Continuing Threat to Manta and Mobula Rays

<ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">2</li><li style="flex:1">3</li></ul>CONTENTS <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">AT A GLANCE </li><li style="flex:1">4</li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">8</li><li style="flex:1">2013 MARKET ESTIMATE </li></ul>TOXICOLOGY AND USES CONSUMER AWARENESS STATUS AND TOURISM CONSERVATION 12 14 16 20 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">22 </li><li style="flex:1">REFERENCES AND PHOTO CREDITS </li></ul>REPORT WRITERS Samantha Whitcraft, Mary O’Malley John Weller (graphics, design, editing) PROJECT TEAM Mary O’Malley – WildAid Paul Hilton – WildAid, Paul Hilton Photography Samantha Whitcraft – WildAid Daniel Fernando – The Manta Trust Shawn Heinrichs – WildAid, Blue Sphere Media ©2014 WILDAID 2013-14 MARKET SURVEYS, GUANGZHOU, CHINA 45SUMMARY Manta and mobula rays, the mobulids, span the tropics of the world and are among the most captivating and charismatic of marine species. However, their ꢀꢁꢂꢃꢄꢃꢅꢆꢇꢄꢀꢇꢀꢈꢃꢈꢂꢈꢆꢉꢇꢊꢋꢂꢈꢅꢊꢈꢌꢈꢍꢇꢎꢉꢇꢏꢂꢐꢑꢄꢌꢏꢇꢒꢀꢋꢈꢂꢄꢈꢀꢇꢓꢂꢈꢀꢀꢁꢂꢈꢇꢓꢂꢄꢔꢅꢂꢄꢆꢉꢇꢍꢂꢄꢃꢈꢌꢇꢎꢉꢇ the increasing demand for their gill plates, which are used as a pseudo-medicinala health tonic in China. To assess the trade in dried mobulid gill plates (product name ‘Peng Yu Sai’), and its potential impact on populations of these highly vulnerable species, WildAid researchers conducted market surveys throughout Southeast Asia in 2009-10.This research, compiled in our 2011 report The Global Threat to Manta and Mobula Rays(1),ꢇ ꢄꢍꢈꢌꢊꢄꢒꢈꢍꢇ ꢕꢁꢅꢌꢏꢖꢋꢐꢁꢗꢇ ꢘꢋꢄꢌꢅꢇ ꢅꢀꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢈꢓꢄꢙꢈꢌꢊꢈꢂꢇ ꢐꢚꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢏꢄꢆꢆꢇ plate trade, representing over 99% of the market. In 2013, the same markets in ꢕꢁꢅꢌꢏꢖꢋꢐꢁꢇꢑꢈꢂꢈꢇꢀꢁꢂꢃꢈꢉꢈꢍꢇꢄꢌꢇꢔꢐꢂꢈꢇꢍꢈꢓꢊꢋꢇꢊꢐꢇꢁꢓꢍꢅꢊꢈꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢈꢅꢂꢆꢄꢈꢂꢇꢔꢅꢂꢛꢈꢊꢇꢈꢀꢊꢄꢔꢅꢊꢈꢀꢇ and begin to gauge market trends. Dried gill plate samples were also purchased and tested for heavy metal contamination. Additionally, in 2014 two baseline ꢙꢐꢌꢀꢁꢔꢈꢂꢇ ꢅꢑꢅꢂꢈꢌꢈꢀꢀꢇ ꢀꢁꢂꢃꢈꢉꢀꢇ ꢑꢈꢂꢈꢇ ꢙꢐꢌꢍꢁꢙꢊꢈꢍꢇ ꢄꢌꢇ ꢕꢁꢅꢌꢏꢖꢋꢐꢁꢇ ꢊꢐꢇ ꢏꢅꢄꢌꢇ ꢅꢇ ꢔꢐꢂꢈꢇ complete understanding of Peng Yu Saiꢇꢙꢐꢌꢀꢁꢔꢈꢂꢇꢓꢂꢐꢒꢆꢈꢀꢜ Our 2013 estimates reveal a market that has increased by 168% in value in only three years, representing a near threefold increase in mobulids taken, despite the listing of manta rays on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). The observed increase in supply, coupled with evidence of increasing market demand for Peng Yu Sai, suggests that the marketbased threat to manta and mobula populations from Peng Yu Sai consumption is still increasing and even more immediate today. ꢝꢁꢊꢇꢄꢊꢇꢄꢀꢇꢌꢐꢊꢇꢞꢁꢀꢊꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢔꢐꢎꢁꢆꢄꢍꢀꢇꢊꢋꢅꢊꢇꢅꢂꢈꢇꢄꢌꢇꢍꢅꢌꢏꢈꢂꢜꢇꢟꢋꢈꢇꢓꢈꢐꢓꢆꢈꢇꢐꢚꢇꢕꢁꢅꢌꢏꢖꢋꢐꢁꢇꢅꢂꢈꢇꢅꢆꢀꢐꢇ at risk. Peng Yu Sai is now being marketed to a much wider audience, including targeted marketing to new mothers. Our chemical analysis detected Arsenic, Cadmium, Mercury, and Lead in all manta and mobula gill plates sampled from ꢊꢋꢈꢇꢕꢁꢅꢌꢏꢖꢋꢐꢁꢇꢔꢅꢂꢛꢈꢊꢀꢗꢇꢑꢄꢊꢋꢇꢠꢂꢀꢈꢌꢄꢙꢇꢚꢐꢁꢌꢍꢇꢅꢊꢇꢆꢈꢃꢈꢆꢀꢇꢡꢢꢇꢊꢄꢔꢈꢀꢇꢊꢋꢅꢊꢇꢓꢈꢂꢔꢄꢀꢀꢄꢎꢆꢈꢇ by the Pharmacopoeia of China, and Cadmium at triple the permissible levels. ꢣꢄꢆꢍꢠꢄꢍꢇꢄꢀꢇꢙꢅꢆꢆꢄꢌꢏꢇꢐꢌꢇꢕꢁꢅꢌꢏꢖꢋꢐꢁꢇꢅꢁꢊꢋꢐꢂꢄꢊꢄꢈꢀꢇꢊꢐꢇꢈꢌꢍꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢔꢐꢎꢁꢆꢄꢍꢇꢏꢄꢆꢆꢇꢓꢆꢅꢊꢈꢇꢊꢂꢅꢍꢈꢇꢚꢐꢂꢇ public and environmental protection as well as implementing CITES restrictions ꢐꢌꢇꢔꢅꢌꢊꢅꢀꢗꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢚꢐꢂꢇꢔꢐꢂꢈꢇꢂꢅꢌꢏꢈꢇꢀꢊꢅꢊꢈꢀꢇꢊꢐꢇꢞꢐꢄꢌꢇꢤꢌꢍꢐꢌꢈꢀꢄꢅꢇꢄꢌꢇꢎꢅꢌꢌꢄꢌꢏꢇꢒꢀꢋꢄꢌꢏꢇꢐꢚꢇꢊꢋꢈꢀꢈꢇ highly vulnerable animals. aꢇꢥꢐꢎꢁꢆꢄꢍꢇꢏꢄꢆꢆꢇꢓꢆꢅꢊꢈꢀꢇꢅꢂꢈꢇꢌꢐꢊꢇꢐꢚꢒꢙꢄꢅꢆꢆꢉꢇꢂꢈꢙꢐꢏꢌꢄꢖꢈꢍꢇꢅꢀꢇꢟꢂꢅꢍꢄꢊꢄꢐꢌꢅꢆꢇꢘꢋꢄꢌꢈꢀꢈꢇꢥꢈꢍꢄꢙꢄꢌꢈꢇ (TCM) by most TCM practitioners and hospitals, nor are they mentioned in any standard TCM medical guides. ©2014 WILDAID 2013-14 MARKET SURVEYS, GUANGZHOU, CHINA 67BY THE NUMBERS The estimated annual global tourism value of manta and mobula rays US$140 million The 2013 estimated value of the gill raker ꢊꢂꢅꢍꢈꢇꢄꢌꢇꢕꢁꢅꢌꢏꢖꢋꢐꢁ US$30 million US$1 million US$40 – 500 147,000 The estimated tourism value of a single manta ray over its lifetime, ALIVE ꢟꢋꢈꢇꢈꢀꢊꢄꢔꢅꢊꢈꢍꢇꢒꢀꢋꢈꢂꢄꢈꢀꢇꢃꢅꢆꢁꢈꢇꢐꢚꢇꢅꢇꢀꢄꢌꢏꢆꢈꢇ manta ray, DEAD The estimated number of mobulids killed ꢊꢐꢇꢀꢁꢓꢓꢆꢉꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢕꢁꢅꢌꢏꢖꢋꢐꢁꢇꢔꢅꢂꢛꢈꢊꢇꢄꢌꢇꢡꢢꢦꢧ The number of Manta birostrisꢇꢄꢍꢈꢌꢊꢄꢒꢈꢍꢇ in the largest documented aggregation site 600 The concentration of Arsenic found in gill plates above permissible levels 20x Locations where manta or mobula rays ꢋꢅꢃꢈꢇꢎꢈꢈꢌꢇꢒꢀꢋꢈꢍꢇꢀꢁꢀꢊꢅꢄꢌꢅꢎꢆꢉ Zero Sources: The Global Threat to Manta and Mobula Rays 2011; O’Malley et al. 2013. The Global Economic Impact of Manta Ray Watching Tourism. ©2014 WILDAID 2013-14 MARKET SURVEYS, GUANGZHOU, CHINA 892013 MARKET ESTIMATE ESTIMATES AND TRENDS Peng Yu Saiꢇꢍꢈꢂꢄꢃꢈꢍꢇꢚꢂꢐꢔꢇꢔꢅꢌꢊꢅꢇꢀꢓꢈꢙꢄꢈꢀꢇꢊꢐꢇꢅꢇꢔꢅꢂꢛꢈꢊꢇꢔꢐꢂꢈꢇꢚꢐꢙꢁꢀꢈꢍꢇꢐꢌꢇꢔꢐꢎꢁꢆꢅꢇꢀꢓꢈꢙꢄꢈꢀꢗꢇꢓꢐꢀꢀꢄꢎꢆꢉꢇꢍꢁꢈꢇꢊꢐꢇꢄꢌꢙꢂꢈꢅꢀꢈꢍꢇꢍꢄꢚꢒꢙꢁꢆꢊꢉꢇꢄꢌꢇ sourcing manta ray gills. This apparent shift also heightens the level of concern for mobula ray populations, particularly M. tarapacana and M. japanica, since these species share the manta rays’ biological and behavioral characteristics that make ꢊꢋꢈꢔꢇꢈꢀꢓꢈꢙꢄꢅꢆꢆꢉꢇꢃꢁꢆꢌꢈꢂꢅꢎꢆꢈꢇꢊꢐꢇꢐꢃꢈꢂꢒꢀꢋꢄꢌꢏꢜ In Guangzhou, we surveyed the Qingping and Yuexiu markets focusing on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) retailers and dried seafood vendors. Overall, we estimated >1,100 dried seafood and TCM vendors, combined, across both market areas. We visually surveyed 783 stores and stalls for presence/absence of Peng Yu Sai, and systematically inquired about product availability in stores not displaying the product. We found 122 vendors selling dried gill plates. In both 2010 and 2013, the Qingping Lu market area appeared to have the most stores carrying Peng Yu Sai. In 2013, across all Guangzhou markets, we found an apparent consolidation with fewer vendors comprising a larger percentage of the market volume. ꢨꢓꢈꢙꢄꢒꢙꢅꢆꢆꢉꢗꢇꢑꢈꢇꢈꢀꢊꢄꢔꢅꢊꢈꢇꢊꢋꢅꢊꢇꢅꢆꢔꢐꢀꢊꢇꢩꢢꢪꢇꢐꢚꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢔꢅꢂꢛꢈꢊꢇꢃꢐꢆꢁꢔꢈꢇꢑꢅꢀꢇꢙꢐꢌꢙꢈꢌꢊꢂꢅꢊꢈꢍꢇꢄꢌꢇꢫꢇꢆꢅꢂꢏꢈꢂꢬꢃꢐꢆꢁꢔꢈꢇꢃꢈꢌꢍꢐꢂꢀꢇꢄꢌꢇꢡꢢꢦꢧꢗꢇ ꢙꢐꢔꢓꢅꢂꢈꢍꢇꢊꢐꢇꢡꢢꢦꢢꢇꢑꢋꢈꢌꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢊꢐꢓꢇꢡꢢꢇꢃꢈꢌꢍꢐꢂꢀꢇꢙꢐꢔꢓꢂꢄꢀꢈꢍꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢀꢅꢔꢈꢇꢩꢢꢪꢇꢐꢚꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢔꢅꢂꢛꢈꢊꢇꢃꢐꢆꢁꢔꢈꢜꢇ ꢣꢈꢇꢅꢆꢀꢐꢇꢀꢁꢂꢃꢈꢉꢈꢍꢇꢃꢈꢌꢍꢐꢂꢀꢇꢅꢎꢐꢁꢊꢇꢀꢁꢓꢓꢆꢉꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢍꢈꢔꢅꢌꢍꢇꢊꢂꢈꢌꢍꢀꢗꢇꢊꢋꢈꢄꢂꢇꢈꢀꢊꢄꢔꢅꢊꢈꢍꢇꢄꢌꢬꢀꢊꢐꢂꢈꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢐꢚꢚꢬꢀꢄꢊꢈꢇꢀꢊꢐꢙꢛꢗꢇꢙꢁꢂꢂꢈꢌꢊꢇꢓꢂꢄꢙꢈꢀꢗꢇ ꢙꢁꢀꢊꢐꢔꢈꢂꢇꢍꢈꢔꢐꢏꢂꢅꢓꢋꢄꢙꢀꢗꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢓꢈꢂꢙꢈꢄꢃꢈꢍꢇꢋꢈꢅꢆꢊꢋꢇꢎꢈꢌꢈꢒꢊꢀꢇꢐꢚꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢓꢂꢐꢍꢁꢙꢊꢜꢇ A majority of vendors reported a steady increase in demand and a steady or decreasing trend in supply. Our research indicates a marked increase in demand, however, our observations strongly suggest that the vendors’ perceived decrease in supply is a misconception based on possible competition for stock. Our 2013 estimates reveal a market that has, in only ꢊꢋꢂꢈꢈꢇꢉꢈꢅꢂꢀꢗꢇꢔꢐꢂꢈꢇꢊꢋꢅꢌꢇꢍꢐꢁꢎꢆꢈꢍꢇꢄꢌꢇꢃꢐꢆꢁꢔꢈꢗꢇꢄꢌꢙꢂꢈꢅꢀꢈꢍꢇꢎꢉꢇꢦꢮꢩꢪꢇꢄꢌꢇꢃꢅꢆꢁꢈꢗꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢌꢈꢅꢂꢆꢉꢇꢊꢂꢄꢓꢆꢈꢍꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢈꢀꢊꢄꢔꢅꢊꢈꢍꢇꢌꢁꢔꢎꢈꢂꢇꢐꢚꢇꢔꢐꢎꢁꢆꢄꢍꢀꢇ killed to supply the market. We also recorded a substantial increase in prices across the market. ꢤꢌꢇꢈꢅꢙꢋꢇꢆꢐꢙꢅꢊꢄꢐꢌꢗꢇꢑꢈꢇꢃꢄꢀꢁꢅꢆꢆꢉꢇꢄꢍꢈꢌꢊꢄꢒꢈꢍꢇꢔꢐꢎꢁꢆꢄꢍꢇꢀꢓꢈꢙꢄꢈꢀꢇꢎꢉꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢁꢌꢄꢭꢁꢈꢇꢏꢄꢆꢆꢇꢀꢊꢂꢁꢙꢊꢁꢂꢈꢀꢇꢐꢚꢇꢔꢅꢌꢊꢅ species, Mobula japanica, and Mobula tarapacana.(2) Dried gill plates from both manta and mobula rays, as well as a very limited supply from whale sharks, were documented in the Guangzhou market in both the 2010 and 2013 surveys. Our estimates suggest a small ꢄꢌꢙꢂꢈꢅꢀꢈꢇꢄꢌꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢌꢁꢔꢎꢈꢂꢇꢐꢚꢇꢔꢅꢌꢊꢅꢇꢂꢅꢉꢇꢏꢄꢆꢆꢇꢓꢆꢅꢊꢈꢀꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢅꢇꢀꢁꢎꢀꢊꢅꢌꢊꢄꢅꢆꢇꢄꢌꢙꢂꢈꢅꢀꢈꢇꢄꢌꢇꢔꢐꢎꢁꢆꢅꢇꢂꢅꢉꢇꢏꢄꢆꢆꢇꢓꢆꢅꢊꢈꢀꢗꢇꢓꢂꢄꢔꢅꢂꢄꢆꢉꢇꢚꢂꢐꢔꢇꢀꢄꢙꢛꢆꢈꢒꢌꢇ devil ray (Mobula tarapacana) and spinetail mobula (Mobula japanica). These data indicate a probable market shift from ©2014 WILDAID 2013-14 MARKET SURVEYS, GUANGZHOU, CHINA 10 11 While this dramatic increase in market volume may in ꢓꢅꢂꢊꢇꢂꢈꢯꢈꢙꢊꢇꢙꢐꢌꢀꢈꢂꢃꢅꢊꢄꢃꢈꢇꢔꢅꢂꢛꢈꢊꢇꢈꢀꢊꢄꢔꢅꢊꢈꢀꢇꢄꢌꢇꢡꢢꢦꢢꢗꢇꢊꢋꢈꢂꢈꢇ are undeniable indications that the Peng Yu Sai market has increased substantially over the past three years and ꢄꢀꢇꢙꢐꢌꢊꢄꢌꢁꢄꢌꢏꢇꢊꢐꢇꢈꢰꢓꢅꢌꢍꢜꢇꢘꢐꢌꢒꢂꢔꢄꢌꢏꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢙꢅꢆꢙꢁꢆꢅꢊꢈꢍꢇꢊꢂꢈꢌꢍꢀꢇ ꢚꢂꢐꢔꢇ ꢃꢈꢌꢍꢐꢂꢬꢂꢈꢓꢐꢂꢊꢈꢍꢇ ꢀꢅꢆꢈꢀꢇ ꢃꢐꢆꢁꢔꢈꢀꢗꢇ ꢐꢌꢬꢊꢋꢈꢬꢏꢂꢐꢁꢌꢍꢇ observations revealed a striking overall increase in Peng Yu Sai stock available for sale across the markets. In most ꢀꢋꢐꢓꢀꢗꢇꢅꢇꢚꢈꢑꢇꢫꢛꢏꢇꢎꢅꢏꢀꢇꢐꢚꢇPeng Yu Saiꢇꢂꢈꢙꢐꢂꢍꢈꢍꢇꢄꢌꢇꢡꢢꢦꢢꢇꢋꢅꢍꢇ ꢄꢌꢙꢂꢈꢅꢀꢈꢍꢇꢊꢐꢇꢔꢅꢌꢉꢇꢎꢅꢏꢀꢇꢄꢌꢇꢡꢢꢦꢧꢜꢇꢟꢋꢄꢀꢇꢐꢎꢃꢄꢐꢁꢀꢇꢄꢌꢙꢂꢈꢅꢀꢈꢇꢄꢌꢇ ꢄꢌꢃꢈꢌꢊꢐꢂꢉꢗꢇꢙꢐꢔꢎꢄꢌꢈꢍꢇꢑꢄꢊꢋꢇꢅꢌꢇꢄꢌꢙꢂꢈꢅꢀꢈꢇꢄꢌꢇꢓꢂꢄꢙꢈꢀꢗꢇꢚꢁꢂꢊꢋꢈꢂꢇ ꢄꢌꢍꢄꢙꢅꢊꢈꢀꢇꢅꢇꢂꢅꢓꢄꢍꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢀꢁꢎꢀꢊꢅꢌꢊꢄꢅꢆꢇꢏꢂꢐꢑꢊꢋꢇꢄꢌꢇꢍꢈꢔꢅꢌꢍꢜ demonstrating cooking techniques and recommending the soup for general good health and to aid in recovery from a variety of illnesses. Peng Yu Saiꢇ ꢄꢀꢇ ꢅꢆꢀꢐꢇ ꢌꢐꢑꢇ promoted for regular monthly use as a detoxifying health tonic. Online visibility of the product suggests an expanding ꢙꢁꢀꢊꢐꢔꢈꢂꢇ ꢎꢅꢀꢈꢜꢇ ꢠꢇ ꢡꢢꢦꢧꢇ ꢤꢌꢊꢈꢂꢌꢈꢊꢇ ꢀꢈꢅꢂꢙꢋꢗꢇ ꢁꢀꢄꢌꢏꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢔꢐꢀꢊꢇ ꢓꢐꢓꢁꢆꢅꢂꢇꢘꢋꢄꢌꢈꢀꢈꢇꢐꢌꢆꢄꢌꢈꢇꢔꢅꢂꢛꢈꢊꢇꢀꢄꢊꢈꢗꢇꢟꢅꢐꢝꢅꢐꢇꢷꢇꢈꢀꢊꢄꢔꢅꢊꢈꢍꢇ ꢅꢊꢇ ꢊꢑꢄꢙꢈꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢀꢄꢖꢈꢇ ꢐꢚꢇ ꢈꢎꢅꢉꢇ ꢅꢌꢍꢇ ꢠꢔꢅꢖꢐꢌꢇ ꢙꢐꢔꢎꢄꢌꢈꢍꢇ ꢷꢇ ꢂꢈꢃꢈꢅꢆꢈꢍꢇꢊꢑꢐꢇꢓꢅꢏꢈꢀꢇꢐꢚꢇPeng Yu Saiꢇꢚꢐꢂꢇꢀꢅꢆꢈꢇꢃꢄꢅꢇꢧꢢꢇꢃꢈꢌꢍꢐꢂꢀꢜꢇ ꢟꢋꢈꢇꢓꢂꢐꢍꢁꢙꢊꢀꢇꢚꢐꢂꢇꢀꢅꢆꢈꢇꢄꢌꢙꢆꢁꢍꢈꢍꢇꢅꢆꢆꢇꢊꢋꢂꢈꢈꢇꢔꢐꢎꢁꢆꢄꢍꢇꢀꢓꢈꢙꢄꢈꢀꢇ ꢙꢐꢔꢔꢐꢌꢆꢉꢇ ꢚꢐꢁꢌꢍꢇ ꢄꢌꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢕꢁꢅꢌꢏꢖꢋꢐꢁꢇ ꢔꢅꢂꢛꢈꢊꢀꢇ ꢷꢇ Manta sppꢜꢗꢇM. tarapacanaꢗꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇM. japanicaꢜꢇꢠꢇꢕꢐꢐꢏꢆꢈꢇꢀꢈꢅꢂꢙꢋꢇ using the Chinese characters for Peng Yu Sai revealed ꢡꢮꢧꢗꢢꢢꢢꢇꢂꢈꢀꢁꢆꢊꢀꢇꢄꢌꢙꢆꢁꢍꢄꢌꢏꢇꢓꢂꢐꢍꢁꢙꢊꢇꢓꢂꢈꢓꢅꢂꢅꢊꢄꢐꢌꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢂꢈꢙꢄꢓꢈꢇ ꢀꢁꢏꢏꢈꢀꢊꢄꢐꢌꢀꢜꢇ ꢟꢋꢄꢀꢇ ꢓꢂꢐꢏꢂꢈꢀꢀꢄꢐꢌꢇ ꢚꢂꢐꢔꢇ ꢌꢄꢙꢋꢈꢇ ꢔꢅꢂꢛꢈꢊꢄꢌꢏꢇ ꢊꢐꢇ mainstream promotion of Peng Yu Saiꢇꢑꢄꢆꢆꢇꢆꢄꢛꢈꢆꢉꢇꢂꢈꢀꢁꢆꢊꢇ in continuing and more rapid expansion of demand for the product. ꢟꢋꢄꢀꢇꢙꢐꢌꢙꢆꢁꢀꢄꢐꢌꢇꢄꢀꢇꢙꢐꢌꢀꢄꢀꢊꢈꢌꢊꢇꢑꢄꢊꢋꢇꢂꢈꢓꢐꢂꢊꢀꢇꢚꢂꢐꢔꢇꢃꢈꢌꢍꢐꢂꢀꢇ ꢐꢚꢇꢄꢌꢙꢂꢈꢅꢀꢄꢌꢏꢇꢍꢈꢔꢅꢌꢍꢗꢇꢑꢋꢄꢆꢈꢇꢅꢍꢍꢄꢊꢄꢐꢌꢅꢆꢇꢈꢃꢄꢍꢈꢌꢙꢈꢇꢀꢁꢏꢏꢈꢀꢊꢀꢇ ꢅꢇꢔꢁꢙꢋꢇꢑꢄꢍꢈꢂꢇꢙꢁꢀꢊꢐꢔꢈꢂꢇꢎꢅꢀꢈꢜꢇꢤꢌꢇꢡꢢꢦꢢꢗꢇPeng Yu Saiꢇꢑꢅꢀꢇ ꢔꢅꢂꢛꢈꢊꢈꢍꢇꢍꢄꢂꢈꢙꢊꢆꢉꢇꢊꢐꢇꢙꢐꢌꢀꢁꢔꢈꢂꢀꢇꢅꢊꢇꢀꢊꢐꢂꢈꢀꢜꢇꢱꢐꢑꢗꢇPeng Yu Saiꢇꢄꢀꢇꢃꢄꢀꢄꢎꢆꢈꢇꢄꢌꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢔꢅꢀꢀꢇꢔꢈꢍꢄꢅꢜꢇꢤꢌꢇꢡꢢꢦꢡꢗꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢓꢂꢐꢍꢁꢙꢊꢇꢑꢅꢀꢇ ꢈꢃꢈꢌꢇꢚꢈꢅꢊꢁꢂꢈꢍꢇꢐꢌꢇꢅꢇꢔꢅꢄꢌꢀꢊꢂꢈꢅꢔꢇꢘꢅꢌꢊꢐꢌꢈꢀꢈꢇꢊꢈꢆꢈꢃꢄꢀꢄꢐꢌꢇꢀꢋꢐꢑꢜꢇ ꢟꢋꢈꢇꢀꢋꢐꢑꢗꢇꢈꢌꢊꢄꢊꢆꢈꢍꢇꢲꢕꢐꢐꢍꢇꢨꢐꢁꢓꢗꢇꢨꢓꢈꢙꢄꢅꢆꢇꢳꢄꢌꢍꢗꢴꢇꢚꢈꢅꢊꢁꢂꢈꢍꢇꢅꢇ ꢓꢋꢅꢂꢔꢅꢙꢄꢀꢊꢇ ꢚꢂꢐꢔꢇ ꢕꢁꢅꢌꢏꢖꢋꢐꢁꢇ ꢵꢂꢐꢃꢄꢌꢙꢄꢅꢆꢇ ꢟꢘꢥꢇ ꢶꢐꢀꢓꢄꢊꢅꢆꢇ *ꢣꢈꢇꢈꢀꢊꢄꢔꢅꢊꢈꢍꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢌꢁꢔꢎꢈꢂꢇꢐꢚꢇꢅꢌꢄꢔꢅꢆꢀꢇꢂꢈꢓꢂꢈꢀꢈꢌꢊꢈꢍꢇꢎꢉꢇꢅꢃꢅꢄꢆꢅꢎꢆꢈꢇꢔꢅꢂꢛꢈꢊꢇꢀꢊꢐꢙꢛꢇꢃꢄꢅꢇꢂꢅꢊꢄꢐꢇꢐꢚꢇꢎꢐꢍꢉꢇꢀꢄꢖꢈꢇꢊꢐꢇꢛꢄꢆꢐꢏꢂꢅꢔꢀꢇꢐꢚꢇꢍꢂꢄꢈꢍꢇꢏꢄꢆꢆꢇꢓꢆꢅꢊꢈꢀꢇ ꢍꢈꢊꢈꢂꢔꢄꢌꢈꢍꢇꢚꢂꢐꢔꢇꢡꢢꢦꢦꢇꢒꢀꢋꢈꢂꢄꢈꢀꢇꢀꢁꢂꢃꢈꢉꢀꢇꢄꢌꢇꢤꢌꢍꢐꢌꢈꢀꢄꢅꢗꢇꢨꢂꢄꢇꢸꢅꢌꢛꢅꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢚꢂꢐꢔꢇꢅꢇꢔꢐꢎꢁꢆꢄꢍꢇꢓꢂꢐꢙꢈꢀꢀꢄꢌꢏꢇꢓꢆꢅꢌꢊꢇꢄꢌꢇꢘꢋꢄꢌꢅꢗꢇꢑꢋꢄꢙꢋꢇꢑꢅꢀꢇꢊꢋꢈꢌꢇꢙꢐꢌꢒꢂꢔꢈꢍꢇ ꢎꢉꢇꢑꢈꢄꢏꢋꢄꢌꢏꢇꢏꢄꢆꢆꢇꢀꢈꢏꢔꢈꢌꢊꢀꢇꢄꢌꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢕꢁꢅꢌꢏꢖꢋꢐꢁꢇꢔꢅꢂꢛꢈꢊꢀꢜ ꢥꢅꢌꢊꢅꢇꢏꢄꢆꢆꢇꢓꢆꢅꢊꢈꢇꢚꢐꢂꢇꢀꢅꢆꢈꢇꢄꢌꢇꢅꢇꢕꢁꢅꢌꢏꢖꢋꢐꢁꢇꢔꢅꢂꢛꢈꢊ ©2014 WILDAID 2013-14 MARKET SURVEYS, GUANGZHOU, CHINA 12 13 TOXICOLOGY AND USES ꢟꢋꢐꢁꢏꢋꢇꢌꢐꢊꢇꢐꢚꢒꢙꢄꢅꢆꢆꢉꢇꢂꢈꢙꢐꢏꢌꢄꢖꢈꢍꢇꢅꢀꢇꢟꢂꢅꢍꢄꢊꢄꢐꢌꢅꢆꢇꢘꢋꢄꢌꢈꢀꢈꢇ ꢥꢈꢍꢄꢙꢄꢌꢈ ꢎꢉꢇ ꢔꢐꢀꢊꢇ ꢟꢘꢥꢇ ꢓꢂꢅꢙꢊꢄꢊꢄꢐꢌꢈꢂꢀꢗꢇ ꢋꢐꢀꢓꢄꢊꢅꢆꢀꢗꢇ ꢌꢐꢂꢇ ꢄꢌꢇ ꢅꢌꢉꢇꢂꢈꢙꢐꢏꢌꢄꢖꢈꢍꢗꢇꢀꢊꢅꢌꢍꢅꢂꢍꢇꢟꢘꢥꢇꢔꢈꢍꢄꢙꢅꢆꢇꢏꢁꢄꢍꢈꢀꢗꢇꢄꢌꢍꢁꢀꢊꢂꢉꢇ ꢔꢅꢂꢛꢈꢊꢄꢌꢏꢇ ꢅꢓꢓꢈꢅꢂꢀꢇ ꢊꢐꢇ ꢎꢈꢇ ꢄꢌꢙꢂꢈꢅꢀꢄꢌꢏꢆꢉꢇ ꢁꢀꢈꢍꢇ ꢊꢐꢇ ꢓꢂꢐꢔꢐꢊꢈꢇ Peng Yu Saiꢇ ꢚꢐꢂꢇ ꢏꢂꢈꢅꢊꢈꢂꢇ ꢅꢙꢙꢈꢓꢊꢅꢌꢙꢈꢇ ꢅꢙꢂꢐꢀꢀꢇ ꢅꢇ ꢎꢂꢐꢅꢍꢈꢂꢇ ꢍꢈꢔꢐꢏꢂꢅꢓꢋꢄꢙꢇꢅꢀꢇꢅꢇꢹꢋꢈꢅꢆꢊꢋꢉꢺꢇꢀꢐꢁꢓꢜꢇꢠꢆꢆꢇꢄꢌꢊꢈꢂꢃꢄꢈꢑꢈꢍꢇꢃꢈꢌꢍꢐꢂꢀꢇ ꢀꢊꢅꢊꢈꢍꢇꢊꢋꢅꢊꢇꢊꢋꢈꢉꢇꢓꢂꢐꢔꢐꢊꢈꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢓꢂꢐꢍꢁꢙꢊꢇꢊꢐꢇꢊꢋꢈꢄꢂꢇꢙꢁꢀꢊꢐꢔꢈꢂꢀꢇ ꢊꢐꢇ ꢂꢈꢔꢐꢃꢈꢇ ꢊꢐꢰꢄꢌꢀꢇ ꢚꢂꢐꢔꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢎꢐꢍꢉꢗꢇ ꢊꢋꢁꢀꢇ ꢙꢁꢂꢄꢌꢏꢇ ꢐꢂꢇ ꢅꢄꢍꢄꢌꢏꢇ ꢄꢌꢇꢂꢈꢙꢐꢃꢈꢂꢉꢇꢚꢂꢐꢔꢇꢅꢇꢂꢅꢌꢏꢈꢇꢐꢚꢇꢅꢄꢆꢔꢈꢌꢊꢀꢗꢇꢄꢌꢙꢆꢁꢍꢄꢌꢏꢇꢙꢅꢌꢙꢈꢂꢗꢇ ꢅꢙꢌꢈꢗꢇꢚꢈꢃꢈꢂꢗꢇꢙꢋꢄꢙꢛꢈꢌꢇꢓꢐꢰꢗꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢙꢋꢂꢐꢌꢄꢙꢇꢙꢐꢁꢏꢋꢇꢷꢇꢅꢇꢙꢐꢔꢔꢐꢌꢇ ꢙꢐꢔꢓꢆꢅꢄꢌꢊꢇ ꢄꢌꢇ ꢕꢁꢅꢌꢏꢖꢋꢐꢁꢜꢇ ꢻꢈꢌꢍꢐꢂꢀꢇ ꢚꢁꢂꢊꢋꢈꢂꢇ ꢙꢆꢅꢄꢔꢇ ꢊꢋꢅꢊꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢓꢂꢐꢍꢁꢙꢊꢇ ꢎꢐꢐꢀꢊꢀꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢄꢔꢔꢁꢌꢈꢇ ꢀꢉꢀꢊꢈꢔꢇ ꢄꢌꢇ ꢏꢈꢌꢈꢂꢅꢆꢇ ꢅꢌꢍꢇ ꢂꢈꢙꢐꢔꢔꢈꢌꢍꢇꢊꢋꢅꢊꢇꢊꢋꢈꢄꢂꢇꢙꢁꢀꢊꢐꢔꢈꢂꢀꢇꢎꢁꢉꢇꢀꢔꢅꢆꢆꢇꢎꢁꢊꢇꢂꢈꢏꢁꢆꢅꢂꢇ ꢅꢔꢐꢁꢌꢊꢀꢇ ꢐꢚꢇ Peng Yu Saiꢇ ꢔꢐꢌꢊꢋꢆꢉꢇ ꢊꢐꢇ ꢔꢅꢄꢌꢊꢅꢄꢌꢇ ꢏꢐꢐꢍꢇ ꢋꢈꢅꢆꢊꢋꢇ ꢎꢉꢇ ꢂꢈꢍꢁꢙꢄꢌꢏꢇ ꢊꢐꢰꢄꢌꢀꢇ ꢄꢌꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢎꢆꢐꢐꢍꢗꢇ ꢆꢐꢑꢈꢂꢄꢌꢏꢇ ꢎꢐꢍꢉꢇ ꢊꢈꢔꢓꢈꢂꢅꢊꢁꢂꢈꢗꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢅꢄꢍꢄꢌꢏꢇꢄꢌꢇꢎꢆꢐꢐꢍꢇꢙꢄꢂꢙꢁꢆꢅꢊꢄꢐꢌꢜꢇꢼꢁꢂꢇꢡꢢꢦꢧꢇ ꢃꢈꢌꢍꢐꢂꢇꢀꢁꢂꢃꢈꢉꢇꢂꢈꢃꢈꢅꢆꢈꢍꢇꢅꢇꢌꢈꢑꢇꢒꢌꢍꢄꢌꢏꢽꢇꢃꢈꢌꢍꢐꢂꢀꢇꢂꢈꢙꢐꢔꢔꢈꢌꢍꢇ Peng Yu Saiꢇꢊꢐꢇꢌꢈꢑꢇꢔꢐꢊꢋꢈꢂꢀꢇꢊꢐꢇꢅꢄꢍꢇꢄꢌꢇꢆꢅꢙꢊꢅꢊꢄꢐꢌꢜ ꢠꢆꢊꢋꢐꢁꢏꢋꢇ ꢆꢈꢃꢈꢆꢀꢇ ꢐꢚꢇ ꢸꢈꢅꢍꢇ ꢚꢐꢁꢌꢍꢇ ꢄꢌꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢀꢅꢔꢓꢆꢈꢀꢇ ꢍꢄꢍꢇ ꢌꢐꢊꢇ ꢈꢰꢙꢈꢈꢍꢇ ꢅꢌꢉꢇ ꢓꢁꢎꢆꢄꢀꢋꢈꢍꢗꢇ ꢓꢈꢂꢔꢄꢀꢀꢄꢎꢆꢈꢇ ꢆꢈꢃꢈꢆꢀꢗꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢓꢂꢈꢀꢈꢌꢙꢈꢇ ꢐꢚꢇꢸꢈꢅꢍꢇꢄꢌꢇꢚꢐꢐꢍꢇꢄꢀꢇꢅꢇꢀꢈꢂꢄꢐꢁꢀꢇꢙꢐꢌꢙꢈꢂꢌꢇꢎꢈꢙꢅꢁꢀꢈꢇꢐꢚꢇꢄꢊꢀꢇꢅꢙꢁꢊꢈꢇ ꢊꢐꢰꢄꢙꢄꢊꢉꢇ ꢈꢃꢈꢌꢇ ꢅꢊꢇ ꢊꢂꢅꢙꢈꢇ ꢆꢈꢃꢈꢆꢀꢜꢇ ꢱꢁꢔꢈꢂꢐꢁꢀꢇ ꢀꢊꢁꢍꢄꢈꢀꢇ ꢋꢅꢃꢈꢇ ꢂꢈꢃꢈꢅꢆꢈꢍꢇ ꢊꢋꢅꢊꢇ ꢸꢈꢅꢍꢇ ꢙꢅꢌꢇ ꢅꢍꢃꢈꢂꢀꢈꢆꢉꢇ ꢅꢚꢚꢈꢙꢊꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢙꢈꢌꢊꢂꢅꢆꢇ ꢅꢌꢍꢇ ꢓꢈꢂꢄꢓꢋꢈꢂꢅꢆꢇ ꢌꢈꢂꢃꢐꢁꢀꢇ ꢀꢉꢀꢊꢈꢔꢗꢇ ꢏꢂꢐꢑꢊꢋꢇ ꢅꢌꢍꢇ ꢙꢐꢏꢌꢄꢊꢄꢃꢈꢇ ꢍꢈꢃꢈꢆꢐꢓꢔꢈꢌꢊꢗꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢂꢈꢌꢅꢆꢇ ꢀꢉꢀꢊꢈꢔꢗꢇ ꢎꢆꢐꢐꢍꢇ ꢙꢄꢂꢙꢁꢆꢅꢊꢄꢐꢌꢗꢇ ꢅꢌꢍꢇ ꢙꢅꢌꢇꢙꢅꢁꢀꢈꢇꢍꢈꢅꢊꢋꢜꢿꣅꣀ Table 1: Peng Yu Sai Toxicology Results, Guangzhou Markets 2013 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Metal </li><li style="flex:1">Highest </li></ul>Measured Sample Maximum Permissible Concentration (mg/kg) <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Pharmacopoeia Health Science Authority </li><li style="flex:1">World Health </li><li style="flex:1">US Food and Drug </li></ul>Administration mg/kg <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">of China </li><li style="flex:1">(Singapore) </li></ul>ꢼꢂꢏꢅꢌꢄꢖꢅꢊꢄꢐꢌꢇ ꢤꢔꢓꢐꢂꢊꢅꢌꢊꢆꢉꢗꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢂꢈꢇ ꢅꢂꢈꢇ ꢀꢁꢂꢃꢁꢄꢅꢆꢃꢇꢈ ꢉꢊꢆꢋꢇꢉꢈ ꢌꢁꢀꢍꢀꢈ ꢆꢀꢀꢎꢅꢁꢆꢇꢊꢏꢈ ꢐꢁꢇꢉꢈ ꢇꢉꢊꢈ ꢁꢃꢂꢊꢀꢇꢁꢎꢃꢈ ꢎꢑꢈ ꢒꢌꢀꢊꢃꢁꢅꢈ ꢆꢇꢈ ꢇꢉꢊꢈ ꢉꢁꢂꢉꢈꢋꢊꢓꢊꢋꢀꢈꢑꢎꢔꢃꢏꢈꢁꢃꢈPeng Yu Saiꢈꢀꢆꢕꢖꢋꢊꢀꢈꢗꢈꢔꢖꢈꢇꢎꢈ ꢘꢙꢈꢇꢁꢕꢊꢀꢈꢇꢉꢊꢈꢖꢊꢌꢕꢁꢀꢀꢁꢚꢋꢊꢈꢋꢁꢕꢁꢇꢈꢎꢑꢈꢛꢉꢆꢌꢕꢆꢅꢎꢖꢎꢊꢁꢆꢈ ꢎꢑꢈ ꢜꢉꢁꢃꢆꢝꢈ ꢠꢂꢀꢈꢌꢄꢙꢇ ꢊꢅꢂꢏꢈꢊꢀꢇ ꢑꢄꢍꢈꢆꢉꢇ ꢍꢄꢀꢓꢈꢂꢀꢈꢍꢇ ꢈꢌꢖꢉꢔꢈꢇ ꢂꢈꢅꢙꢊꢄꢐꢌꢀꢗꢇ ꢅꢚꢚꢈꢙꢊꢄꢌꢏꢇ ꢌꢈꢅꢂꢆꢉꢇ ꢅꢆꢆꢇ ꢐꢂꢏꢅꢌꢇ ꢀꢉꢀꢊꢈꢔꢀꢗꢇ ꢅꢌꢍꢇ ꢋꢅꢀꢇ ꢎꢈꢈꢌꢇꢆꢄꢌꢛꢈꢍꢇꢊꢐꢇꢃꢅꢂꢄꢐꢁꢀꢇꢊꢉꢓꢈꢀꢇꢐꢚꢇꢙꢅꢌꢙꢈꢂꢜꢇꢟꢋꢈꢇꢅꢀꢀꢐꢙꢄꢅꢊꢄꢐꢌꢇ ꢎꢈꢊꢑꢈꢈꢌꢇꢙꢋꢂꢐꢌꢄꢙꢇꢠꢂꢀꢈꢌꢄꢙꢇꢈꢰꢓꢐꢀꢁꢂꢈꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢙꢅꢌꢙꢈꢂꢇꢄꢀꢇꢀꢊꢂꢐꢌꢏꢈꢀꢊꢇ ꢚꢐꢂꢇꢀꢛꢄꢌꢗꢇꢆꢁꢌꢏꢗꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢎꢆꢅꢍꢍꢈꢂꢇꢙꢅꢌꢙꢈꢂꢜꢇꢤꢌꢏꢈꢀꢊꢄꢐꢌꢇꢐꢚꢇꢋꢄꢏꢋꢇꢆꢈꢃꢈꢆꢀꢇ ꢐꢚꢇ ꢘꢅꢍꢔꢄꢁꢔꢇ ꢅꢀꢇ ꢚꢐꢁꢌꢍꢇ ꢄꢌꢇ Peng Yu Saiꢇ ꢀꢅꢔꢓꢆꢈꢀꢇ ꢷꢇ ꢔꢐꢂꢈꢇ ꢊꢋꢅꢌꢇ ꢊꢂꢄꢓꢆꢈꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢓꢈꢂꢔꢄꢀꢀꢄꢎꢆꢈꢇ ꢆꢄꢔꢄꢊꢇ ꢐꢚꢇ ꢵꢋꢅꢂꢔꢅꢙꢐꢓꢐꢈꢄꢅꢇ ꢐꢚꢇ ꢘꢋꢄꢌꢅꢇꢷꢇꢙꢅꢌꢇꢅꢆꢀꢐꢇꢙꢅꢁꢀꢈꢇꢀꢈꢂꢄꢐꢁꢀꢇꢊꢐꢰꢄꢙꢐꢆꢐꢏꢄꢙꢅꢆꢇꢄꢔꢓꢅꢙꢊꢀꢇꢐꢌꢇ ꢋꢁꢔꢅꢌꢇꢋꢈꢅꢆꢊꢋꢜꢇꢟꢋꢈꢇꢛꢄꢍꢌꢈꢉꢗꢇꢈꢀꢓꢈꢙꢄꢅꢆꢆꢉꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢂꢈꢌꢅꢆꢇꢊꢂꢅꢙꢊꢗꢇꢄꢀꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇꢙꢂꢄꢊꢄꢙꢅꢆꢇꢐꢂꢏꢅꢌꢇꢅꢚꢊꢈꢂꢇꢈꢰꢓꢐꢀꢁꢂꢈꢇꢊꢐꢇꢘꢅꢍꢔꢄꢁꢔꢜꢇ꣆ꢰꢙꢂꢈꢊꢄꢐꢌꢇ ꢄꢀꢇꢀꢆꢐꢑꢗꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢂꢈꢌꢅꢆꢇꢅꢙꢙꢁꢔꢁꢆꢅꢊꢄꢐꢌꢇꢐꢚꢇꢘꢅꢍꢔꢄꢁꢔꢇꢔꢅꢉꢇꢂꢈꢀꢁꢆꢊꢇ ꢄꢌꢇꢄꢂꢂꢈꢃꢈꢂꢀꢄꢎꢆꢈꢇꢍꢅꢔꢅꢏꢈꢜꢿꢩꢗꣃꣀ Arsenic Cadmium Copper Lead 40.20 0.98 14.60 1.62 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">2.00 </li><li style="flex:1">5.00 </li><li style="flex:1">10.00 </li><li style="flex:1">10.00 </li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">0.30 </li><li style="flex:1">0.30 </li><li style="flex:1">0.05 </li><li style="flex:1">0.20 </li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">20.00 </li><li style="flex:1">150.00 </li></ul>20.00 0.50 20.00 10.00 1.00 20.00 10.00 1.00 5.00 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Mercury </li><li style="flex:1">0.19 </li><li style="flex:1">0.20 </li></ul>ꢾꢈꢀꢓꢄꢊꢈꢇꢊꢋꢈꢀꢈꢇꢙꢆꢅꢄꢔꢀꢗꢇꢊꢐꢰꢄꢙꢐꢆꢐꢏꢉꢇꢊꢈꢀꢊꢄꢌꢏꢇꢎꢉꢇꢅꢌꢇꢄꢌꢍꢈꢓꢈꢌꢍꢈꢌꢊꢇ ꢆꢅꢎꢐꢂꢅꢊꢐꢂꢉꢇꢚꢐꢁꢌꢍꢇArsenic, Cadmium, Mercury, and Leadꢇꢄꢌꢇꢅꢆꢆꢇꢔꢅꢌꢊꢅꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢔꢐꢎꢁꢆꢅꢇꢍꢂꢄꢈꢍꢇꢏꢄꢆꢆꢇꢓꢆꢅꢊꢈꢀꢇꢀꢅꢔꢓꢆꢈꢍꢜ ꢿꢧꣀꢇꢟꢋꢈꢇꢋꢄꢏꢋꢈꢀꢊꢇꢀꢅꢔꢓꢆꢈꢍꢇꢆꢈꢃꢈꢆꢀꢇꢐꢚꢇꢠꢂꢀꢈꢌꢄꢙꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢘꢅꢍꢔꢄꢁꢔꢇ ꢑꢈꢂꢈꢇ ꣁꢢꢜꢡꢢꢇ ꢔꢏꣂꢛꢏꢇ ꢅꢌꢍꢇ ꢢꢜꣃꢩꢇ ꢔꢏꣂꢛꢏꢇ ꢂꢈꢀꢓꢈꢙꢊꢄꢃꢈꢆꢉꢗꢇ ꢚꢅꢂꢇ ꢈꢰꢙꢈꢈꢍꢄꢌꢏꢇꢓꢈꢂꢔꢄꢀꢀꢄꢎꢆꢈꢇꢆꢄꢔꢄꢊꢀꢇꢚꢐꢂꢇꢋꢈꢅꢃꢉꢇꢔꢈꢊꢅꢆꢀꢇꢄꢌꢇꢋꢈꢂꢎꢅꢆꢇ ꢔꢈꢍꢄꢙꢄꢌꢈꢀꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢚꢐꢐꢍꢀꢇꢅꢀꢇꢐꢁꢊꢆꢄꢌꢈꢍꢇꢎꢉꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢵꢋꢅꢂꢔꢅꢙꢐꢓꢐꢈꢄꢅꢇ ꢐꢚꢇꢘꢋꢄꢌꢅꢗꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢣꢐꢂꢆꢍꢇꢶꢈꢅꢆꢊꢋꢇꢼꢂꢏꢅꢌꢄꢖꢅꢊꢄꢐꢌꢇꢿꢣꢶꢼꣀꢗꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇ꣄ꢜꢨꢜꢇ ꢳꢐꢐꢍꢇ ꢅꢌꢍꢇ ꢾꢂꢁꢏꢇ ꢠꢍꢔꢄꢌꢄꢀꢊꢂꢅꢊꢄꢐꢌꢇ ꢿꢳꢾꢠꣀꢗꢇ ꢅꢌꢍꢇ ꢨꢄꢌꢏꢅꢓꢐꢂꢈꢺꢀꢇ ꢶꢈꢅꢆꢊꢋꢇ ꢨꢙꢄꢈꢌꢙꢈꢀꢇ ꢠꢁꢊꢋꢐꢂꢄꢊꢉꢇ ꢿꢶꢠꢨꣀꢜꢿꣁꢗꢫꣀꢇ ꢟꢋꢈꢇ ꢋꢄꢏꢋꢈꢀꢊꢇ ꢆꢈꢃꢈꢆꢇ ꢐꢚꢇ ꢥꢈꢂꢙꢁꢂꢉꢇ ꢿꢢꢜꢦꣃꢇ ꢔꢏꣂꢛꢏꣀꢇ ꢚꢐꢁꢌꢍꢇ ꢄꢌꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢕꢁꢅꢌꢏꢖꢋꢐꢁꢇ ꢀꢅꢔꢓꢆꢈꢀꢇ ꢅꢓꢓꢂꢐꢅꢙꢋꢈꢍꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢢꢜꢡꢢꢇ ꢔꢏꣂꢛꢏꢇ ꢓꢈꢂꢔꢄꢀꢀꢄꢎꢆꢈꢇ ꢆꢄꢔꢄꢊꢇ ꢐꢚꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢵꢋꢅꢂꢔꢅꢙꢐꢓꢐꢈꢄꢅꢇꢐꢚꢇꢘꢋꢄꢌꢅꢜꢇꢶꢐꢑꢈꢃꢈꢂꢗꢇꢅꢌꢉꢇꢈꢰꢓꢐꢀꢁꢂꢈꢇ ꢊꢐꢇ ꢥꢈꢂꢙꢁꢂꢉꢇ ꢷꢇ ꢈꢃꢈꢌꢇ ꢀꢔꢅꢆꢆꢇ ꢅꢔꢐꢁꢌꢊꢀꢇ ꢷꢇ ꢄꢀꢇ ꢅꢇ ꢊꢋꢂꢈꢅꢊꢇ ꢊꢐꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢍꢈꢃꢈꢆꢐꢓꢔꢈꢌꢊꢇ ꢐꢚꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢙꢋꢄꢆꢍꢇ ꢄꢌꢇ ꢁꢊꢈꢂꢐꢇ ꢅꢌꢍꢇ ꢄꢌꢇ ꢈꢅꢂꢆꢉꢇ ꢆꢄꢚꢈꢜꢇ ꢤꢌꢇ ꢅꢍꢁꢆꢊꢀꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢙꢋꢄꢆꢍꢂꢈꢌꢗꢇꢥꢈꢂꢙꢁꢂꢉꢇꢙꢅꢌꢇꢋꢅꢃꢈꢇꢊꢐꢰꢄꢙꢇꢈꢚꢚꢈꢙꢊꢀꢇꢐꢌꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢌꢈꢂꢃꢐꢁꢀꢗꢇꢍꢄꢏꢈꢀꢊꢄꢃꢈꢗꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢄꢔꢔꢁꢌꢈꢇꢀꢉꢀꢊꢈꢔꢀꢗꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢐꢌꢇꢆꢁꢌꢏꢀꢗꢇ ꢛꢄꢍꢌꢈꢉꢀꢗꢇꢀꢛꢄꢌꢗꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢈꢉꢈꢀꢜꢇꢥꢈꢂꢙꢁꢂꢉꢇꢄꢀꢇꢙꢐꢌꢀꢄꢍꢈꢂꢈꢍꢇꢎꢉꢇꢣꢶꢼꢇ ꢊꢐꢇꢎꢈꢇꢐꢌꢈꢇꢐꢚꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢊꢐꢓꢇꢊꢈꢌꢇꢙꢋꢈꢔꢄꢙꢅꢆꢀꢇꢐꢚꢇꢔꢅꢞꢐꢂꢇꢓꢁꢎꢆꢄꢙꢇꢋꢈꢅꢆꢊꢋꢇ ꢙꢐꢌꢙꢈꢂꢌꢜꢿꢮꣀꢇ <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Zinc </li><li style="flex:1">41.50 </li><li style="flex:1">NA </li><li style="flex:1">NA </li><li style="flex:1">50.00 </li><li style="flex:1">50.00 </li></ul>Maximum Permissible Concentrations Sources: (1) Li S., Fang Y., Ning H., and Wu Y. 2012. Heavy Metals in Chinese Therapeutic Foods and Herbs, J. Chem. Soc. Pak., Vol. 34, No.5. ꢿꢡꣀꢇꢣꢐꢌꢏꢇꢟꢜꢗꢇꢸꢈꢈꢇꢳꢜꢗꢇꢶꢁꢇꢕꢜꢗꢇꢘꢋꢅꢌꢏꢇꢸꢜꢗꢇꢣꢅꢌꢏꢇ꣈ꢗꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢳꢁꢇꢵꢜꢇꢡꢢꢢꣅꢜꢇꢨꢁꢂꢃꢈꢉꢇꢐꢚꢇꢶꢈꢅꢃꢉꢇꢥꢈꢊꢅꢆꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢼꢂꢏꢅꢌꢐꢙꢋꢆꢐꢂꢄꢌꢈꢇꢵꢈꢀꢊꢄꢙꢄꢍꢈꢇꢘꢐꢌꢊꢅꢔꢄꢌꢅꢌꢊꢀꢇꢄꢌꢇ ꢘꢐꢔꢔꢈꢂꢙꢄꢅꢆꢇꢸꢄꢌꢏꢖꢋꢄꢇꢵꢂꢐꢍꢁꢙꢊꢀꢜꢇ꣉ꢐꢁꢂꢌꢅꢆꢇꢐꢚꢇꢳꢐꢐꢍꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢾꢂꢁꢏꢇꢠꢌꢅꢆꢉꢀꢄꢀꢗꢇꢻꢐꢆꢜꢇꢦꢫꢗꢇꢱꢐꢜꢇꣁꢗꢇꢡꢢꢢꣅꢗꢇꢵꢅꢏꢈꢀꢇꣁꣅꢡꢬꣁꣅꣃꢜ ꢕꢄꢃꢈꢌꢇꢄꢌꢄꢊꢄꢅꢆꢇꢊꢐꢰꢄꢙꢐꢆꢐꢏꢉꢇꢂꢈꢀꢁꢆꢊꢀꢇꢚꢂꢐꢔꢇPeng Yu Saiꢇꢀꢅꢔꢓꢆꢈꢀꢇ ꢊꢅꢛꢈꢌꢇꢄꢌꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢕꢁꢅꢌꢏꢖꢋꢐꢁꢇꢔꢅꢂꢛꢈꢊꢀꢗꢇꢄꢊꢇꢄꢀꢇꢐꢚꢇꢓꢅꢂꢊꢄꢙꢁꢆꢅꢂꢇꢙꢐꢌꢙꢈꢂꢌꢇ ꢊꢋꢅꢊꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢓꢂꢐꢍꢁꢙꢊꢇꢄꢀꢇꢙꢁꢂꢂꢈꢌꢊꢆꢉꢇꢓꢂꢐꢔꢐꢊꢈꢍꢇꢚꢐꢂꢇꢙꢐꢌꢀꢁꢔꢓꢊꢄꢐꢌꢇ ꢎꢉꢇꢆꢅꢙꢊꢅꢊꢄꢌꢏꢇꢔꢐꢊꢋꢈꢂꢀꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢚꢐꢂꢇꢙꢋꢄꢆꢍꢂꢈꢌꢇꢑꢄꢊꢋꢇꢙꢋꢄꢙꢛꢈꢌꢇꢓꢐꢰ꣇ꢇ ꢅꢌꢍꢇꢄꢀꢇꢓꢂꢐꢔꢐꢊꢈꢍꢇꢎꢉꢇꢃꢈꢌꢍꢐꢂꢀꢇꢚꢐꢂꢇꢙꢐꢌꢀꢄꢀꢊꢈꢌꢊꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢙꢐꢌꢊꢄꢌꢁꢅꢆꢇ ꢙꢐꢌꢀꢁꢔꢓꢊꢄꢐꢌꢇꢐꢌꢇꢅꢇꢔꢐꢌꢊꢋꢆꢉꢇꢎꢅꢀꢄꢀꢜꢇꢟꢋꢈꢇꢓꢂꢈꢀꢈꢌꢙꢈꢇꢐꢚꢇꢊꢋꢈꢀꢈꢇ ꢊꢐꢰꢄꢌꢀꢇꢄꢌꢇPeng Yu Saiꢗꢇꢅꢊꢇꢍꢅꢌꢏꢈꢂꢐꢁꢀꢆꢉꢇꢋꢄꢏꢋꢇꢆꢈꢃꢈꢆꢀꢇꢄꢌꢇꢔꢅꢌꢉꢇ ꢐꢚꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢀꢅꢔꢓꢆꢈꢀꢇꢊꢈꢀꢊꢈꢍꢗꢇꢍꢄꢂꢈꢙꢊꢆꢉꢇꢙꢐꢌꢊꢂꢅꢍꢄꢙꢊꢀꢇꢙꢆꢅꢄꢔꢀꢇꢐꢚꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢓꢂꢐꢍꢁꢙꢊꢇ ꢓꢂꢐꢃꢄꢍꢄꢌꢏꢇ ꢋꢈꢅꢆꢊꢋꢇ ꢎꢈꢌꢈꢒꢊꢀꢇ ꢃꢄꢅꢇ ꢍꢈꢊꢐꢰꢄꢒꢙꢅꢊꢄꢐꢌꢜꢇ ꢠꢍꢍꢄꢊꢄꢐꢌꢅꢆꢆꢉꢗꢇ ꣃꣃꢪꢇ ꢐꢚꢇ ꢦꢗꢢꢢꢢꢇ ꢂꢈꢀꢓꢐꢌꢍꢈꢌꢊꢀꢇ ꢊꢐꢇ ꢅꢇ ꢎꢂꢐꢅꢍꢇ ꢙꢐꢔꢔꢁꢌꢄꢊꢉꢇꢀꢁꢂꢃꢈꢉꢇꢄꢌꢇꢕꢁꢅꢌꢏꢖꢋꢐꢁꢇꢅꢂꢈꢇꢙꢁꢂꢂꢈꢌꢊꢆꢉꢇꢁꢌꢅꢑꢅꢂꢈꢇ ꢊꢋꢅꢊꢇꢋꢈꢅꢃꢉꢇꢔꢈꢊꢅꢆꢀꢇꢅꢂꢈꢇꢚꢐꢁꢌꢍꢇꢄꢌꢇPeng Yu Saiꢜꢇ ©2014 WILDAID 2013-14 MARKET SURVEYS, GUANGZHOU, CHINA <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">14 </li><li style="flex:1">15 </li></ul>CONSUMER AWARENESS A 2014 online survey of 1,000 Guangzhou citizens found that only 33% of respondents had heard of Peng Yu Sai, suggesting that the market has ample room to grow as the product becomes even more visible. An additional survey ꢚꢐꢙꢁꢀꢈꢍꢇꢀꢓꢈꢙꢄꢒꢙꢅꢆꢆꢉꢇꢐꢌꢇꢙꢐꢌꢀꢁꢔꢈꢂꢀꢇꢐꢚꢇPeng Yu Sai in Guangzhou found that 92 out of 100 respondents learned of the product from friends or relatives, suggesting that primary marketing via mainstream media may have up to a tenfold reach when combined with subsequent word-of-mouth. These surveys also suggest that a strategy to promote Peng Yu Sai for general ꢋꢈꢅꢆꢊꢋꢗꢇ ꢂꢅꢊꢋꢈꢂꢇ ꢊꢋꢅꢌꢇ ꢀꢐꢆꢈꢆꢉꢇ ꢚꢐꢂꢇ ꢀꢓꢈꢙꢄꢒꢙꢇ ꢅꢄꢆꢔꢈꢌꢊꢀꢗꢇ ꢔꢅꢉꢇ ꢎꢈꢇ ꢀꢁꢙꢙꢈꢈꢍꢄꢌꢏꢽꢇ ꣃꢫꢪꢇ ꢐꢚꢇ ꢂꢈꢀꢓꢐꢌꢍꢈꢌꢊꢀꢇꢀꢊꢅꢊꢈꢍꢇꢅꢇꢓꢈꢂꢙꢈꢓꢊꢄꢐꢌꢇꢐꢚꢇꢏꢈꢌꢈꢂꢅꢆꢇꢋꢈꢅꢆꢊꢋꢇꢎꢈꢌꢈꢒꢊꢀꢇꢿꢅꢀꢇꢐꢓꢓꢐꢀꢈꢍꢇꢊꢐꢇꢧꣅꢪꢇ ꢊꢋꢅꢊꢇꢀꢊꢅꢊꢈꢍꢇꢅꢇꢓꢈꢂꢙꢈꢓꢊꢄꢐꢌꢇꢊꢋꢅꢊꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢓꢂꢐꢍꢁꢙꢊꢇꢑꢅꢀꢇꢄꢌꢊꢈꢌꢍꢈꢍꢇꢊꢐꢇꢊꢅꢂꢏꢈꢊꢇꢀꢓꢈꢙꢄꢒꢙꢇꢄꢆꢆꢌꢈꢀꢀꢈꢀꣀꢗꢇ and most customers reported purchasing Peng Yu Sai on a monthly basis. The survey’s results further revealed a demographic of Peng Yu Sai consumers comprised primarily of working mothers/wives, over 40 years of age, who are the primary purchasers for their households and who retain traditional living habits of Cantonese, especially cooking soups with different ingredients according to the season and physical condition of the family.ꢿꢦꢢꣀ ꢝꢐꢊꢋꢇꢀꢁꢂꢃꢈꢉꢀꢇꢂꢈꢃꢈꢅꢆꢈꢍꢇꢀꢓꢈꢙꢄꢒꢙꢀꢇꢅꢎꢐꢁꢊꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢓꢂꢐꢚꢐꢁꢌꢍꢇꢍꢈꢅꢂꢊꢋꢇꢐꢚꢇꢅꢙꢙꢁꢂꢅꢊꢈꢗꢇꢓꢁꢎꢆꢄꢙꢇ ꢄꢌꢚꢐꢂꢔꢅꢊꢄꢐꢌꢇꢐꢌꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢙꢁꢆꢊꢁꢂꢅꢆꢇꢐꢂꢄꢏꢄꢌꢀꢇꢿꢐꢂꢇꢆꢅꢙꢛꢇꢊꢋꢈꢂꢈꢐꢚꣀꢗꢇꢍꢅꢌꢏꢈꢂꢀꢇꢐꢚꢇꢙꢐꢌꢀꢁꢔꢓꢊꢄꢐꢌꢗꢇ and sources of Peng Yu Sai. Eighty-three percent of online survey respondents believe, incorrectly, that Peng Yu Saiꢇꢄꢀꢇꢂꢈꢙꢐꢏꢌꢄꢖꢈꢍꢇꢎꢉꢇꢐꢚꢒꢙꢄꢅꢆꢇꢟꢘꢥꢜ Ninety-nine percent of surveyed Peng Yu Sai consumers are currently unaware that heavy metals are found in the product, and less than half of respondents who had heard about Peng Yu Sai knew the source of Peng Yu Sai itself. Only 6% of consumers were aware of manta rays’ threatened status, or that China now has a duty to ensure sustainable trade in manta rays through the bylaws of CITES. While the surveys demonstrate a marked lack of public awareness, they also suggest that market demand is potentially elastic with respect to new information, and that a targeted demand-reduction campaign is a viable and ꢊꢄꢔꢈꢆꢉꢇ ꢙꢐꢌꢀꢈꢂꢃꢅꢊꢄꢐꢌꢇ ꢀꢊꢂꢅꢊꢈꢏꢉꢇ ꢄꢌꢇ ꢊꢋꢅꢊꢇ ꣃꣅꢪꢇ ꢐꢚꢇ ꢀꢁꢂꢃꢈꢉꢈꢍꢇ ꢙꢐꢌꢀꢁꢔꢈꢂꢀꢇ ꢀꢊꢅꢊꢈꢍꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢉꢇ would purchase or consume less given knowledge of heavy metals in the product. Additionally, 91% of respondents expressed a willingness to reduce or stop consumption of Peng Yu Sai in support of wildlife protections. ©2014 WILDAID 2013-14 MARKET SURVEYS, GUANGZHOU, CHINA <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">16 </li><li style="flex:1">17 </li></ul>STATUS AND TOURISM Global manta and mobula ray population numbers are currently unknown.(11) However, these species don’t begin reproduction until 8-10 years+ of age, are long-lived at 40 years+, and reproduce slowly; for example, manta rays have a single pup every 2-5 years. Meanwhile, the estimated global landings of these rays, in 2010, were 94,000 mobula rays and 3,400 manta rays.(12) Additionally, “Factors including illegal, underreported, [unregulated] and unrecorded ꢒꢀꢋꢈꢂꢄꢈꢀꢇꢀꢁꢏꢏꢈꢀꢊꢇꢊꢋꢅꢊꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢊꢐꢊꢅꢆꢇꢌꢁꢔꢎꢈꢂꢇꢐꢚꢇꢔꢐꢎꢁꢆꢅꢇꢂꢅꢉꢀꢇꢆꢅꢌꢍꢈꢍꢇ ꢄꢌꢇꢏꢆꢐꢎꢅꢆꢇꢒꢀꢋꢈꢂꢄꢈꢀꢇꢄꢀꢇꢆꢄꢛꢈꢆꢉꢇꢊꢐꢇꢎꢈꢇꢀꢄꢏꢌꢄꢒꢙꢅꢌꢊꢆꢉꢇꢏꢂꢈꢅꢊꢈꢂꢇꢊꢋꢅꢌꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꣃꣁꢗꢢꢢꢢꢇꢅꢙꢙꢐꢁꢌꢊꢈꢍꢇꢚꢐꢂꢇꢄꢌꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢅꢏꢏꢂꢈꢏꢅꢊꢈꢇꢒꢀꢋꢈꢂꢄꢈꢀꢇꢍꢅꢊꢅꢜꢴ(13) In ꢅꢂꢈꢅꢀꢇꢑꢄꢊꢋꢇꢊꢅꢂꢏꢈꢊꢈꢍꢇꢒꢀꢋꢈꢂꢄꢈꢀꢇꢚꢐꢂꢇꢔꢅꢌꢊꢅꢇꢂꢅꢉꢀꢗꢇꢆꢐꢙꢅꢆꢇꢓꢐꢓꢁꢆꢅꢊꢄꢐꢌꢇ declines as high as 86%, over six years, were documented; ꢅꢌꢍꢇꢄꢌꢇꢅꢂꢈꢅꢀꢇꢐꢚꢇꢄꢌꢊꢈꢌꢀꢈꢇꢊꢅꢂꢏꢈꢊꢈꢍꢇꢒꢀꢋꢄꢌꢏꢗꢇꢀꢁꢙꢋꢇꢅꢀꢇꢸꢅꢔꢅꢛꢈꢂꢅꢗꢇ Indonesia and the Sea of Cortez in Mexico, there is evidence of local, commercial extinctions.(14) Several nations and territories now protect some or all mobulid ray species in their territorial waters. However, overall, these protections are likely inadequate to protect these vulnerable species throughout their circumglobal range. For example, legal protections of mobula species are far less common than for manta species, and most of the laws protecting manta rays only apply to one of the two manta species, M. birostris. New protections since the publication of The Global Threat to Manta and Mobula Rays, 2011 Report include CITES-Appendix II listing for both manta species, protections for M. birostris by the European Union and Australia, Palau’s declaration to end ꢙꢐꢔꢔꢈꢂꢙꢄꢅꢆꢇꢈꢰꢓꢐꢂꢊꢇꢐꢚꢇꢅꢆꢆꢇꢒꢀꢋꢈꢂꢄꢈꢀꢇꢓꢂꢐꢍꢁꢙꢊꢀꢇꢄꢌꢙꢆꢁꢍꢄꢌꢏꢇꢂꢅꢉꢀ(19) , West Manggarai/Komodo’s establishment of a shark and manta ray sanctuary(20)ꢗꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢔꢐꢀꢊꢇꢂꢈꢙꢈꢌꢊꢆꢉꢇꢅꢌꢍꢇꢀꢄꢏꢌꢄꢒꢙꢅꢌꢊꢆꢉꢗꢇ Indonesia’s national protection of both manta ray species announced in January 2014 (Fisheries and Maritime Affairs Ministerial Decree. [Permen No.04/2014] on Manta Ray Protection Status)(21), following the full protection of all mobula rays throughout the 46,000 sq km Regency of Raja Ampat, Indonesia, enacted in late 2010.(22) Strict international regulation of trade in manta products under CITES Appendix II is scheduled to go into effect September 2014.(15) Currently, there are two recognized species of manta, M. birostris and M. alfrediꢗꢇꢎꢐꢊꢋꢇꢙꢆꢅꢀꢀꢄꢒꢈꢍꢇꢐꢌꢇꢊꢋꢈꢇꢤꢌꢊꢈꢂꢌꢅꢊꢄꢐꢌꢅꢆꢇ ꣄ꢌꢄꢐꢌꢇ ꢚꢐꢂꢇ ꢊꢋꢈꢇ ꢘꢐꢌꢀꢈꢂꢃꢅꢊꢄꢐꢌꢇ ꢐꢚꢇ ꢱꢅꢊꢁꢂꢈꢺꢀꢇ ꢿꢤ꣄ꢘꢱꣀꢇ ꣊ꢈꢍꢇ ꢸꢄꢀꢊꢇ as ‘Vulnerable’ to extinction globally. Mobula species, ꢀꢓꢈꢙꢄꢒꢙꢅꢆꢆꢉꢇM. japanica and M. tarapacana are IUCN-listed as ‘Near Threatened’ globally/‘Vulnerable’ in Southeast Asia ꢅꢌꢍꢇꢾꢅꢊꢅꢇꢾꢈꢒꢙꢄꢈꢌꢊꢗꢇꢂꢈꢀꢓꢈꢙꢊꢄꢃꢈꢆꢉꢜ(16) ꢟꢐꢇ ꢍꢅꢊꢈꢗꢇ ꢅꢇ ꢀꢄꢏꢌꢄꢒꢙꢅꢌꢊꢇ ꢏꢅꢓꢇ ꢄꢌꢇ ꢄꢌꢊꢈꢂꢌꢅꢊꢄꢐꢌꢅꢆꢇ ꢙꢐꢌꢀꢈꢂꢃꢅꢊꢄꢐꢌꢇ and management persists because no Regional Fisheries Management Organization (RFMO) has passed any regulation to protect, manage, or monitor bycatch or directed catch of any mobulid species.

Continuing Threat to Manta and Mobula Rays

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