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Continuing Threat to Manta and Mobula Rays

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CONTENTS

  • AT A GLANCE
  • 4

  • 8
  • 2013 MARKET ESTIMATE

TOXICOLOGY AND USES CONSUMER AWARENESS STATUS AND TOURISM CONSERVATION
12 14 16
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  • 22
  • REFERENCES AND PHOTO CREDITS

REPORT WRITERS

Samantha Whitcraft, Mary O’Malley John Weller (graphics, design, editing)

PROJECT TEAM

Mary O’Malley – WildAid Paul Hilton – WildAid, Paul Hilton Photography Samantha Whitcraft – WildAid Daniel Fernando – The Manta Trust Shawn Heinrichs – WildAid, Blue Sphere Media

©2014 WILDAID

2013-14 MARKET SURVEYS, GUANGZHOU, CHINA

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SUMMARY

Manta and mobula rays, the mobulids, span the tropics of the world and are among the most captivating and charismatic of marine species. However, their

ꢀꢁꢂꢃꢄꢃꢅꢆꢇꢄꢀꢇꢀꢈꢃꢈꢂꢈꢆꢉꢇꢊꢋꢂꢈꢅꢊꢈꢌꢈꢍꢇꢎꢉꢇꢏꢂꢐꢑꢄꢌꢏꢇꢒꢀꢋꢈꢂꢄꢈꢀꢇꢓꢂꢈꢀꢀꢁꢂꢈꢇꢓꢂꢄꢔꢅꢂꢄꢆꢉꢇꢍꢂꢄꢃꢈꢌꢇꢎꢉꢇ

the increasing demand for their gill plates, which are used as a pseudo-medicinala health tonic in China.

To assess the trade in dried mobulid gill plates (product name ‘Peng Yu Sai’), and its potential impact on populations of these highly vulnerable species, WildAid researchers conducted market surveys throughout Southeast Asia in 2009-10.This research, compiled in our 2011 report The Global Threat to Manta

and Mobula Rays(1),ꢇ ꢄꢍꢈꢌꢊꢄꢒꢈꢍꢇ ꢕꢁꢅꢌꢏꢖꢋꢐꢁꢗꢇ ꢘꢋꢄꢌꢅꢇ ꢅꢀꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢈꢓꢄꢙꢈꢌꢊꢈꢂꢇ ꢐꢚꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢏꢄꢆꢆꢇ

plate trade, representing over 99% of the market. In 2013, the same markets in

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and begin to gauge market trends. Dried gill plate samples were also purchased and tested for heavy metal contamination. Additionally, in 2014 two baseline

ꢙꢐꢌꢀꢁꢔꢈꢂꢇ ꢅꢑꢅꢂꢈꢌꢈꢀꢀꢇ ꢀꢁꢂꢃꢈꢉꢀꢇ ꢑꢈꢂꢈꢇ ꢙꢐꢌꢍꢁꢙꢊꢈꢍꢇ ꢄꢌꢇ ꢕꢁꢅꢌꢏꢖꢋꢐꢁꢇ ꢊꢐꢇ ꢏꢅꢄꢌꢇ ꢅꢇ ꢔꢐꢂꢈꢇ

complete understanding of Peng Yu Saiꢇꢙꢐꢌꢀꢁꢔꢈꢂꢇꢓꢂꢐꢒꢆꢈꢀꢜ Our 2013 estimates reveal a market that has increased by 168% in value in only three years, representing a near threefold increase in mobulids taken, despite the listing of manta rays on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). The observed increase in supply, coupled with evidence of increasing market demand for Peng Yu Sai, suggests that the marketbased threat to manta and mobula populations from Peng Yu Sai consumption is still increasing and even more immediate today.

ꢝꢁꢊꢇꢄꢊꢇꢄꢀꢇꢌꢐꢊꢇꢞꢁꢀꢊꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢔꢐꢎꢁꢆꢄꢍꢀꢇꢊꢋꢅꢊꢇꢅꢂꢈꢇꢄꢌꢇꢍꢅꢌꢏꢈꢂꢜꢇꢟꢋꢈꢇꢓꢈꢐꢓꢆꢈꢇꢐꢚꢇꢕꢁꢅꢌꢏꢖꢋꢐꢁꢇꢅꢂꢈꢇꢅꢆꢀꢐꢇ

at risk. Peng Yu Sai is now being marketed to a much wider audience, including targeted marketing to new mothers. Our chemical analysis detected Arsenic, Cadmium, Mercury, and Lead in all manta and mobula gill plates sampled from

ꢊꢋꢈꢇꢕꢁꢅꢌꢏꢖꢋꢐꢁꢇꢔꢅꢂꢛꢈꢊꢀꢗꢇꢑꢄꢊꢋꢇꢠꢂꢀꢈꢌꢄꢙꢇꢚꢐꢁꢌꢍꢇꢅꢊꢇꢆꢈꢃꢈꢆꢀꢇꢡꢢꢇꢊꢄꢔꢈꢀꢇꢊꢋꢅꢊꢇꢓꢈꢂꢔꢄꢀꢀꢄꢎꢆꢈꢇ

by the Pharmacopoeia of China, and Cadmium at triple the permissible levels.

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public and environmental protection as well as implementing CITES restrictions

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highly vulnerable animals.

aꢇꢥꢐꢎꢁꢆꢄꢍꢇꢏꢄꢆꢆꢇꢓꢆꢅꢊꢈꢀꢇꢅꢂꢈꢇꢌꢐꢊꢇꢐꢚꢒꢙꢄꢅꢆꢆꢉꢇꢂꢈꢙꢐꢏꢌꢄꢖꢈꢍꢇꢅꢀꢇꢟꢂꢅꢍꢄꢊꢄꢐꢌꢅꢆꢇꢘꢋꢄꢌꢈꢀꢈꢇꢥꢈꢍꢄꢙꢄꢌꢈꢇ

(TCM) by most TCM practitioners and hospitals, nor are they mentioned in any standard TCM medical guides.

©2014 WILDAID

2013-14 MARKET SURVEYS, GUANGZHOU, CHINA

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BY THE NUMBERS

The estimated annual global tourism value of manta and mobula rays
US$140 million
The 2013 estimated value of the gill raker

ꢊꢂꢅꢍꢈꢇꢄꢌꢇꢕꢁꢅꢌꢏꢖꢋꢐꢁ

US$30 million US$1 million US$40 – 500 147,000
The estimated tourism value of a single manta ray over its lifetime, ALIVE

ꢟꢋꢈꢇꢈꢀꢊꢄꢔꢅꢊꢈꢍꢇꢒꢀꢋꢈꢂꢄꢈꢀꢇꢃꢅꢆꢁꢈꢇꢐꢚꢇꢅꢇꢀꢄꢌꢏꢆꢈꢇ

manta ray, DEAD The estimated number of mobulids killed

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The number of Manta birostrisꢇꢄꢍꢈꢌꢊꢄꢒꢈꢍꢇ

in the largest documented aggregation site
600
The concentration of Arsenic found in gill plates above permissible levels
20x
Locations where manta or mobula rays

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Zero

Sources: The Global Threat to Manta and Mobula Rays 2011; O’Malley et al. 2013. The Global Economic Impact of Manta Ray Watching Tourism.

©2014 WILDAID

2013-14 MARKET SURVEYS, GUANGZHOU, CHINA

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2013 MARKET ESTIMATE

ESTIMATES AND TRENDS

Peng Yu Saiꢇꢍꢈꢂꢄꢃꢈꢍꢇꢚꢂꢐꢔꢇꢔꢅꢌꢊꢅꢇꢀꢓꢈꢙꢄꢈꢀꢇꢊꢐꢇꢅꢇꢔꢅꢂꢛꢈꢊꢇꢔꢐꢂꢈꢇꢚꢐꢙꢁꢀꢈꢍꢇꢐꢌꢇꢔꢐꢎꢁꢆꢅꢇꢀꢓꢈꢙꢄꢈꢀꢗꢇꢓꢐꢀꢀꢄꢎꢆꢉꢇꢍꢁꢈꢇꢊꢐꢇꢄꢌꢙꢂꢈꢅꢀꢈꢍꢇꢍꢄꢚꢒꢙꢁꢆꢊꢉꢇꢄꢌꢇ

sourcing manta ray gills. This apparent shift also heightens the level of concern for mobula ray populations, particularly M. tarapacana and M. japanica, since these species share the manta rays’ biological and behavioral characteristics that make

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In Guangzhou, we surveyed the Qingping and Yuexiu markets focusing on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) retailers and dried seafood vendors. Overall, we estimated >1,100 dried seafood and TCM vendors, combined, across both market areas. We visually surveyed 783 stores and stalls for presence/absence of Peng Yu Sai, and systematically inquired about product availability in stores not displaying the product. We found 122 vendors selling dried gill plates. In both 2010 and 2013, the Qingping Lu market area appeared to have the most stores carrying Peng Yu Sai. In 2013, across all Guangzhou markets, we found an apparent consolidation with fewer vendors comprising a larger percentage of the market volume.

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ꢣꢈꢇꢅꢆꢀꢐꢇꢀꢁꢂꢃꢈꢉꢈꢍꢇꢃꢈꢌꢍꢐꢂꢀꢇꢅꢎꢐꢁꢊꢇꢀꢁꢓꢓꢆꢉꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢍꢈꢔꢅꢌꢍꢇꢊꢂꢈꢌꢍꢀꢗꢇꢊꢋꢈꢄꢂꢇꢈꢀꢊꢄꢔꢅꢊꢈꢍꢇꢄꢌꢬꢀꢊꢐꢂꢈꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢐꢚꢚꢬꢀꢄꢊꢈꢇꢀꢊꢐꢙꢛꢗꢇꢙꢁꢂꢂꢈꢌꢊꢇꢓꢂꢄꢙꢈꢀꢗꢇ ꢙꢁꢀꢊꢐꢔꢈꢂꢇꢍꢈꢔꢐꢏꢂꢅꢓꢋꢄꢙꢀꢗꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢓꢈꢂꢙꢈꢄꢃꢈꢍꢇꢋꢈꢅꢆꢊꢋꢇꢎꢈꢌꢈꢒꢊꢀꢇꢐꢚꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢓꢂꢐꢍꢁꢙꢊꢜꢇ

A majority of vendors reported a steady increase in demand and a steady or decreasing trend in supply. Our research indicates a marked increase in demand, however, our observations strongly suggest that the vendors’ perceived decrease in supply is a misconception based on possible competition for stock. Our 2013 estimates reveal a market that has, in only

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killed to supply the market. We also recorded a substantial increase in prices across the market.

ꢤꢌꢇꢈꢅꢙꢋꢇꢆꢐꢙꢅꢊꢄꢐꢌꢗꢇꢑꢈꢇꢃꢄꢀꢁꢅꢆꢆꢉꢇꢄꢍꢈꢌꢊꢄꢒꢈꢍꢇꢔꢐꢎꢁꢆꢄꢍꢇꢀꢓꢈꢙꢄꢈꢀꢇꢎꢉꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢁꢌꢄꢭꢁꢈꢇꢏꢄꢆꢆꢇꢀꢊꢂꢁꢙꢊꢁꢂꢈꢀꢇꢐꢚꢇꢔꢅꢌꢊꢅ species, Mobula japanica,

and Mobula tarapacana.(2) Dried gill plates from both manta and mobula rays, as well as a very limited supply from whale sharks, were documented in the Guangzhou market in both the 2010 and 2013 surveys. Our estimates suggest a small

ꢄꢌꢙꢂꢈꢅꢀꢈꢇꢄꢌꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢌꢁꢔꢎꢈꢂꢇꢐꢚꢇꢔꢅꢌꢊꢅꢇꢂꢅꢉꢇꢏꢄꢆꢆꢇꢓꢆꢅꢊꢈꢀꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢅꢇꢀꢁꢎꢀꢊꢅꢌꢊꢄꢅꢆꢇꢄꢌꢙꢂꢈꢅꢀꢈꢇꢄꢌꢇꢔꢐꢎꢁꢆꢅꢇꢂꢅꢉꢇꢏꢄꢆꢆꢇꢓꢆꢅꢊꢈꢀꢗꢇꢓꢂꢄꢔꢅꢂꢄꢆꢉꢇꢚꢂꢐꢔꢇꢀꢄꢙꢛꢆꢈꢒꢌꢇ

devil ray (Mobula tarapacana) and spinetail mobula (Mobula japanica). These data indicate a probable market shift from

©2014 WILDAID

2013-14 MARKET SURVEYS, GUANGZHOU, CHINA

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While this dramatic increase in market volume may in

ꢓꢅꢂꢊꢇꢂꢈꢯꢈꢙꢊꢇꢙꢐꢌꢀꢈꢂꢃꢅꢊꢄꢃꢈꢇꢔꢅꢂꢛꢈꢊꢇꢈꢀꢊꢄꢔꢅꢊꢈꢀꢇꢄꢌꢇꢡꢢꢦꢢꢗꢇꢊꢋꢈꢂꢈꢇ

are undeniable indications that the Peng Yu Sai market has increased substantially over the past three years and

ꢄꢀꢇꢙꢐꢌꢊꢄꢌꢁꢄꢌꢏꢇꢊꢐꢇꢈꢰꢓꢅꢌꢍꢜꢇꢘꢐꢌꢒꢂꢔꢄꢌꢏꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢙꢅꢆꢙꢁꢆꢅꢊꢈꢍꢇꢊꢂꢈꢌꢍꢀꢇ ꢚꢂꢐꢔꢇ ꢃꢈꢌꢍꢐꢂꢬꢂꢈꢓꢐꢂꢊꢈꢍꢇ ꢀꢅꢆꢈꢀꢇ ꢃꢐꢆꢁꢔꢈꢀꢗꢇ ꢐꢌꢬꢊꢋꢈꢬꢏꢂꢐꢁꢌꢍꢇ

observations revealed a striking overall increase in Peng Yu Sai stock available for sale across the markets. In most

ꢀꢋꢐꢓꢀꢗꢇꢅꢇꢚꢈꢑꢇꢫꢛꢏꢇꢎꢅꢏꢀꢇꢐꢚꢇPeng Yu Saiꢇꢂꢈꢙꢐꢂꢍꢈꢍꢇꢄꢌꢇꢡꢢꢦꢢꢇꢋꢅꢍꢇ ꢄꢌꢙꢂꢈꢅꢀꢈꢍꢇꢊꢐꢇꢔꢅꢌꢉꢇꢎꢅꢏꢀꢇꢄꢌꢇꢡꢢꢦꢧꢜꢇꢟꢋꢄꢀꢇꢐꢎꢃꢄꢐꢁꢀꢇꢄꢌꢙꢂꢈꢅꢀꢈꢇꢄꢌꢇ ꢄꢌꢃꢈꢌꢊꢐꢂꢉꢗꢇꢙꢐꢔꢎꢄꢌꢈꢍꢇꢑꢄꢊꢋꢇꢅꢌꢇꢄꢌꢙꢂꢈꢅꢀꢈꢇꢄꢌꢇꢓꢂꢄꢙꢈꢀꢗꢇꢚꢁꢂꢊꢋꢈꢂꢇ ꢄꢌꢍꢄꢙꢅꢊꢈꢀꢇꢅꢇꢂꢅꢓꢄꢍꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢀꢁꢎꢀꢊꢅꢌꢊꢄꢅꢆꢇꢏꢂꢐꢑꢊꢋꢇꢄꢌꢇꢍꢈꢔꢅꢌꢍꢜ

demonstrating cooking techniques and recommending the soup for general good health and to aid in recovery from a variety of illnesses. Peng Yu Saiꢇ ꢄꢀꢇ ꢅꢆꢀꢐꢇ ꢌꢐꢑꢇ promoted for regular monthly use as a detoxifying health tonic.

Online visibility of the product suggests an expanding

ꢙꢁꢀꢊꢐꢔꢈꢂꢇ ꢎꢅꢀꢈꢜꢇ ꢠꢇ ꢡꢢꢦꢧꢇ ꢤꢌꢊꢈꢂꢌꢈꢊꢇ ꢀꢈꢅꢂꢙꢋꢗꢇ ꢁꢀꢄꢌꢏꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢔꢐꢀꢊꢇ ꢓꢐꢓꢁꢆꢅꢂꢇꢘꢋꢄꢌꢈꢀꢈꢇꢐꢌꢆꢄꢌꢈꢇꢔꢅꢂꢛꢈꢊꢇꢀꢄꢊꢈꢗꢇꢟꢅꢐꢝꢅꢐꢇꢷꢇꢈꢀꢊꢄꢔꢅꢊꢈꢍꢇ ꢅꢊꢇ ꢊꢑꢄꢙꢈꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢀꢄꢖꢈꢇ ꢐꢚꢇ ꢈꢎꢅꢉꢇ ꢅꢌꢍꢇ ꢠꢔꢅꢖꢐꢌꢇ ꢙꢐꢔꢎꢄꢌꢈꢍꢇ ꢷꢇ ꢂꢈꢃꢈꢅꢆꢈꢍꢇꢊꢑꢐꢇꢓꢅꢏꢈꢀꢇꢐꢚꢇPeng Yu Saiꢇꢚꢐꢂꢇꢀꢅꢆꢈꢇꢃꢄꢅꢇꢧꢢꢇꢃꢈꢌꢍꢐꢂꢀꢜꢇ ꢟꢋꢈꢇꢓꢂꢐꢍꢁꢙꢊꢀꢇꢚꢐꢂꢇꢀꢅꢆꢈꢇꢄꢌꢙꢆꢁꢍꢈꢍꢇꢅꢆꢆꢇꢊꢋꢂꢈꢈꢇꢔꢐꢎꢁꢆꢄꢍꢇꢀꢓꢈꢙꢄꢈꢀꢇ ꢙꢐꢔꢔꢐꢌꢆꢉꢇ ꢚꢐꢁꢌꢍꢇ ꢄꢌꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢕꢁꢅꢌꢏꢖꢋꢐꢁꢇ ꢔꢅꢂꢛꢈꢊꢀꢇ ꢷꢇ Manta

sppꢜꢗꢇM. tarapacanaꢗꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇM. japanicaꢜꢇꢠꢇꢕꢐꢐꢏꢆꢈꢇꢀꢈꢅꢂꢙꢋꢇ

using the Chinese characters for Peng Yu Sai revealed

ꢡꢮꢧꢗꢢꢢꢢꢇꢂꢈꢀꢁꢆꢊꢀꢇꢄꢌꢙꢆꢁꢍꢄꢌꢏꢇꢓꢂꢐꢍꢁꢙꢊꢇꢓꢂꢈꢓꢅꢂꢅꢊꢄꢐꢌꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢂꢈꢙꢄꢓꢈꢇ ꢀꢁꢏꢏꢈꢀꢊꢄꢐꢌꢀꢜꢇ ꢟꢋꢄꢀꢇ ꢓꢂꢐꢏꢂꢈꢀꢀꢄꢐꢌꢇ ꢚꢂꢐꢔꢇ ꢌꢄꢙꢋꢈꢇ ꢔꢅꢂꢛꢈꢊꢄꢌꢏꢇ ꢊꢐꢇ

mainstream promotion of Peng Yu Saiꢇꢑꢄꢆꢆꢇꢆꢄꢛꢈꢆꢉꢇꢂꢈꢀꢁꢆꢊꢇ in continuing and more rapid expansion of demand for the product.

ꢟꢋꢄꢀꢇꢙꢐꢌꢙꢆꢁꢀꢄꢐꢌꢇꢄꢀꢇꢙꢐꢌꢀꢄꢀꢊꢈꢌꢊꢇꢑꢄꢊꢋꢇꢂꢈꢓꢐꢂꢊꢀꢇꢚꢂꢐꢔꢇꢃꢈꢌꢍꢐꢂꢀꢇ ꢐꢚꢇꢄꢌꢙꢂꢈꢅꢀꢄꢌꢏꢇꢍꢈꢔꢅꢌꢍꢗꢇꢑꢋꢄꢆꢈꢇꢅꢍꢍꢄꢊꢄꢐꢌꢅꢆꢇꢈꢃꢄꢍꢈꢌꢙꢈꢇꢀꢁꢏꢏꢈꢀꢊꢀꢇ ꢅꢇꢔꢁꢙꢋꢇꢑꢄꢍꢈꢂꢇꢙꢁꢀꢊꢐꢔꢈꢂꢇꢎꢅꢀꢈꢜꢇꢤꢌꢇꢡꢢꢦꢢꢗꢇPeng Yu Saiꢇꢑꢅꢀꢇ ꢔꢅꢂꢛꢈꢊꢈꢍꢇꢍꢄꢂꢈꢙꢊꢆꢉꢇꢊꢐꢇꢙꢐꢌꢀꢁꢔꢈꢂꢀꢇꢅꢊꢇꢀꢊꢐꢂꢈꢀꢜꢇꢱꢐꢑꢗꢇPeng Yu Saiꢇꢄꢀꢇꢃꢄꢀꢄꢎꢆꢈꢇꢄꢌꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢔꢅꢀꢀꢇꢔꢈꢍꢄꢅꢜꢇꢤꢌꢇꢡꢢꢦꢡꢗꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢓꢂꢐꢍꢁꢙꢊꢇꢑꢅꢀꢇ ꢈꢃꢈꢌꢇꢚꢈꢅꢊꢁꢂꢈꢍꢇꢐꢌꢇꢅꢇꢔꢅꢄꢌꢀꢊꢂꢈꢅꢔꢇꢘꢅꢌꢊꢐꢌꢈꢀꢈꢇꢊꢈꢆꢈꢃꢄꢀꢄꢐꢌꢇꢀꢋꢐꢑꢜꢇ ꢟꢋꢈꢇꢀꢋꢐꢑꢗꢇꢈꢌꢊꢄꢊꢆꢈꢍꢇꢲꢕꢐꢐꢍꢇꢨꢐꢁꢓꢗꢇꢨꢓꢈꢙꢄꢅꢆꢇꢳꢄꢌꢍꢗꢴꢇꢚꢈꢅꢊꢁꢂꢈꢍꢇꢅꢇ ꢓꢋꢅꢂꢔꢅꢙꢄꢀꢊꢇ ꢚꢂꢐꢔꢇ ꢕꢁꢅꢌꢏꢖꢋꢐꢁꢇ ꢵꢂꢐꢃꢄꢌꢙꢄꢅꢆꢇ ꢟꢘꢥꢇ ꢶꢐꢀꢓꢄꢊꢅꢆꢇ

*ꢣꢈꢇꢈꢀꢊꢄꢔꢅꢊꢈꢍꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢌꢁꢔꢎꢈꢂꢇꢐꢚꢇꢅꢌꢄꢔꢅꢆꢀꢇꢂꢈꢓꢂꢈꢀꢈꢌꢊꢈꢍꢇꢎꢉꢇꢅꢃꢅꢄꢆꢅꢎꢆꢈꢇꢔꢅꢂꢛꢈꢊꢇꢀꢊꢐꢙꢛꢇꢃꢄꢅꢇꢂꢅꢊꢄꢐꢇꢐꢚꢇꢎꢐꢍꢉꢇꢀꢄꢖꢈꢇꢊꢐꢇꢛꢄꢆꢐꢏꢂꢅꢔꢀꢇꢐꢚꢇꢍꢂꢄꢈꢍꢇꢏꢄꢆꢆꢇꢓꢆꢅꢊꢈꢀꢇ ꢍꢈꢊꢈꢂꢔꢄꢌꢈꢍꢇꢚꢂꢐꢔꢇꢡꢢꢦꢦꢇꢒꢀꢋꢈꢂꢄꢈꢀꢇꢀꢁꢂꢃꢈꢉꢀꢇꢄꢌꢇꢤꢌꢍꢐꢌꢈꢀꢄꢅꢗꢇꢨꢂꢄꢇꢸꢅꢌꢛꢅꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢚꢂꢐꢔꢇꢅꢇꢔꢐꢎꢁꢆꢄꢍꢇꢓꢂꢐꢙꢈꢀꢀꢄꢌꢏꢇꢓꢆꢅꢌꢊꢇꢄꢌꢇꢘꢋꢄꢌꢅꢗꢇꢑꢋꢄꢙꢋꢇꢑꢅꢀꢇꢊꢋꢈꢌꢇꢙꢐꢌꢒꢂꢔꢈꢍꢇ ꢎꢉꢇꢑꢈꢄꢏꢋꢄꢌꢏꢇꢏꢄꢆꢆꢇꢀꢈꢏꢔꢈꢌꢊꢀꢇꢄꢌꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢕꢁꢅꢌꢏꢖꢋꢐꢁꢇꢔꢅꢂꢛꢈꢊꢀꢜ

ꢥꢅꢌꢊꢅꢇꢏꢄꢆꢆꢇꢓꢆꢅꢊꢈꢇꢚꢐꢂꢇꢀꢅꢆꢈꢇꢄꢌꢇꢅꢇꢕꢁꢅꢌꢏꢖꢋꢐꢁꢇꢔꢅꢂꢛꢈꢊ

©2014 WILDAID

2013-14 MARKET SURVEYS, GUANGZHOU, CHINA

12

13

TOXICOLOGY AND USES

ꢟꢋꢐꢁꢏꢋꢇꢌꢐꢊꢇꢐꢚꢒꢙꢄꢅꢆꢆꢉꢇꢂꢈꢙꢐꢏꢌꢄꢖꢈꢍꢇꢅꢀꢇꢟꢂꢅꢍꢄꢊꢄꢐꢌꢅꢆꢇꢘꢋꢄꢌꢈꢀꢈꢇ ꢥꢈꢍꢄꢙꢄꢌꢈ ꢎꢉꢇ ꢔꢐꢀꢊꢇ ꢟꢘꢥꢇ ꢓꢂꢅꢙꢊꢄꢊꢄꢐꢌꢈꢂꢀꢗꢇ ꢋꢐꢀꢓꢄꢊꢅꢆꢀꢗꢇ ꢌꢐꢂꢇ ꢄꢌꢇ ꢅꢌꢉꢇꢂꢈꢙꢐꢏꢌꢄꢖꢈꢍꢗꢇꢀꢊꢅꢌꢍꢅꢂꢍꢇꢟꢘꢥꢇꢔꢈꢍꢄꢙꢅꢆꢇꢏꢁꢄꢍꢈꢀꢗꢇꢄꢌꢍꢁꢀꢊꢂꢉꢇ ꢔꢅꢂꢛꢈꢊꢄꢌꢏꢇ ꢅꢓꢓꢈꢅꢂꢀꢇ ꢊꢐꢇ ꢎꢈꢇ ꢄꢌꢙꢂꢈꢅꢀꢄꢌꢏꢆꢉꢇ ꢁꢀꢈꢍꢇ ꢊꢐꢇ ꢓꢂꢐꢔꢐꢊꢈꢇ Peng Yu Saiꢇ ꢚꢐꢂꢇ ꢏꢂꢈꢅꢊꢈꢂꢇ ꢅꢙꢙꢈꢓꢊꢅꢌꢙꢈꢇ ꢅꢙꢂꢐꢀꢀꢇ ꢅꢇ ꢎꢂꢐꢅꢍꢈꢂꢇ ꢍꢈꢔꢐꢏꢂꢅꢓꢋꢄꢙꢇꢅꢀꢇꢅꢇꢹꢋꢈꢅꢆꢊꢋꢉꢺꢇꢀꢐꢁꢓꢜꢇꢠꢆꢆꢇꢄꢌꢊꢈꢂꢃꢄꢈꢑꢈꢍꢇꢃꢈꢌꢍꢐꢂꢀꢇ ꢀꢊꢅꢊꢈꢍꢇꢊꢋꢅꢊꢇꢊꢋꢈꢉꢇꢓꢂꢐꢔꢐꢊꢈꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢓꢂꢐꢍꢁꢙꢊꢇꢊꢐꢇꢊꢋꢈꢄꢂꢇꢙꢁꢀꢊꢐꢔꢈꢂꢀꢇ ꢊꢐꢇ ꢂꢈꢔꢐꢃꢈꢇ ꢊꢐꢰꢄꢌꢀꢇ ꢚꢂꢐꢔꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢎꢐꢍꢉꢗꢇ ꢊꢋꢁꢀꢇ ꢙꢁꢂꢄꢌꢏꢇ ꢐꢂꢇ ꢅꢄꢍꢄꢌꢏꢇ ꢄꢌꢇꢂꢈꢙꢐꢃꢈꢂꢉꢇꢚꢂꢐꢔꢇꢅꢇꢂꢅꢌꢏꢈꢇꢐꢚꢇꢅꢄꢆꢔꢈꢌꢊꢀꢗꢇꢄꢌꢙꢆꢁꢍꢄꢌꢏꢇꢙꢅꢌꢙꢈꢂꢗꢇ ꢅꢙꢌꢈꢗꢇꢚꢈꢃꢈꢂꢗꢇꢙꢋꢄꢙꢛꢈꢌꢇꢓꢐꢰꢗꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢙꢋꢂꢐꢌꢄꢙꢇꢙꢐꢁꢏꢋꢇꢷꢇꢅꢇꢙꢐꢔꢔꢐꢌꢇ ꢙꢐꢔꢓꢆꢅꢄꢌꢊꢇ ꢄꢌꢇ ꢕꢁꢅꢌꢏꢖꢋꢐꢁꢜꢇ ꢻꢈꢌꢍꢐꢂꢀꢇ ꢚꢁꢂꢊꢋꢈꢂꢇ ꢙꢆꢅꢄꢔꢇ ꢊꢋꢅꢊꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢓꢂꢐꢍꢁꢙꢊꢇ ꢎꢐꢐꢀꢊꢀꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢄꢔꢔꢁꢌꢈꢇ ꢀꢉꢀꢊꢈꢔꢇ ꢄꢌꢇ ꢏꢈꢌꢈꢂꢅꢆꢇ ꢅꢌꢍꢇ ꢂꢈꢙꢐꢔꢔꢈꢌꢍꢇꢊꢋꢅꢊꢇꢊꢋꢈꢄꢂꢇꢙꢁꢀꢊꢐꢔꢈꢂꢀꢇꢎꢁꢉꢇꢀꢔꢅꢆꢆꢇꢎꢁꢊꢇꢂꢈꢏꢁꢆꢅꢂꢇ ꢅꢔꢐꢁꢌꢊꢀꢇ ꢐꢚꢇ Peng Yu Saiꢇ ꢔꢐꢌꢊꢋꢆꢉꢇ ꢊꢐꢇ ꢔꢅꢄꢌꢊꢅꢄꢌꢇ ꢏꢐꢐꢍꢇ ꢋꢈꢅꢆꢊꢋꢇ ꢎꢉꢇ ꢂꢈꢍꢁꢙꢄꢌꢏꢇ ꢊꢐꢰꢄꢌꢀꢇ ꢄꢌꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢎꢆꢐꢐꢍꢗꢇ ꢆꢐꢑꢈꢂꢄꢌꢏꢇ ꢎꢐꢍꢉꢇ ꢊꢈꢔꢓꢈꢂꢅꢊꢁꢂꢈꢗꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢅꢄꢍꢄꢌꢏꢇꢄꢌꢇꢎꢆꢐꢐꢍꢇꢙꢄꢂꢙꢁꢆꢅꢊꢄꢐꢌꢜꢇꢼꢁꢂꢇꢡꢢꢦꢧꢇ ꢃꢈꢌꢍꢐꢂꢇꢀꢁꢂꢃꢈꢉꢇꢂꢈꢃꢈꢅꢆꢈꢍꢇꢅꢇꢌꢈꢑꢇꢒꢌꢍꢄꢌꢏꢽꢇꢃꢈꢌꢍꢐꢂꢀꢇꢂꢈꢙꢐꢔꢔꢈꢌꢍꢇ Peng Yu Saiꢇꢊꢐꢇꢌꢈꢑꢇꢔꢐꢊꢋꢈꢂꢀꢇꢊꢐꢇꢅꢄꢍꢇꢄꢌꢇꢆꢅꢙꢊꢅꢊꢄꢐꢌꢜ
ꢠꢆꢊꢋꢐꢁꢏꢋꢇ ꢆꢈꢃꢈꢆꢀꢇ ꢐꢚꢇ ꢸꢈꢅꢍꢇ ꢚꢐꢁꢌꢍꢇ ꢄꢌꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢀꢅꢔꢓꢆꢈꢀꢇ ꢍꢄꢍꢇ ꢌꢐꢊꢇ ꢈꢰꢙꢈꢈꢍꢇ ꢅꢌꢉꢇ ꢓꢁꢎꢆꢄꢀꢋꢈꢍꢗꢇ ꢓꢈꢂꢔꢄꢀꢀꢄꢎꢆꢈꢇ ꢆꢈꢃꢈꢆꢀꢗꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢓꢂꢈꢀꢈꢌꢙꢈꢇ ꢐꢚꢇꢸꢈꢅꢍꢇꢄꢌꢇꢚꢐꢐꢍꢇꢄꢀꢇꢅꢇꢀꢈꢂꢄꢐꢁꢀꢇꢙꢐꢌꢙꢈꢂꢌꢇꢎꢈꢙꢅꢁꢀꢈꢇꢐꢚꢇꢄꢊꢀꢇꢅꢙꢁꢊꢈꢇ ꢊꢐꢰꢄꢙꢄꢊꢉꢇ ꢈꢃꢈꢌꢇ ꢅꢊꢇ ꢊꢂꢅꢙꢈꢇ ꢆꢈꢃꢈꢆꢀꢜꢇ ꢱꢁꢔꢈꢂꢐꢁꢀꢇ ꢀꢊꢁꢍꢄꢈꢀꢇ ꢋꢅꢃꢈꢇ ꢂꢈꢃꢈꢅꢆꢈꢍꢇ ꢊꢋꢅꢊꢇ ꢸꢈꢅꢍꢇ ꢙꢅꢌꢇ ꢅꢍꢃꢈꢂꢀꢈꢆꢉꢇ ꢅꢚꢚꢈꢙꢊꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢙꢈꢌꢊꢂꢅꢆꢇ ꢅꢌꢍꢇ ꢓꢈꢂꢄꢓꢋꢈꢂꢅꢆꢇ ꢌꢈꢂꢃꢐꢁꢀꢇ ꢀꢉꢀꢊꢈꢔꢗꢇ ꢏꢂꢐꢑꢊꢋꢇ ꢅꢌꢍꢇ ꢙꢐꢏꢌꢄꢊꢄꢃꢈꢇ ꢍꢈꢃꢈꢆꢐꢓꢔꢈꢌꢊꢗꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢂꢈꢌꢅꢆꢇ ꢀꢉꢀꢊꢈꢔꢗꢇ ꢎꢆꢐꢐꢍꢇ ꢙꢄꢂꢙꢁꢆꢅꢊꢄꢐꢌꢗꢇ ꢅꢌꢍꢇ ꢙꢅꢌꢇꢙꢅꢁꢀꢈꢇꢍꢈꢅꢊꢋꢜꢿꣅꣀ

Table 1: Peng Yu Sai Toxicology Results, Guangzhou Markets 2013

  • Metal
  • Highest

Measured Sample
Maximum Permissible Concentration (mg/kg)

  • Pharmacopoeia Health Science Authority
  • World Health
  • US Food and Drug

Administration mg/kg

  • of China
  • (Singapore)

ꢼꢂꢏꢅꢌꢄꢖꢅꢊꢄꢐꢌꢇ

ꢤꢔꢓꢐꢂꢊꢅꢌꢊꢆꢉꢗꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢂꢈꢇ ꢅꢂꢈꢇ ꢀꢁꢂꢃꢁꢄꢅꢆꢃꢇꢈ ꢉꢊꢆꢋꢇꢉꢈ ꢌꢁꢀꢍꢀꢈ ꢆꢀꢀꢎꢅꢁꢆꢇꢊꢏꢈ ꢐꢁꢇꢉꢈ ꢇꢉꢊꢈ ꢁꢃꢂꢊꢀꢇꢁꢎꢃꢈ ꢎꢑꢈ ꢒꢌꢀꢊꢃꢁꢅꢈ ꢆꢇꢈ ꢇꢉꢊꢈ ꢉꢁꢂꢉꢈꢋꢊꢓꢊꢋꢀꢈꢑꢎꢔꢃꢏꢈꢁꢃꢈPeng Yu Saiꢈꢀꢆꢕꢖꢋꢊꢀꢈꢗꢈꢔꢖꢈꢇꢎꢈ ꢘꢙꢈꢇꢁꢕꢊꢀꢈꢇꢉꢊꢈꢖꢊꢌꢕꢁꢀꢀꢁꢚꢋꢊꢈꢋꢁꢕꢁꢇꢈꢎꢑꢈꢛꢉꢆꢌꢕꢆꢅꢎꢖꢎꢊꢁꢆꢈ

ꢎꢑꢈ ꢜꢉꢁꢃꢆꢝꢈ ꢠꢂꢀꢈꢌꢄꢙꢇ ꢊꢅꢂꢏꢈꢊꢀꢇ ꢑꢄꢍꢈꢆꢉꢇ ꢍꢄꢀꢓꢈꢂꢀꢈꢍꢇ ꢈꢌꢖꢉꢔꢈꢇ ꢂꢈꢅꢙꢊꢄꢐꢌꢀꢗꢇ ꢅꢚꢚꢈꢙꢊꢄꢌꢏꢇ ꢌꢈꢅꢂꢆꢉꢇ ꢅꢆꢆꢇ ꢐꢂꢏꢅꢌꢇ ꢀꢉꢀꢊꢈꢔꢀꢗꢇ ꢅꢌꢍꢇ ꢋꢅꢀꢇ ꢎꢈꢈꢌꢇꢆꢄꢌꢛꢈꢍꢇꢊꢐꢇꢃꢅꢂꢄꢐꢁꢀꢇꢊꢉꢓꢈꢀꢇꢐꢚꢇꢙꢅꢌꢙꢈꢂꢜꢇꢟꢋꢈꢇꢅꢀꢀꢐꢙꢄꢅꢊꢄꢐꢌꢇ ꢎꢈꢊꢑꢈꢈꢌꢇꢙꢋꢂꢐꢌꢄꢙꢇꢠꢂꢀꢈꢌꢄꢙꢇꢈꢰꢓꢐꢀꢁꢂꢈꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢙꢅꢌꢙꢈꢂꢇꢄꢀꢇꢀꢊꢂꢐꢌꢏꢈꢀꢊꢇ ꢚꢐꢂꢇꢀꢛꢄꢌꢗꢇꢆꢁꢌꢏꢗꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢎꢆꢅꢍꢍꢈꢂꢇꢙꢅꢌꢙꢈꢂꢜꢇꢤꢌꢏꢈꢀꢊꢄꢐꢌꢇꢐꢚꢇꢋꢄꢏꢋꢇꢆꢈꢃꢈꢆꢀꢇ ꢐꢚꢇ ꢘꢅꢍꢔꢄꢁꢔꢇ ꢅꢀꢇ ꢚꢐꢁꢌꢍꢇ ꢄꢌꢇ Peng Yu Saiꢇ ꢀꢅꢔꢓꢆꢈꢀꢇ ꢷꢇ ꢔꢐꢂꢈꢇ ꢊꢋꢅꢌꢇ ꢊꢂꢄꢓꢆꢈꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢓꢈꢂꢔꢄꢀꢀꢄꢎꢆꢈꢇ ꢆꢄꢔꢄꢊꢇ ꢐꢚꢇ ꢵꢋꢅꢂꢔꢅꢙꢐꢓꢐꢈꢄꢅꢇ ꢐꢚꢇ ꢘꢋꢄꢌꢅꢇꢷꢇꢙꢅꢌꢇꢅꢆꢀꢐꢇꢙꢅꢁꢀꢈꢇꢀꢈꢂꢄꢐꢁꢀꢇꢊꢐꢰꢄꢙꢐꢆꢐꢏꢄꢙꢅꢆꢇꢄꢔꢓꢅꢙꢊꢀꢇꢐꢌꢇ ꢋꢁꢔꢅꢌꢇꢋꢈꢅꢆꢊꢋꢜꢇꢟꢋꢈꢇꢛꢄꢍꢌꢈꢉꢗꢇꢈꢀꢓꢈꢙꢄꢅꢆꢆꢉꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢂꢈꢌꢅꢆꢇꢊꢂꢅꢙꢊꢗꢇꢄꢀꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇꢙꢂꢄꢊꢄꢙꢅꢆꢇꢐꢂꢏꢅꢌꢇꢅꢚꢊꢈꢂꢇꢈꢰꢓꢐꢀꢁꢂꢈꢇꢊꢐꢇꢘꢅꢍꢔꢄꢁꢔꢜꢇ꣆ꢰꢙꢂꢈꢊꢄꢐꢌꢇ ꢄꢀꢇꢀꢆꢐꢑꢗꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢂꢈꢌꢅꢆꢇꢅꢙꢙꢁꢔꢁꢆꢅꢊꢄꢐꢌꢇꢐꢚꢇꢘꢅꢍꢔꢄꢁꢔꢇꢔꢅꢉꢇꢂꢈꢀꢁꢆꢊꢇ ꢄꢌꢇꢄꢂꢂꢈꢃꢈꢂꢀꢄꢎꢆꢈꢇꢍꢅꢔꢅꢏꢈꢜꢿꢩꢗꣃꣀ

Arsenic Cadmium Copper Lead

40.20

0.98

14.60
1.62

  • 2.00
  • 5.00
  • 10.00
  • 10.00

  • 0.30
  • 0.30
  • 0.05
  • 0.20

  • 20.00
  • 150.00

20.00
0.50
20.00 10.00
1.00
20.00 10.00
1.00
5.00

  • Mercury
  • 0.19
  • 0.20

ꢾꢈꢀꢓꢄꢊꢈꢇꢊꢋꢈꢀꢈꢇꢙꢆꢅꢄꢔꢀꢗꢇꢊꢐꢰꢄꢙꢐꢆꢐꢏꢉꢇꢊꢈꢀꢊꢄꢌꢏꢇꢎꢉꢇꢅꢌꢇꢄꢌꢍꢈꢓꢈꢌꢍꢈꢌꢊꢇ

ꢆꢅꢎꢐꢂꢅꢊꢐꢂꢉꢇꢚꢐꢁꢌꢍꢇArsenic, Cadmium, Mercury, and

Leadꢇꢄꢌꢇꢅꢆꢆꢇꢔꢅꢌꢊꢅꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢔꢐꢎꢁꢆꢅꢇꢍꢂꢄꢈꢍꢇꢏꢄꢆꢆꢇꢓꢆꢅꢊꢈꢀꢇꢀꢅꢔꢓꢆꢈꢍꢜ ꢿꢧꣀꢇꢟꢋꢈꢇꢋꢄꢏꢋꢈꢀꢊꢇꢀꢅꢔꢓꢆꢈꢍꢇꢆꢈꢃꢈꢆꢀꢇꢐꢚꢇꢠꢂꢀꢈꢌꢄꢙꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢘꢅꢍꢔꢄꢁꢔꢇ ꢑꢈꢂꢈꢇ ꣁꢢꢜꢡꢢꢇ ꢔꢏꣂꢛꢏꢇ ꢅꢌꢍꢇ ꢢꢜꣃꢩꢇ ꢔꢏꣂꢛꢏꢇ ꢂꢈꢀꢓꢈꢙꢊꢄꢃꢈꢆꢉꢗꢇ ꢚꢅꢂꢇ ꢈꢰꢙꢈꢈꢍꢄꢌꢏꢇꢓꢈꢂꢔꢄꢀꢀꢄꢎꢆꢈꢇꢆꢄꢔꢄꢊꢀꢇꢚꢐꢂꢇꢋꢈꢅꢃꢉꢇꢔꢈꢊꢅꢆꢀꢇꢄꢌꢇꢋꢈꢂꢎꢅꢆꢇ ꢔꢈꢍꢄꢙꢄꢌꢈꢀꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢚꢐꢐꢍꢀꢇꢅꢀꢇꢐꢁꢊꢆꢄꢌꢈꢍꢇꢎꢉꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢵꢋꢅꢂꢔꢅꢙꢐꢓꢐꢈꢄꢅꢇ ꢐꢚꢇꢘꢋꢄꢌꢅꢗꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢣꢐꢂꢆꢍꢇꢶꢈꢅꢆꢊꢋꢇꢼꢂꢏꢅꢌꢄꢖꢅꢊꢄꢐꢌꢇꢿꢣꢶꢼꣀꢗꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇ꣄ꢜꢨꢜꢇ ꢳꢐꢐꢍꢇ ꢅꢌꢍꢇ ꢾꢂꢁꢏꢇ ꢠꢍꢔꢄꢌꢄꢀꢊꢂꢅꢊꢄꢐꢌꢇ ꢿꢳꢾꢠꣀꢗꢇ ꢅꢌꢍꢇ ꢨꢄꢌꢏꢅꢓꢐꢂꢈꢺꢀꢇ ꢶꢈꢅꢆꢊꢋꢇ ꢨꢙꢄꢈꢌꢙꢈꢀꢇ ꢠꢁꢊꢋꢐꢂꢄꢊꢉꢇ ꢿꢶꢠꢨꣀꢜꢿꣁꢗꢫꣀꢇ ꢟꢋꢈꢇ ꢋꢄꢏꢋꢈꢀꢊꢇ ꢆꢈꢃꢈꢆꢇ ꢐꢚꢇ ꢥꢈꢂꢙꢁꢂꢉꢇ ꢿꢢꢜꢦꣃꢇ ꢔꢏꣂꢛꢏꣀꢇ ꢚꢐꢁꢌꢍꢇ ꢄꢌꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢕꢁꢅꢌꢏꢖꢋꢐꢁꢇ ꢀꢅꢔꢓꢆꢈꢀꢇ ꢅꢓꢓꢂꢐꢅꢙꢋꢈꢍꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢢꢜꢡꢢꢇ ꢔꢏꣂꢛꢏꢇ ꢓꢈꢂꢔꢄꢀꢀꢄꢎꢆꢈꢇ ꢆꢄꢔꢄꢊꢇ ꢐꢚꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢵꢋꢅꢂꢔꢅꢙꢐꢓꢐꢈꢄꢅꢇꢐꢚꢇꢘꢋꢄꢌꢅꢜꢇꢶꢐꢑꢈꢃꢈꢂꢗꢇꢅꢌꢉꢇꢈꢰꢓꢐꢀꢁꢂꢈꢇ ꢊꢐꢇ ꢥꢈꢂꢙꢁꢂꢉꢇ ꢷꢇ ꢈꢃꢈꢌꢇ ꢀꢔꢅꢆꢆꢇ ꢅꢔꢐꢁꢌꢊꢀꢇ ꢷꢇ ꢄꢀꢇ ꢅꢇ ꢊꢋꢂꢈꢅꢊꢇ ꢊꢐꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢍꢈꢃꢈꢆꢐꢓꢔꢈꢌꢊꢇ ꢐꢚꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢙꢋꢄꢆꢍꢇ ꢄꢌꢇ ꢁꢊꢈꢂꢐꢇ ꢅꢌꢍꢇ ꢄꢌꢇ ꢈꢅꢂꢆꢉꢇ ꢆꢄꢚꢈꢜꢇ ꢤꢌꢇ ꢅꢍꢁꢆꢊꢀꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢙꢋꢄꢆꢍꢂꢈꢌꢗꢇꢥꢈꢂꢙꢁꢂꢉꢇꢙꢅꢌꢇꢋꢅꢃꢈꢇꢊꢐꢰꢄꢙꢇꢈꢚꢚꢈꢙꢊꢀꢇꢐꢌꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢌꢈꢂꢃꢐꢁꢀꢗꢇꢍꢄꢏꢈꢀꢊꢄꢃꢈꢗꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢄꢔꢔꢁꢌꢈꢇꢀꢉꢀꢊꢈꢔꢀꢗꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢐꢌꢇꢆꢁꢌꢏꢀꢗꢇ ꢛꢄꢍꢌꢈꢉꢀꢗꢇꢀꢛꢄꢌꢗꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢈꢉꢈꢀꢜꢇꢥꢈꢂꢙꢁꢂꢉꢇꢄꢀꢇꢙꢐꢌꢀꢄꢍꢈꢂꢈꢍꢇꢎꢉꢇꢣꢶꢼꢇ ꢊꢐꢇꢎꢈꢇꢐꢌꢈꢇꢐꢚꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢊꢐꢓꢇꢊꢈꢌꢇꢙꢋꢈꢔꢄꢙꢅꢆꢀꢇꢐꢚꢇꢔꢅꢞꢐꢂꢇꢓꢁꢎꢆꢄꢙꢇꢋꢈꢅꢆꢊꢋꢇ ꢙꢐꢌꢙꢈꢂꢌꢜꢿꢮꣀꢇ

  • Zinc
  • 41.50
  • NA
  • NA
  • 50.00
  • 50.00

Maximum Permissible Concentrations Sources: (1) Li S., Fang Y., Ning H., and Wu Y. 2012. Heavy Metals in Chinese Therapeutic Foods and Herbs, J. Chem. Soc. Pak., Vol. 34, No.5.

ꢿꢡꣀꢇꢣꢐꢌꢏꢇꢟꢜꢗꢇꢸꢈꢈꢇꢳꢜꢗꢇꢶꢁꢇꢕꢜꢗꢇꢘꢋꢅꢌꢏꢇꢸꢜꢗꢇꢣꢅꢌꢏꢇ꣈ꢗꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢳꢁꢇꢵꢜꢇꢡꢢꢢꣅꢜꢇꢨꢁꢂꢃꢈꢉꢇꢐꢚꢇꢶꢈꢅꢃꢉꢇꢥꢈꢊꢅꢆꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢼꢂꢏꢅꢌꢐꢙꢋꢆꢐꢂꢄꢌꢈꢇꢵꢈꢀꢊꢄꢙꢄꢍꢈꢇꢘꢐꢌꢊꢅꢔꢄꢌꢅꢌꢊꢀꢇꢄꢌꢇ ꢘꢐꢔꢔꢈꢂꢙꢄꢅꢆꢇꢸꢄꢌꢏꢖꢋꢄꢇꢵꢂꢐꢍꢁꢙꢊꢀꢜꢇ꣉ꢐꢁꢂꢌꢅꢆꢇꢐꢚꢇꢳꢐꢐꢍꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢾꢂꢁꢏꢇꢠꢌꢅꢆꢉꢀꢄꢀꢗꢇꢻꢐꢆꢜꢇꢦꢫꢗꢇꢱꢐꢜꢇꣁꢗꢇꢡꢢꢢꣅꢗꢇꢵꢅꢏꢈꢀꢇꣁꣅꢡꢬꣁꣅꣃꢜ

ꢕꢄꢃꢈꢌꢇꢄꢌꢄꢊꢄꢅꢆꢇꢊꢐꢰꢄꢙꢐꢆꢐꢏꢉꢇꢂꢈꢀꢁꢆꢊꢀꢇꢚꢂꢐꢔꢇPeng Yu Saiꢇꢀꢅꢔꢓꢆꢈꢀꢇ ꢊꢅꢛꢈꢌꢇꢄꢌꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢕꢁꢅꢌꢏꢖꢋꢐꢁꢇꢔꢅꢂꢛꢈꢊꢀꢗꢇꢄꢊꢇꢄꢀꢇꢐꢚꢇꢓꢅꢂꢊꢄꢙꢁꢆꢅꢂꢇꢙꢐꢌꢙꢈꢂꢌꢇ ꢊꢋꢅꢊꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢓꢂꢐꢍꢁꢙꢊꢇꢄꢀꢇꢙꢁꢂꢂꢈꢌꢊꢆꢉꢇꢓꢂꢐꢔꢐꢊꢈꢍꢇꢚꢐꢂꢇꢙꢐꢌꢀꢁꢔꢓꢊꢄꢐꢌꢇ ꢎꢉꢇꢆꢅꢙꢊꢅꢊꢄꢌꢏꢇꢔꢐꢊꢋꢈꢂꢀꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢚꢐꢂꢇꢙꢋꢄꢆꢍꢂꢈꢌꢇꢑꢄꢊꢋꢇꢙꢋꢄꢙꢛꢈꢌꢇꢓꢐꢰ꣇ꢇ ꢅꢌꢍꢇꢄꢀꢇꢓꢂꢐꢔꢐꢊꢈꢍꢇꢎꢉꢇꢃꢈꢌꢍꢐꢂꢀꢇꢚꢐꢂꢇꢙꢐꢌꢀꢄꢀꢊꢈꢌꢊꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢙꢐꢌꢊꢄꢌꢁꢅꢆꢇ ꢙꢐꢌꢀꢁꢔꢓꢊꢄꢐꢌꢇꢐꢌꢇꢅꢇꢔꢐꢌꢊꢋꢆꢉꢇꢎꢅꢀꢄꢀꢜꢇꢟꢋꢈꢇꢓꢂꢈꢀꢈꢌꢙꢈꢇꢐꢚꢇꢊꢋꢈꢀꢈꢇ ꢊꢐꢰꢄꢌꢀꢇꢄꢌꢇPeng Yu Saiꢗꢇꢅꢊꢇꢍꢅꢌꢏꢈꢂꢐꢁꢀꢆꢉꢇꢋꢄꢏꢋꢇꢆꢈꢃꢈꢆꢀꢇꢄꢌꢇꢔꢅꢌꢉꢇ ꢐꢚꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢀꢅꢔꢓꢆꢈꢀꢇꢊꢈꢀꢊꢈꢍꢗꢇꢍꢄꢂꢈꢙꢊꢆꢉꢇꢙꢐꢌꢊꢂꢅꢍꢄꢙꢊꢀꢇꢙꢆꢅꢄꢔꢀꢇꢐꢚꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢓꢂꢐꢍꢁꢙꢊꢇ ꢓꢂꢐꢃꢄꢍꢄꢌꢏꢇ ꢋꢈꢅꢆꢊꢋꢇ ꢎꢈꢌꢈꢒꢊꢀꢇ ꢃꢄꢅꢇ ꢍꢈꢊꢐꢰꢄꢒꢙꢅꢊꢄꢐꢌꢜꢇ ꢠꢍꢍꢄꢊꢄꢐꢌꢅꢆꢆꢉꢗꢇ ꣃꣃꢪꢇ ꢐꢚꢇ ꢦꢗꢢꢢꢢꢇ ꢂꢈꢀꢓꢐꢌꢍꢈꢌꢊꢀꢇ ꢊꢐꢇ ꢅꢇ ꢎꢂꢐꢅꢍꢇ ꢙꢐꢔꢔꢁꢌꢄꢊꢉꢇꢀꢁꢂꢃꢈꢉꢇꢄꢌꢇꢕꢁꢅꢌꢏꢖꢋꢐꢁꢇꢅꢂꢈꢇꢙꢁꢂꢂꢈꢌꢊꢆꢉꢇꢁꢌꢅꢑꢅꢂꢈꢇ ꢊꢋꢅꢊꢇꢋꢈꢅꢃꢉꢇꢔꢈꢊꢅꢆꢀꢇꢅꢂꢈꢇꢚꢐꢁꢌꢍꢇꢄꢌꢇPeng Yu Saiꢜꢇ

©2014 WILDAID

2013-14 MARKET SURVEYS, GUANGZHOU, CHINA

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CONSUMER AWARENESS

A 2014 online survey of 1,000 Guangzhou citizens found that only 33% of respondents had heard of Peng Yu Sai, suggesting that the market has ample room to grow as the product becomes even more visible. An additional survey

ꢚꢐꢙꢁꢀꢈꢍꢇꢀꢓꢈꢙꢄꢒꢙꢅꢆꢆꢉꢇꢐꢌꢇꢙꢐꢌꢀꢁꢔꢈꢂꢀꢇꢐꢚꢇPeng Yu Sai in Guangzhou found that 92 out

of 100 respondents learned of the product from friends or relatives, suggesting that primary marketing via mainstream media may have up to a tenfold reach when combined with subsequent word-of-mouth.

These surveys also suggest that a strategy to promote Peng Yu Sai for general

ꢋꢈꢅꢆꢊꢋꢗꢇ ꢂꢅꢊꢋꢈꢂꢇ ꢊꢋꢅꢌꢇ ꢀꢐꢆꢈꢆꢉꢇ ꢚꢐꢂꢇ ꢀꢓꢈꢙꢄꢒꢙꢇ ꢅꢄꢆꢔꢈꢌꢊꢀꢗꢇ ꢔꢅꢉꢇ ꢎꢈꢇ ꢀꢁꢙꢙꢈꢈꢍꢄꢌꢏꢽꢇ ꣃꢫꢪꢇ ꢐꢚꢇ ꢂꢈꢀꢓꢐꢌꢍꢈꢌꢊꢀꢇꢀꢊꢅꢊꢈꢍꢇꢅꢇꢓꢈꢂꢙꢈꢓꢊꢄꢐꢌꢇꢐꢚꢇꢏꢈꢌꢈꢂꢅꢆꢇꢋꢈꢅꢆꢊꢋꢇꢎꢈꢌꢈꢒꢊꢀꢇꢿꢅꢀꢇꢐꢓꢓꢐꢀꢈꢍꢇꢊꢐꢇꢧꣅꢪꢇ ꢊꢋꢅꢊꢇꢀꢊꢅꢊꢈꢍꢇꢅꢇꢓꢈꢂꢙꢈꢓꢊꢄꢐꢌꢇꢊꢋꢅꢊꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢓꢂꢐꢍꢁꢙꢊꢇꢑꢅꢀꢇꢄꢌꢊꢈꢌꢍꢈꢍꢇꢊꢐꢇꢊꢅꢂꢏꢈꢊꢇꢀꢓꢈꢙꢄꢒꢙꢇꢄꢆꢆꢌꢈꢀꢀꢈꢀꣀꢗꢇ

and most customers reported purchasing Peng Yu Sai on a monthly basis. The survey’s results further revealed a demographic of Peng Yu Sai consumers comprised primarily of working mothers/wives, over 40 years of age, who are the primary purchasers for their households and who retain traditional living habits of Cantonese, especially cooking soups with different ingredients according to the season and physical condition of the family.ꢿꢦꢢꣀ

ꢝꢐꢊꢋꢇꢀꢁꢂꢃꢈꢉꢀꢇꢂꢈꢃꢈꢅꢆꢈꢍꢇꢀꢓꢈꢙꢄꢒꢙꢀꢇꢅꢎꢐꢁꢊꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢓꢂꢐꢚꢐꢁꢌꢍꢇꢍꢈꢅꢂꢊꢋꢇꢐꢚꢇꢅꢙꢙꢁꢂꢅꢊꢈꢗꢇꢓꢁꢎꢆꢄꢙꢇ ꢄꢌꢚꢐꢂꢔꢅꢊꢄꢐꢌꢇꢐꢌꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢙꢁꢆꢊꢁꢂꢅꢆꢇꢐꢂꢄꢏꢄꢌꢀꢇꢿꢐꢂꢇꢆꢅꢙꢛꢇꢊꢋꢈꢂꢈꢐꢚꣀꢗꢇꢍꢅꢌꢏꢈꢂꢀꢇꢐꢚꢇꢙꢐꢌꢀꢁꢔꢓꢊꢄꢐꢌꢗꢇ

and sources of Peng Yu Sai. Eighty-three percent of online survey respondents believe, incorrectly, that Peng Yu Saiꢇꢄꢀꢇꢂꢈꢙꢐꢏꢌꢄꢖꢈꢍꢇꢎꢉꢇꢐꢚꢒꢙꢄꢅꢆꢇꢟꢘꢥꢜ Ninety-nine percent of surveyed Peng Yu Sai consumers are currently unaware that heavy metals are found in the product, and less than half of respondents who had heard

about Peng Yu Sai knew the source of Peng Yu Sai itself. Only 6% of consumers

were aware of manta rays’ threatened status, or that China now has a duty to ensure sustainable trade in manta rays through the bylaws of CITES.

While the surveys demonstrate a marked lack of public awareness, they also suggest that market demand is potentially elastic with respect to new information, and that a targeted demand-reduction campaign is a viable and

ꢊꢄꢔꢈꢆꢉꢇ ꢙꢐꢌꢀꢈꢂꢃꢅꢊꢄꢐꢌꢇ ꢀꢊꢂꢅꢊꢈꢏꢉꢇ ꢄꢌꢇ ꢊꢋꢅꢊꢇ ꣃꣅꢪꢇ ꢐꢚꢇ ꢀꢁꢂꢃꢈꢉꢈꢍꢇ ꢙꢐꢌꢀꢁꢔꢈꢂꢀꢇ ꢀꢊꢅꢊꢈꢍꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢉꢇ

would purchase or consume less given knowledge of heavy metals in the product. Additionally, 91% of respondents expressed a willingness to reduce or stop consumption of Peng Yu Sai in support of wildlife protections.

©2014 WILDAID

2013-14 MARKET SURVEYS, GUANGZHOU, CHINA

  • 16
  • 17

STATUS AND TOURISM

Global manta and mobula ray population numbers are currently unknown.(11) However, these species don’t begin reproduction until 8-10 years+ of age, are long-lived at 40 years+, and reproduce slowly; for example, manta rays have a single pup every 2-5 years. Meanwhile, the estimated global landings of these rays, in 2010, were 94,000 mobula rays and 3,400 manta rays.(12) Additionally, “Factors including illegal, underreported, [unregulated] and unrecorded

ꢒꢀꢋꢈꢂꢄꢈꢀꢇꢀꢁꢏꢏꢈꢀꢊꢇꢊꢋꢅꢊꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢊꢐꢊꢅꢆꢇꢌꢁꢔꢎꢈꢂꢇꢐꢚꢇꢔꢐꢎꢁꢆꢅꢇꢂꢅꢉꢀꢇꢆꢅꢌꢍꢈꢍꢇ ꢄꢌꢇꢏꢆꢐꢎꢅꢆꢇꢒꢀꢋꢈꢂꢄꢈꢀꢇꢄꢀꢇꢆꢄꢛꢈꢆꢉꢇꢊꢐꢇꢎꢈꢇꢀꢄꢏꢌꢄꢒꢙꢅꢌꢊꢆꢉꢇꢏꢂꢈꢅꢊꢈꢂꢇꢊꢋꢅꢌꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꣃꣁꢗꢢꢢꢢꢇꢅꢙꢙꢐꢁꢌꢊꢈꢍꢇꢚꢐꢂꢇꢄꢌꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢅꢏꢏꢂꢈꢏꢅꢊꢈꢇꢒꢀꢋꢈꢂꢄꢈꢀꢇꢍꢅꢊꢅꢜꢴ(13) In ꢅꢂꢈꢅꢀꢇꢑꢄꢊꢋꢇꢊꢅꢂꢏꢈꢊꢈꢍꢇꢒꢀꢋꢈꢂꢄꢈꢀꢇꢚꢐꢂꢇꢔꢅꢌꢊꢅꢇꢂꢅꢉꢀꢗꢇꢆꢐꢙꢅꢆꢇꢓꢐꢓꢁꢆꢅꢊꢄꢐꢌꢇ

declines as high as 86%, over six years, were documented;

ꢅꢌꢍꢇꢄꢌꢇꢅꢂꢈꢅꢀꢇꢐꢚꢇꢄꢌꢊꢈꢌꢀꢈꢇꢊꢅꢂꢏꢈꢊꢈꢍꢇꢒꢀꢋꢄꢌꢏꢗꢇꢀꢁꢙꢋꢇꢅꢀꢇꢸꢅꢔꢅꢛꢈꢂꢅꢗꢇ

Indonesia and the Sea of Cortez in Mexico, there is evidence of local, commercial extinctions.(14)
Several nations and territories now protect some or all mobulid ray species in their territorial waters. However, overall, these protections are likely inadequate to protect these vulnerable species throughout their circumglobal range. For example, legal protections of mobula species are far less common than for manta species, and most of the laws protecting manta rays only apply to one of the two manta species, M. birostris. New protections since the

publication of The Global Threat to Manta and Mobula

Rays, 2011 Report include CITES-Appendix II listing for both manta species, protections for M. birostris by the European Union and Australia, Palau’s declaration to end

ꢙꢐꢔꢔꢈꢂꢙꢄꢅꢆꢇꢈꢰꢓꢐꢂꢊꢇꢐꢚꢇꢅꢆꢆꢇꢒꢀꢋꢈꢂꢄꢈꢀꢇꢓꢂꢐꢍꢁꢙꢊꢀꢇꢄꢌꢙꢆꢁꢍꢄꢌꢏꢇꢂꢅꢉꢀ(19)

,
West Manggarai/Komodo’s establishment of a shark and

manta ray sanctuary(20)ꢗꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢔꢐꢀꢊꢇꢂꢈꢙꢈꢌꢊꢆꢉꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢀꢄꢏꢌꢄꢒꢙꢅꢌꢊꢆꢉꢗꢇ

Indonesia’s national protection of both manta ray species announced in January 2014 (Fisheries and Maritime Affairs Ministerial Decree. [Permen No.04/2014] on Manta Ray Protection Status)(21), following the full protection of all mobula rays throughout the 46,000 sq km Regency of Raja Ampat, Indonesia, enacted in late 2010.(22)

Strict international regulation of trade in manta products under CITES Appendix II is scheduled to go into effect September 2014.(15)

Currently, there are two recognized species of manta, M.

birostris and M. alfrediꢗꢇꢎꢐꢊꢋꢇꢙꢆꢅꢀꢀꢄꢒꢈꢍꢇꢐꢌꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢤꢌꢊꢈꢂꢌꢅꢊꢄꢐꢌꢅꢆꢇ ꣄ꢌꢄꢐꢌꢇ ꢚꢐꢂꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢘꢐꢌꢀꢈꢂꢃꢅꢊꢄꢐꢌꢇ ꢐꢚꢇ ꢱꢅꢊꢁꢂꢈꢺꢀꢇ ꢿꢤ꣄ꢘꢱꣀꢇ ꣊ꢈꢍꢇ ꢸꢄꢀꢊꢇ

as ‘Vulnerable’ to extinction globally. Mobula species,

ꢀꢓꢈꢙꢄꢒꢙꢅꢆꢆꢉꢇM. japanica and M. tarapacana are IUCN-listed

as ‘Near Threatened’ globally/‘Vulnerable’ in Southeast Asia

ꢅꢌꢍꢇꢾꢅꢊꢅꢇꢾꢈꢒꢙꢄꢈꢌꢊꢗꢇꢂꢈꢀꢓꢈꢙꢊꢄꢃꢈꢆꢉꢜ(16)
ꢟꢐꢇ ꢍꢅꢊꢈꢗꢇ ꢅꢇ ꢀꢄꢏꢌꢄꢒꢙꢅꢌꢊꢇ ꢏꢅꢓꢇ ꢄꢌꢇ ꢄꢌꢊꢈꢂꢌꢅꢊꢄꢐꢌꢅꢆꢇ ꢙꢐꢌꢀꢈꢂꢃꢅꢊꢄꢐꢌꢇ

and management persists because no Regional Fisheries Management Organization (RFMO) has passed any regulation to protect, manage, or monitor bycatch or directed catch of any mobulid species.

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  • Manta Or Mobula

    Manta Or Mobula

    IOTC-2010-WPEB-inf01 Draft identification guide IOTC Working Party on Ecosystems and Bycatch (WPEB) Victoria, Seychelles 27-30 October, 2010 Mobulidae of the Indian Ocean: an identification hints for field sampling Draft, version 2.1, August 2010 by Romanov Evgeny(1)* (1) IRD, UMR 212 EME, Centre de Recherche Halieutique Mediterraneenne et Tropicale Avenue Jean Monnet – BP 171, 34203 Sete Cedex, France ([email protected]) * Present address: Project Leader. Project “PROSpection et habitat des grands PElagiques de la ZEE de La Réunion” (PROSPER), CAP RUN, ARDA, Magasin n°10, Port Ouest, 97420, Le Port, La Réunion, France. ABSTRACT Draft identification guide for species of Mobulidae family, which is commonly observed as by-catch in tuna associated fishery in the region is presented. INTRODUCTION Species of Mobulidae family are a common bycatch occurs in the pelagic tuna fisheries of the Indian Ocean both in the industrial (purse seine and longline) and artisanal (gillnets) sector (Romanov 2002; White et al., 2006; Romanov et al., 2008). Apparently these species also subject of overexploitation: most of Indian Ocean species marked as vulnerable or near threatened at the global level, however local assessment are often not exist (Table). Status of the species of the family Mobulidae in the Indian Ocean (IUCN, 2007) IUCN Status1 Species Common name Global status WIO EIO Manta birostris (Walbaum 1792) Giant manta NT - VU Manta alfredi (Krefft, 1868) Alfred manta - - - Mobula eregoodootenkee Longhorned - - - (Bleeker, 1859) mobula Mobula japanica (Müller & Henle, Spinetail mobula NT - - 1841) Mobula kuhlii (Müller & Henle, Shortfin devil ray NE - - 1841) Mobula tarapacana (Philippi, Chilean devil ray DD - VU 1892) Mobula thurstoni (Lloyd, 1908) Smoothtail NT - - mobula Lack of the data on the distribution, fisheries and biology of mobulids is often originated from the problem with specific identification of these species in the field.
  • (Mobula Alfredi) Feeding Habitat in the Dampier Strait, Raja Ampat, West Papua, Indonesia 1Adi I

    (Mobula Alfredi) Feeding Habitat in the Dampier Strait, Raja Ampat, West Papua, Indonesia 1Adi I

    Plankton abundance and community structure in reef manta ray (Mobula alfredi) feeding habitat in the Dampier Strait, Raja Ampat, West Papua, Indonesia 1Adi I. Thovyan, 1,2Ricardo F. Tapilatu, 1,2Vera Sabariah, 3,4Stephanie K. Venables 1 Environmental Science Master Program, Graduate School University of Papua (UNIPA) Manokwari, Papua Barat, Indonesia; 2 Research Center of Pacific Marine Resources and Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, University of Papua (UNIPA), Manokwari, Papua Barat, Indonesia; 3 Marine Megafauna Foundation, Truckee, California, USA; 4 Centre for Evolutionary Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia. Corresponding author: R. F. Tapilatu, [email protected] Abstract. Reef manta rays (Mobula alfredi) are pelagic filter feeders, primarily feeding on zooplankton. Plankton plays an important role in marine food webs and can be used as a bioindicator to evaluate water quality and primary productivity. This study aimed to determine the community structure and abundance of zooplankton and phytoplankton at a M. alfredi feeding habitat in the Dampier Strait region of Raja Ampat, West Papua, Indonesia. Plankton samples were collected and environmental conditions were recorded during two sampling sessions, in March and in July 2017, respectively, from five M. alfredi feeding sites using a 20 μm plankton tow net. Plankton richness was found to be higher in March (272 ind L-1±342) than in July (31 ind L-1±11), which may be due to seasonal variations in ocean current patterns in the Dampier Strait. Copepods (Phylum Arthropoda) were the dominant zooplankton found in samples in both sampling periods. Microplastics were also present in tows from both sampling periods, presenting a cause for concern regarding the large filter feeding species, including M.
  • Occurrence of Devil Rays (Myliobatiformes: Mobulidae)

    Occurrence of Devil Rays (Myliobatiformes: Mobulidae)

    Scientific Note Record of a pregnant Mobula thurstoni and occurrence of Manta birostris (Myliobatiformes: Mobulidae) in the vicinity of Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago (Equatorial Atlantic) 1, 2* 1 1 SIBELE A. MENDONÇA , BRUNO C. L. MACENA , EMMANUELLY CREIO , DANIELLE 1, 2 1 1 L. VIANA , DANIEL F. VIANA & FABIO. H. V. HAZIN 1Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, UFRPE Laboratório de Oceanografia Pesqueira, LOP/Departamento de Pesca e Aqüicultura, DEPAq/. Av. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, campus universitário, Dois Irmãos. CEP- 52171-900 Recife, PE, Brasil. 2 Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Departamento de Oceanografia, Recife, PE, Brasil. *E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. In this study, the occurrence of a pregnant Mobula thurstoni and six specimens of Manta birostris from the Archipelago of St. Peter and St. Paul were recorded for the first time. The description of morphology and morphometrics of the embryo of M. thurstoni was also reported. Keywords: oceanic island, chondrichthyes, elasmobranchii, devil rays, pelagic animal Resumo. Registro de Mobula thurstoni prenhe e ocorrência de Manta birostris (Myliobatiformes: Mobulidae) no entorno do Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo (Atlântico Equatorial). No presente trabalho, as ocorrências de uma Mobula thurstoni prenhe e de seis espécimes de Manta birostris no Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo foram registradas pela primeira vez. A descrição morfológica e os dados morfométricos do embrião de M. thurstoni foram igualmente reportados. Palavras chave: ilha oceânica, chondrichthyes, elasmobranchii, raias manta, animais pelágicos The Mobulidae family is composed of 11 latter, four species were recorded in the vicinity of species and two genera: Manta and Mobula and is the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago (SPSPA; found typically in waters rich in secondary 00°55’N, 29°21’W); M.
  • Contributions to the Skeletal Anatomy of Freshwater Stingrays (Chondrichthyes, Myliobatiformes): 1

    Contributions to the Skeletal Anatomy of Freshwater Stingrays (Chondrichthyes, Myliobatiformes): 1

    Zoosyst. Evol. 88 (2) 2012, 145–158 / DOI 10.1002/zoos.201200013 Contributions to the skeletal anatomy of freshwater stingrays (Chondrichthyes, Myliobatiformes): 1. Morphology of male Potamotrygon motoro from South America Rica Stepanek*,1 and Jrgen Kriwet University of Vienna, Department of Paleontology, Geozentrum (UZA II), Althanstr. 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria Abstract Received 8 August 2011 The skeletal anatomy of most if not all freshwater stingrays still is insufficiently known Accepted 17 January 2012 due to the lack of detailed morphological studies. Here we describe the morphology of Published 28 September 2012 an adult male specimen of Potamotrygon motoro to form the basis for further studies into the morphology of freshwater stingrays and to identify potential skeletal features for analyzing their evolutionary history. Potamotrygon is a member of Myliobatiformes and forms together with Heliotrygon, Paratrygon and Plesiotrygon the Potamotrygoni- dae. Potamotrygonids are exceptional because they are the only South American ba- toids, which are obligate freshwater rays. The knowledge about their skeletal anatomy Key Words still is very insufficient despite numerous studies of freshwater stingrays. These studies, however, mostly consider only external features (e.g., colouration patterns) or selected Batomorphii skeletal structures. To gain a better understanding of evolutionary traits within sting- Potamotrygonidae rays, detailed anatomical analyses are urgently needed. Here, we present the first de- Taxonomy tailed anatomical account of a male Potamotrygon motoro specimen, which forms the Skeletal morphology basis of prospective anatomical studies of potamotrygonids. Introduction with the radiation of mammals. Living elasmobranchs are thus the result of a long evolutionary history. Neoselachians include all living sharks, rays, and Some of the most astonishing and unprecedented ex- skates, and their fossil relatives.
  • Lesser Devil Rays Mobula Cf. Hypostoma from Venezuela Are Almost Twice Their Previously Reported Maximum Size and May Be a New Sub-Species

    Lesser Devil Rays Mobula Cf. Hypostoma from Venezuela Are Almost Twice Their Previously Reported Maximum Size and May Be a New Sub-Species

    Journal of Fish Biology (2017) 90, 1142–1148 doi:10.1111/jfb.13252, available online at wileyonlinelibrary.com Lesser devil rays Mobula cf. hypostoma from Venezuela are almost twice their previously reported maximum size and may be a new sub-species N. R. Ehemann*†‡§, L. V. González-González*† and A. W. Trites‖ *Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Apartado Postal 592, La Paz, Baja California Sur C.P. 23000, Mexico, †Escuela de Ciencias Aplicadas del Mar (ECAM), Boca del Río, Universidad de Oriente, Núcleo Nueva Esparta (UDONE), Boca del Río, Nueva Esparta, C.P. 06304, Venezuela, ‡Proyecto Iniciativa Batoideos (PROVITA), Caracas, Venezuela and ‖Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada (Received 8 September 2016, Accepted 23 November 2016) Three rays opportunistically obtained near Margarita Island, Venezuela, were identified as lesser devil rays Mobula cf. hypostoma, but their disc widths were between 207 and 230 cm, which is almost dou- ble the reported maximum disc width of 120 cm for this species. These morphometric data suggest that lesser devil rays are either larger than previously recognized or that these specimens belong to an unknown sub-species of Mobula in the Caribbean Sea. Better data are needed to describe the distribu- tion, phenotypic variation and population structure of this poorly known species. © 2017 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles Key words: batoids; by-catch; Caribbean Sea; Chondrichthyes; Myliobatiformes. There is limited biological and fisheries information about the body size at maturity, population size, stock, maximum age and length–mass relationships of Mobula hypos- toma (Bancroft, 1831), better known as the lesser devil ray.
  • CONCERTED ACTION for the MOBULID RAYS (MOBULIDAE)1 Adopted by the Conference of the Parties at Its 13Th Meeting (Gandhinagar, February 2020)

    CONCERTED ACTION for the MOBULID RAYS (MOBULIDAE)1 Adopted by the Conference of the Parties at Its 13Th Meeting (Gandhinagar, February 2020)

    CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/Concerted Action 12.6 (Rev.COP13) MIGRATORY Original: English SPECIES CONCERTED ACTION FOR THE MOBULID RAYS (MOBULIDAE)1 Adopted by the Conference of the Parties at its 13th Meeting (Gandhinagar, February 2020) The Concerted Action for Mobulid Rays was first adopted at the 12th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties (UNEP/CMS/COP12/Concerted Action 12.6). A report on implementation was submitted to the 13th Meeting of the Parties (COP13) together with a proposal for extension and revision (UNEP/CMS/COP13/Doc.28.1.6), which was approved by the Parties. (i). Proponents: The Manta Trust The Manta Trust is an international organization that takes a multidisciplinary approach to the conservation of Manta spp. and Mobula spp. Mobulid rays and their habitats through conducting robust science and research, raising awareness and educating the general public and community stakeholders. The Manta Trust network extends across the globe, including collaborations and affiliated projects in over 25 countries and mobulid Range States. The Manta Trust is a Cooperating Partner to the CMS Sharks MOU. Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) The Wildlife Conservation Society is an international conservation organization working to save wildlife and wild places worldwide through science, conservation action, education, and inspiring people to value nature. WCS works across the globe in more than 60 countries, and the WCS Marine Conservation Program works in more than 20 countries to protect key marine habitats and wildlife, end overfishing, and protect key species, including sharks and rays. WCS is a founding partner of the Global Sharks and Rays Initiative (GSRI), which is implementing a global ten-year strategy that aims to: save shark and ray species from extinction; transition shark and ray fisheries to sustainability; effectively control international trade in shark and ray parts and products; and reduce consumption of shark and ray products from illegal or unsustainable sources.
  • Evolution and Functional Morphology of the Cephalic Lobes in Batoids Samantha Lynn Mulvany University of South Florida, Smulvany@Mail.Usf.Edu

    Evolution and Functional Morphology of the Cephalic Lobes in Batoids Samantha Lynn Mulvany University of South Florida, [email protected]

    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 12-11-2013 Evolution and Functional Morphology of the Cephalic Lobes in Batoids Samantha Lynn Mulvany University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the Anatomy Commons, Biology Commons, and the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Scholar Commons Citation Mulvany, Samantha Lynn, "Evolution and Functional Morphology of the Cephalic Lobes in Batoids" (2013). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5083 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Evolution and Functional Morphology of the Cephalic Lobes in Batoids by Samantha Lynn Mulvany A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Integrative Biology College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Philip J. Motta, Ph.D. Stephen M. Deban, Ph.D. Henry R. Mushinsky, Ph.D. Jason R. Rohr, Ph.D. Date of Approval: December 11, 2013 Keywords: Novel Structure, Modulation, Independent Contrast, Anatomy Copyright © 2014, Samantha Lynn Mulvany DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this to my family and friends. My family has always been very supportive of my academic endeavors, nurturing my love of biology from early childhood to this very day. My grandfather, who passed away on the day that I was accepted into the program, has been with me every step of the way on this bittersweet journey.
  • Conservation and Population Ecology of Manta Rays in the Maldives

    Conservation and Population Ecology of Manta Rays in the Maldives

    Conservation and Population Ecology of Manta Rays in the Maldives Guy Mark William Stevens Doctor of Philosophy University of York Environment August 2016 2 Abstract This multi-decade study on an isolated and unfished population of manta rays (Manta alfredi and M. birostris) in the Maldives used individual-based photo-ID records and behavioural observations to investigate the world’s largest known population of M. alfredi and a previously unstudied population of M. birostris. This research advances knowledge of key life history traits, reproductive strategies, population demographics and habitat use of M. alfredi, and elucidates the feeding and mating behaviour of both manta species. M. alfredi reproductive activity was found to vary considerably among years and appeared related to variability in abundance of the manta’s planktonic food, which in turn may be linked to large-scale weather patterns such as the Indian Ocean Dipole and El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Key to helping improve conservation efforts of M. alfredi was my finding that age at maturity for both females and males, estimated at 15 and 11 years respectively, appears up to 7 – 8 years higher respectively than previously reported. As the fecundity of this species, estimated at one pup every 7.3 years, also appeared two to more than three times lower than estimates from studies with more limited data, my work now marks M. alfredi as one of the world’s least fecund vertebrates. With such low fecundity and long maturation, M. alfredi are extremely vulnerable to overfishing and therefore needs complete protection from exploitation across its entire global range.
  • GENUS Mobula) in CMS APPENDIX I and II

    GENUS Mobula) in CMS APPENDIX I and II

    CMS Distribution: General CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/ScC18/Doc.7.2.10 MIGRATORY 11 June 2014 SPECIES Original: English 18th MEETING OF THE SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL Bonn, Germany, 1-3 July 2014 Agenda Item 7.2 PROPOSAL FOR THE INCLUSION OF ALL SPECIES OF MOBULA RAYS (GENUS Mobula) IN CMS APPENDIX I AND II Summary The Government of Fiji has submitted a proposal for the inclusion of all species of Mobula rays, Genus Mobula, in CMS Appendix I th and II at the 11 Meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP11), 4-9 November 2014, Quito, Ecuador. An advanced unedited version of the proposal, as received from the proponent Party, is reproduced under this cover for its early consideration by the Scientific Council. It will be replaced by the final version as soon as possible. For reasons of economy, documents are printed in a limited number, and will not be distributed at the meeting. Delegates are kindly requested to bring their copy to the meeting and not to request additional copies. UNEP/CMS/ScC18/Doc.7.2.10: Proposal I/10 & II/11 PROPOSAL FOR INCLUSION OF SPECIES ON THE APPENDICES OF THE CONVENTION ON THE CONSERVATION OF MIGRATORY SPECIES OF WILD ANIMALS A. PROPOSAL: Inclusion of mobula rays, Genus Mobula, in Appendix I and II B. PROPONENT: Government of Fiji C. SUPPORTING STATEMENT: 1. Taxon 1.1 Class: Chondrichthyes, subclass Elasmobranchii 1.2 Order: Rajiformes 1.3 Subfamily: Mobulinae 1.4 Genus and species: All nine species within the Genus Mobula (Rafinesque, 1810): Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788), Mobula japanica (Müller & Henle, 1841), Mobula thurstoni (Lloyd, 1908), Mobula tarapacana (Philippi, 1892), Mobula eregoodootenkee (Bleeker, 1859),Mobula kuhlii (Müller & Henle, 1841), Mobula hypostoma (Bancroft, 1831), Mobula rochebrunei (Vaillant, 1879), Mobula munkiana (Notarbartolo-di-Sciara, 1987) and any other putative Mobula species.
  • Mobulid Rays) Are Slow-Growing, Large-Bodied Animals with Some Species Occurring in Small, Highly Fragmented Populations

    Mobulid Rays) Are Slow-Growing, Large-Bodied Animals with Some Species Occurring in Small, Highly Fragmented Populations

    CMS/Sharks/MOS3/Inf.15e Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Sharks Devil and Manta Ray Fact Sheet Manta birostris Manta alfredi Mobula mobular Mobula japanica Mobula thurstoni Mobula tarapacana Mobula eregoodootenkee Mobula kuhlii Mobula hypostoma Mobula rochebrunei Mobula munkiana 1 CMS/Sharks/MOS3/Inf.15e . Class: Chondrichthyes Order: Rajiformes Family: Rajiformes Manta alfredi – Reef Manta Ray Mobula mobular – Giant Devil Ray Mobula japanica – Spinetail Devil Ray Devil and Manta Rays Mobula thurstoni – Bentfin Devil Ray Raie manta & Raies Mobula Mobula tarapacana – Sicklefin Devil Ray Mantas & Rayas Mobula Mobula eregoodootenkee – Longhorned Pygmy Devil Ray Species: Mobula hypostoma – Atlantic Pygmy Devil Illustration: © Marc Dando Ray Mobula rochebrunei – Guinean Pygmy Devil Ray Mobula munkiana – Munk’s Pygmy Devil Ray Mobula kuhlii – Shortfin Devil Ray 1. BIOLOGY Devil and manta rays (family Mobulidae, the mobulid rays) are slow-growing, large-bodied animals with some species occurring in small, highly fragmented populations. Mobulid rays are pelagic, filter-feeders, with populations sparsely distributed across tropical and warm temperate oceans. Currently, nine species of devil ray (genus Mobula) and two species of manta ray (genus Manta) are recognized by CMS1. Mobulid rays have among the lowest fecundity of all elasmobranchs (1 young every 2-3 years), and a late age of maturity (up to 8 years), resulting in population growth rates among the lowest for elasmobranchs (Dulvy et al. 2014; Pardo et al 2016). 2. DISTRIBUTION The three largest-bodied species of Mobula (M. japanica, M. tarapacana, and M. thurstoni), and the oceanic manta (M. birostris) have circumglobal tropical and subtropical geographic ranges. The overlapping range distributions of mobulids, difficulty in differentiating between species, and lack of standardized reporting of fisheries data make it difficult to determine each species’ geographical extent.
  • Summary Record of the 26Th Meeting of the Animals Committee

    Summary Record of the 26Th Meeting of the Animals Committee

    Original language: English AC26 summary record CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA ____________ Twenty-sixth meeting of the Animals Committee Geneva (Switzerland), 15-20 March 2012 and Dublin (Ireland), 22-24 March 2012 SUMMARY RECORD Animals Committee matters 1. Opening of the meeting The Chair opened the meeting and welcomed all participants, before giving the floor to the Secretary- General, who also welcomed everyone and introduced new members of the Secretariat's scientific team (Mr De Meulenaer and Ms Kwitsinskaia) and enforcement team (Ms Garcia Ferreira, Ms Jonsson and Mr van Rensburg). He wished the Committee well in its deliberations. The Chair thanked the Secretary-General and invited suggestions as to how the Conference of the Parties could establish stronger measures to support the Committee as well as export countries, which deserved particular assistance. No other intervention was made during discussion of this item.1 2. Rules of Procedure The Secretariat introduced document AC26 Doc. 2 and proposed amending Rule 22 as follows: “On request, the Secretariat shall distribute printed and translated documents...”. The Secretariat explained that most members regularly indicated that they did not need printed copies and that this proposal was made to reduce costs. Although not opposed to the change in principle, a Party regretted that the suggestion had not been presented in the document, which would have given Parties time to consider it, and was concerned that this unannounced proposal might create a precedent. Another Party asked a question on the procedure to accept observers, but the Chair invited it to raise this topic under agenda item 4 on Admission of observers.
  • Ins Stitut to Pol Litécn Nico N Nacion

    Ins Stitut to Pol Litécn Nico N Nacion

    INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL CENTRO INTERDISCIPLINARIO DE CIENCIAS MARINAS ESTUDIO COMPARATIVO DE LA REPRODUCCIÓN DE TRES ESPECIES DEL GÉNERO MOBULA (CHONDRICHTHYES: MOBULIDAE) EN EL SUROESTE DEL GOLFO DE CALIFORNIA, MÉXICO TESIS QUE PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE MAESTRÍA EN CIENCIAS EN MANEJO DE RECURSOS MARINOS PRESENTA JAVIER NOE SERRANO LÓPEZ LA PAZ, B. C. S., MÉXICO a 10 de Diciembre de 2009 GLOSARIO Ciclo gonádico: Evento periódico que tiene lugar en las gónadas y conduce a la producción de gametos. Ciclo Ovárico: Estadios de desarrollo en serie por los que atraviesa la gónada femenina y abarca desde una etapa de recuperación o reposo hasta el siguiente desove. Ciclo reproductivo: Evento periódico en el que las gónadas producen gametos y los organismos se reproducen. Cigoto: Célula diploide que resulta de la fusión de los gametos masculino y femenino (Curtis et.al., 2001). Chondrichthyes: Clase de peces cartilaginosos que abarcan tiburones, rayas y quimeras (Nelson, 2004). Cromosoma: Orgánulo en el núcleo celular considerado como la estructura que contienen a los genes (Curtis et.al., 2001). Diamétrico.- Tipo de zonación en elasmobranquios donde la espermatogenesis sigue un gradiente de desarrollo que corre a lo largo del diámetro testicular (Pratt, 1998). Elasmobranquios: Peces cartilaginosos ubicados en la clase Chondrichthyes subclase Elasmobranchii que abarca tiburones, rayas, mantarrayas y otros peces cartilaginosos (Nelson, 2004). Espermatogónia: Células diploides no especializadas ubicadas en las paredes de los testículos que por división meiótica darán origen a espermatocitos (Curtis et.al., 2001). Espermatocito: Es la célula germinal masculina que se encuentra en proceso de maduración (Lender et al., 1982). Espermatogenesis. Proliferación de células germinales masculinas a partir de la división mitótica de las espermatogónias (Curtis et.al., 2001).