;iats) of Lord Siva. The shrines of Persapen of each clan or pkratry are situated at particular place and all thc phratry or clan members from different places attend to annual ceremonies. The Persapen of Seven divine ancestor group is r\rpp- Snake deity rihose temple is found at ICeslapur. The phratry rcembers especially Wesram (~adi)clari people from different parts and even from tribal areas of Mnharashtra and Madhya Praclesh visit this temple In the month of Pus on new moon day (January-~ebruary).

The Gonds perforn robust dance called Dandari. A few male participan'cs in this dance with distinct dress ?attern

are called Gusadis. The Gusadis smear entire body l~ritl~?,SI: and put black Spots on the body. Big bells are tied over tl?c waist. A headbear made out of peacock feathers is put o i like big crown. A wild animal skin is worn on one side of the arm and a medim sized and polished stick is held in oaf tland. They perform the dance by waiving stick to the nelo- dious music produced. The Gonds celebrate Dipavali triti, much enthusiasn and joy. Unlike Dipavali festival cclt?l 1 tions in the plain areas, the ceremonies of Dipaval, IIIO Gone~are different. They celebrate this festival for nearly 15 days and during this period, one village Dandari party visit another village nnci both villagers jointly participate in dances. The host village headmen feed the ,pests and entertain them with other refreshments. Thus, cluring Dipa- vali festival, the inter-village solidarity is strenzthened by mutual exchange of visits.

The Gonds are mainly =riculturists 3nd they are

settled cultivators. The Podu cultivation which is k,nor..n ;a Padalca in Gondi was given up by their forefathers. In ncldi-

tion to food crops like Paddy, Jowar, Maize, they grow ir 2r.- t,mt commercial crops like cotton, til, black gram, red LrW and Green Gram. In addition to agriculture and cattle real-.- ing, some of the Gonds are pursuing carpentry, black rnitb?, wood and stone carving as their subsidiary occupation. Eome of tile Gonds are experts in making walking sticks, sculpture and wood carvin:.

The Pardhans and Tk~otiswho are traditional bnrds to Golids possess sme social organisation as that of their patrons. Pardhans mother tongwe is Marathi, but they ~7cal-

Gondi fluently. Thotis mother tonguc is Gondi only. T' c-7 womenfollc are traditional totooers. Pardhans are cslled bj'

Gonds as Pata(li and 'each Gond fm~ilyhas one Parclhajn as a bard and latter attends to ceremonies of household 2nl c, deities. The Pardllans play a three stringed fiddle c~llc

Kin~riwhile narrzting the mythologies and folk tllor, ,L Gonds. Gonds call the Thotis as Birdal (Receiver) and la?ter call the former as Dhani (Donar). Thotis are recognised as Primitive Tribal Group in Adilabad District.

Itaikpods who are listed along with Gonds nre distinct Group md these two groups possess different ways of life. Nailcpods speak only Telu,~and -their society is not or@anised on the basis of phr'atry system as Gonds. Separate popul~~ticn iimres are not available as they are listed under Gond tribd. Gonds call Naikpods as M=he& (Fishermen). The Nailmcds i~ the past resorted to shifting cultivation (~odu),but tney !lave become ~ettledcultivators in modern times.

Andhs, another tribal group of Adilabad District number 5,350 and their population which stooc? at 2,405 as pcr

1971 Census reports, have increased more than two fold as 7~7 19G1 Census reports. Andhs have not adopted phratry .and clcn structure of Goncls like other satellite communities of r;o~;fis, The nare Andh apaears to be derived from the word &d,z x:rhicl: means "Original" or ancient. But this name is not derived from the word Andhra as described by Siraj-U1-Hassnn in his book "Caste and Tribes of Deccan;' since mother tongue of Andhs is Pzlerathi and not Telugu. They are agriculturists and agricul- tural labourers. "Hanuman" is their chief God.

IColans who call tl~ernselvesas Kolatvar in their dizlcct

(1:olami) are one of the Primitive Tribcs of 11dilabad TI L -2 . Their dialect is close to Telu~w. Gonds Call them as Puj;ri ,. The Kolar society is also divided into the follo~vingfour phratry organisation like Gonds:

1) Yedudayal Khcr (Seven Divine Ancestor Gro~lp). 2) Amdayal Iiher (Six Divine Ancestor Group). 3) Idudayal :[her (Five Divine Ancestor Group). 4) hldidayal ICher (Four Divine Ancestor Group).

The Teluw speaking IColams (Mannewnr or Mmaepu) call these phratries as Seven, Six,Five and Four household eeities. Kolami speaking people adopted clan names of Gonds but Te1u.g~speaking group adopted surnames of other plain Caste groups. This group is often confused with other Caste group called "Manneii who are recognised as Scheduled Caste. But in Chennur, Siqur and Asifabad areas of Adilabad District, Telu6-d speaking IColams are called as Pl3nnewar or Mannepu. Because of this misunderstanding, hundreds of I

I

Hidimbi. They call Hidimbi rotrayed as \Cornon) ill Mababharata as Edmnla Devi (Clueen of two hills). ICO~~,S consicler Lord Bhima as their supreme God. Their 1za1sitds

found generally in the interior places and in -the fqr, days they resorted to shifting cultivatiol?. Jotfar is ti,&; staple food. TilLs group is recogised as Primitive Tribal Group in 1983 by Governa~ntof India ad special schemes are being in- plc,!snted Lor their accelerated devel.opment.

The Ch3nchus - i! f~odgatherins and hunting tribe of A?lclhr.a Pr ad?~ilore predominantly found living in Nallamalai and Tei-i-maiai hills of Moh'ooobnagar, Prakasam, Kurnool and Guntur clist.?icts. The Chenchus are divided into the follo~~- ing eiido$xous sub-divisions:

1-j iiciovi Chenchus (forest dwellers). 2) 1?7~3C:-enchus (Temple servants). J; 3onta Clicnchus (~+~liowork with bamboo).

'L) K-isI~x.Chs 1cf.1~~or Dasari Chenchus (Nomadic rl2r dicnnts) ,

Out of total population of 28,297 as per 1981 Census reports, 6G96 of their population is found in six districts of Maliboob~a~;~~r,Kul'rl.ooi, Prolrasm, G~mtur,Nalgonda and. Waa:?o Rtd3y. The Chcnck~usof these six districts are recoz- ,ired c.5 ?rinFtive Tribal Group in 1976 and a mini Intcgratc,~ yl*ibnl ilcvelopiflent Agel~c;- has been working since 1976 for proi.1otin;; their development.

~'h?i:honchus claicl i4alliksjuna of Srisailarn as their

~odaid zlso consider &!:I as their kith aid kin by calling hi:^ as iiChi:.n~h~~I~lallaya". Tliey claim -that CChenchu Laxmi ccn- sort G: j-.,:rC! iJa:"3r~iiidl(l ;h111 lio~~and hdf DICUI) was ~11s~;>o:-,: in tlleip Jorilnur~itY, 'dirlenever Chenchus are serving as te::17j1z ser,lzi-~s9-:key sot c~lstolnarypayments and shares frog telfii2:;,it rCT'C1luC Lll.lii0th c.r gif'ks. The socio-economic conditions of Chenchus are at the bottom layer when compared to other tribal groups. After introduction of Ticer sanctuary in their habitat, the econQ- mic condition of Chenchus, especially those livin~in the core area of the project, are deteriorating as they largely subsist on flora and fauna of the forest.

The Lambadas who are also lmown as Banjaras / Sugdis are the largest tribal. group in Andhra Pradesh. Their ccgl- lation according to 1981 Census reports is 11,57,@4. They are found in almost aJ.1 districts of Andhra Pradesh except Sriltakulm, Vizimngaram, Visakhapntnam and East Godavari. Lambadas speak their own dialect which can be included in Indo-Arym linguistic group. They are believed to havc migrated to Deccan along with F1ught-d arny from North especially from Rajasthm area. They cop themselves as -Gorbai in their ovm dialect. The Lambadas are divided into five phratrias namely (1) Rathod, (2) Ja-v, (3) Chavm, (4) Pomar and (5) Afi, Each phratry is further divided into number of clans: ~~tbod-27,Jadhav-52, Chavan-6, Pomar-12 and Adi-13. The clan as well as phrot-are eXO@IIiOUSsocial units. There ,,, some endogmous division asnone Lambadas such as ~h~t~ Dhadi (bards), Dhctlia or Dapadin (~mers3n,l 3usicians) . Banjaras are basically pcstoral tribe but, ill times, they have taken UP cultivation as maiil profem- cattle rearing has become their secondary sion Source id livclih~od* The womenfolk put on colourful dress. They wear "Laingat' of coarse cotton pints richly embroidered ~rithmay folds at the waists. The bodice called Kanchidi is decorcted lgith heeds, glass pieces and tassels. instead of snree, Lz:.,-. badn wonen wear a veil called tukri. The unmarried girls %rear tou1i to their pigtails, but after the marriage, Gu::ri are worn above the topli. The Gugri represents marriage be(tr) The ivsry bangles on the upper ams are also a si,m of married women. If a Lambada woman becomes

widour, Gxri and ivory bangles on the upper arm zre removed.

The Eanjaras celebrate Teej (festivdl of fertility), Seetala Bhnvd (Seven malevalent deities) and Tdja i3hav~j festivals.

The Labadas arid Mathuras inhabitins in Adilabad ancl Nizmabad districts are two different and distinct groups. The social organisation, cl,m structure, dress pattern of womenf ollc adlan,ma&e are different. Banjnras or Lambndls ape alone recopised as Schedule4 Tribes in Andhra Pradesh, they are rccognised as Boclcnrnrd Classes in neidhbourin~Mnha- rashtra and as Schccluled Caste in Karnataka.

Yerukulas are o plain living tribe found throughout

,indl~r=Praclesh a~clthey ore known with diffcrent n3mcs i-. different arens. the!^ are cnllcd as Korva in ncighbouric, ~~~il~adu,Yerukula and Korcho in Andkra region ,?nd 1ini1,- 1. - Tc.la,gaa districts. Amon~themselves they call rhzil-. selves as &r?q. Yerulculas arc traditional ba~ket-~?~!.: pig rearers. The entire tribe is divided into number of functional sub-divisions such as (1) Dabba Yerukula, (2) Yeetha Pullnla Yerukula, (3) Kunchapuri Yerukuln, (4) Kare- vepaku Yerulcula, (5) Uppu Yemula, (6) Wara Yerukula, (7) ::cvali Yerukula, (8) Parigmug~ulaYerukula, (9) Voora Yerukula and (10) Peddetigollolu. The distinction among all these sub-groups are slolvly disappearing and ever~~boplj. cdl hirnself with generic nme Yerukula. All the above sub-divisions possess four exoganous clms namely Sathup-?$pl I[avaty, I4anpaty and Plendraguthy rxld each clan is further divided into excganous sspts or h~usenanes.

The Yerukula tribe has a dialect of their own wMch is called Ysrukula bnska. It is a polyglot of Dravi-dirscl l~fi-. guages - mostly Telu~, and Kannada. The ~vomeaiolkin the past ensaged in soothsaying but presently there is no enco~~ragementto this profession. The nenfollc in the past were expert thieves. In view of rehabilitative measures nr.d education, they arc i;jvin~up the socially despicable pro- fession of theft md leading honourable life, But few k.?rd core habitual offenders arc- still resortiag to committing thefts and highway robbery. Their popul~tionaccord in^ to 1981 Census reports is 3,15,618.

The principal habitat of the Yanadi lie bctvieen river polmepi ( State) in the South ,and river Gofiavnri

(~~dua~radesh) in the North. But in recent years, qiiit:? - larGe number of ttleln have immigrated to other ocl;loiliin,; areas in search of cmploynent. The total Y3nad.i population according to 1981 Censvs reports is 3,15,344 and their population is equd to pog~la- tion of yerukulas. Yruladis constimte 9.92% to the tot.: tribal population and they are predominantly found in Nellopc district. They are dark skinned, platyrrhinepeople an? stlor" in stature. Tllurston in his Monunentjl !lork '$Castes and

Tribes of Southern India 'I (Vol.VI1 P.416) traced the wo-rc: Y~adito the Sanskrit word Anadi i.e., those whose ori;in is not traceable. But this inteqretation is not correct, word Ahimews tines imeaorial. All these people are --adivasis who have been living from times imemoriai, they were called Anadi ancl later it might have become Yruzadi. It is believed that Ymadis and Chenchus belong to same stock. Both Groups trace their descei~tfrom common ancestor called Chenctlu Laxmi. They have identical surnaues and similar phy- sical feotUPeS.

Yanndis are brondly divided into four endog,mous sub- 'i'hc r3Proups on the basis of occupn'tions and deitary habits. n2i.n divisions we (1) Reddi Ymadi (cultivators and eervants in the houses of Reddis) , (2) kdavi Yanadis (those llvilii Ir forests) , (3) Paki Y?aadis ( scavengers) , (4) Challn Yanadis (collectors of loft-out food from leaf plates). Paki yan_odis

,Ind Challn Yanadis are given very low social statuz ,i,,,<

Yma&j. tribe. Yanadis arc traditional inland fisiwr 7 t:ntchers in the fields of upper castes. Tl~eirsettLc.il-.?'-

Lentrally foutld 011 cmal and tank bunds. The literacy percentage among Yanadis is only 5.b

whereas the State literacy level was 28.52 as per 1971 rJp,Lil.

reports. The traditional occupation of fish in^ of Ymadis =

affected adversely as many other Communities dso h;~-e l,r.: up this occupation. Further, due to poverty, they are not able to purchase nylorl nets and other improved equiprient. I~: modern times, Yanndis living nearby towns are taking up to rickshaw pulling and eki~gout their livelihood.

The literacy levels of Scheduled Tribes district-1.i~~ are furnished in Anncxure-XII. Highest literacy rates are found in plain c??stricts such as Hydcrabad, Kurnool, Pr, ._ Krislma and Guntur. Among Scheduled districts, the literacy rate is highest in East Godavari, llest Godavari and Sriknkl.

lam districts. The tribe-wise literacy rates as per 1361 m~n, 1971 are furnished in Anncxure-XI. The literacy rate crcf, tribes OT Andiwa Pradesh is extremely low when compared to the tribals a't National levcls. The literacy rate cf Sc - duled Tribes of Anclhra Pradesh is not even half of t!~c

National literacy of the Scheduled Tribes as per 19Gj C- -

reports. STATZ-WISE POPULATION OF SCHEWLED TRIBES IN INDIA-1981

(In lakhd $6 of the Total Tribal '' to S.T.Popu- 31. State pop?- ~opu- POpmation lation to do. latron lation OStfatp total S.T. population

hdhra Pradesh Bihar Gu jarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jcmu & Kashmir I(era3.a Madhya Prade sh Naharashtm Mmipur Meghalaya Nagdlmd Orissa -- Pun j ab Ra jasthan Sikkim Tamil NndU Tripura Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Union Territories: 1. A & N Islands 1.89 0.22 11.85 0.04 2, Arunachal Pradesh 6.32 4.41 69.82 0.85 3. Chmdigarh 4.32 - - 4. Dadro & Nogar Haveli 1.04 0.82 78.82 0:16 Delhi 62.20 - - - 2: Goa, Dmnn 8 Diu 10.86 0.11 0.99 0.02 Lokshaclneep 0.40 0.38 93.82 0.07 : Mizor, 4.94 4.62 93.55 0.89 g, PondicherrY 6.04 - - - --.- Total: 6851.47 538.16 7.85 100.00 -__Ic-- .> rill fic;ures for AsSam have been projected since no Census held in 1981, , bcbfduled Tribe population fi~ureof Karnataka would appear to include hit;h returns relating to certain Communities .rvith nomen.. clature similar to those included in the list of Sche&led ~~ib~~consequent to tho J.~oV~ of area restrictions. do,rce: India 1985 P. THE CONSTITUTION (SCHZDULED TRIBES) ORDER. C.0.22

In exercise of the powers conferred by Clause (1) of Article 342 of the Constitution of India, the Presidsr:-t after consultation with the Governors and Rajpramukhs of ~ States concerned, is pleased to make the follo~iin~order, namely: -

1. This order may be called the Constitution (Schecluled ~ribes)Order, 1950.

2. The tribes or tribal com~unities, or parts of or groups within, tribes or tribal communities, specified in (parts I to XVI) of the Schedule to this order shall, in re- lation to the States to which those parts respectively relate be deemed to be Scheduled Tribes so far as regards members thereof resident in the localities specified in re- lation to them respectively in those parts of that schedule.

3. Any reference in this order to a State or to a district or other territorial division thereof shall be con- stmed as a reference to the State, district or other Terri- torial division as constituted on the 1st day of May, 1976. T_SCHEDULE PART-I ANDI3lA

1. Andh 13. Kulia 2. Bagata 20. Malis ( excluding Adilabad, Hyderabad, Barimnagar, 3. Shil Khmam, Mahboobnagar , Medak, Nalgonda Nizmabad and 4. Chenchu, Chenchwar w arangalj. 5. Gaclaba 21. Manne Dora 6. Gond, Naikpod, Raj 22. Mukha Dora, Nooka Dora G0lld 23. Nayaks (in the Agency tracts) 7. Goudu (in the Agency tracts). 24. Pardhan 8. Hill Reddi 25. Porja, Parangi Porja g. Jatapu 26. Reddi Dora 10. Icamrnara 27. Rona, Rena 11. ICattunaydCan 28. Savara, Iiapu Savara, Malijia Savara, IEhuttu Savara 12. Kolam, Mannervarlu 29. Sugali, Lambada 13. Monda Dora 30. Thoti (in Adilabad, Hyderabad, 14. IConda Kapu Karimnagar, Khamrnam, Mahboob- nagar, Dledak, Nalgonda, 15. Konda Reddi Niz~nabad& Warangal districts) 16. Khond, I[odi, Icodhu, 31. Valrniki (in the Agency Area) Desaya Khond, Donpi? Khond, ICuttiya IChond, 32. Yanadi

Tikris- Khond, 33. Yerukula 17, riotia, Bentho Oriya, Bnrika. Dulia, I-Iolva,

18. Koya, kud, Rajan, Racha Koya, Lingadhari Icoya (~rclinary), Kottu Koya, Bhine ICoya, Raj STATE~NTSHOIJING DISTiiICT-WILY I\IIJI.;BER Or a Jq-ZJmEI) TiL; i, , AND NUMBER OF NON-SCHEDULED SUB-PLAN VILLAGES - No.of Sub-Plan Vil- Area in 1ages SL. Name of the -- Total NO. District sq*l(ms. sche- Non- duled Scheduled

Sri k akul am Vizianagaram Visakhapatnam East Godavari We st Go dav ari Khammam War angal Adilabad Mahboobnagar

Total: 31485.34 5936 7 50 6636 --. Annexure XIX (~ontd.)

--_-_------c------

63. Jeedipeta 64. MorasingapaLli 65. LoBd~bhzdra 66. Merdasa 67. Sodoabocolony 68. S&sr.rasaicolony 11 69. Singupuram 8 70, Tallaguranti 9 71. fiuvagada 8 72. ICilLcyri Calony 9