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Hidrogeološke Značilnosti Območja Presihajočih Pivških Jezer

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Hidrogeološke Značilnosti Območja Presihajočih Pivških Jezer ACTA CARSOLOGICA 34/3 4 599-618 LJUBLJANA 2005 COBISS: 1.02 HIDROGEOLOŠKE ZNAČILNOSTI OBMOČJA PRESIHAJOČIH PIVŠKIH JEZER HYDROGEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AREA OF INTERMITTENT KARST LAKES OF PIVKA METKA PETRIČ¹ & JANJA KOGOVŠEK¹ ¹Inštitut za raziskovanje krasa ZRC SAZU, Titov trg 2, SI-6230 Postojna, Slovenija e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Prejeto/received: 1. 8. 2005 Acta carsologica, 34/3 (2005) Izvleček Abstract UDK: 556.538(497.4 Pivka) UDC: 556.538(497.4 Pivka) Metka Petrič & Janja Kogovšek: Metka Petrič & Janja Kogovšek: Hidrogeološke značilnosti območja Hydrogeological characteristics of the area presihajočih Pivških jezer of intermittent karst lakes of Pivka Poseben hidrološki pojav zahodnega dela A special hydrological feature of the kraškega masiva Javornikov so presihajoča western part of the Javorniki karst massif is the Pivška jezera. Za celotno območje je značilna intermittent karst lakes of Pivka. For the whole tesna povezava podzemnih in površinskih area a close connection between underground voda. V kraškem vodonosniku se vode and surface water is characteristic. In the karst pretakajo večinoma podzemno, ob močnejših in aquifer water flows mostly underground, but dolgotrajnejših padavinah pa se nivo podzemne after more intensive or long-lasting precipitation vode dvigne in voda se na številnih mestih the water table rises and water emerges on the preliva na površje. Tako postanejo aktivni surface at different locations. Intermittent karst občasni kraški izviri ob reki Pivki, z vodo pa se springs along the Pivka river are activated. napolnijo tudi kraške depresije in nastane večje Also karst depressions are filled with water and število presihajočih kraških jezer. Nekatera se several intermittent karst lakes can be formed. pojavljajo dokaj pogosto in imajo vodo tudi Some of them appear very often and contain do pol leta, večinoma pa so bolj redka ali so water for up to six months, but mostly they zalita samo izjemoma v času močnejših poplav. are very rare and filled up only exceptionally V članku so predstavljene hidrogeološke in the time of big floods. In the article the značilnosti območja, ki se odražajo v režimu hydrogeological characteristics of the area are pretakanja kraške vode in načinih njenega presented, which are reflected in the flow regime pojavljanja na površju. of karst water and in the forms of its appearance on the surface. Ključne besede: hidrogeološka zgradba, Key words: hydrogeological structure, presihajoča kraška jezera, občasni kraški izvir, intermittent karst lakes, intermittent karst Pivka, Slovenija. springs, Pivka, Slovenia. UVOD INTRODUCTION Masiv Javornikov ima funkcijo kraškega The Javorniki range has a function as a karst vodonosnika, v katerem se vode pretakajo aquifer in which groundwater flow is dominant. pretežno podzemno. Na zahodnem obrobju v On the western border in the Pivka basin it is in dolini Pivke je vodonosnik v stiku z aluvialnimi contact with less permeable alluvial and flysch in flišnimi kamninami, ki so slabše prepustne in rocks. They act as a hydrogeological barrier at predstavljajo lokalno hidrogeološko pregrado, which karst springs emerge specially during ob kateri se predvsem ob visokem vodostaju high waters. And as their thickness is relatively pojavljajo kraški izviri. Debelina teh kamnin pa small, a karst aquifer is developed also below je relativno majhna in tudi pod njimi je razvit them in the direction towards the Vipava valley kraški vodonosnik, ki se pod Pivško kotlino (Figure 1). razteza proti Vipavski dolini (Slika 1). 600 Metka Petrič & Janja Kogovšek: Hidrogeološke značilnosti območja presihajočih Pivških jezer Na jugu se Javorniki nadaljujejo v kraški On the southern side the Javorniki range masiv Snežnika. V tem delu poteka kraška traverses into the Snežnik karst massif. In razvodnica s prispevnim območjem rek this part is located the karst watershed with Reke, Riječine in Kolpe, njen položaj pa je the catchments of rivers Reka, Riječina and zaradi posebnih značilnosti krasa (podzemno Kolpa. Due to specific characteristics of karst pretakanje, bifurkacija) praktično nemogoče (groundwater flow, bifurcation) it is practically natančno določiti. impossible to define its position precisely. Na severni in vzhodni strani kraški On the northern and eastern side the vodonosnik omejuje območje med Planinskim karst aquifer is bordered by less permeable in Cerkniškim poljem, ki ga gradijo predvsem Upper Triassic dolomite in the area between zgornjetriasni dolomiti. Ti so slabše prepustni the Planina and Cerknica karst poljes. This is od apnencev, seka pa jih tudi prelomna cona intersected by the fault zone of the Idrija fault in Idrijskega preloma, ki ima zaradi zdrobljenega, which dolomite is crushed and millonitized. At milonitiziranega dolomita vlogo hidrogeološke this hydrogeological barrier underground water pregrade, ob kateri podzemne vode v kraških emerges through karst springs to the surface. izvirih iztekajo na površje. In a karst aquifer underground water flows V kraškem vodonosniku se podzemne vode mainly through widened fissures and karst pretakajo večinoma po razširjenih razpokah channels in different directions towards the in kraških kanalih v različnih smereh proti springs at the border. Based on hydrogeological izvirom na obrobju. Na osnovi hidrogeoloških researches, especially tracer tests (Figures 1 and raziskav, še posebej sledilnih poskusov (Sliki 2), groundwater flow was proved towards the 1 in 2), so bile dokazane smeri odtekanja proti springs at the Planina polje (Malenščica, Unica, izvirom na Planinskem polju (Malenščica, Škratovka) and in Rakov Škocjan (Kotliči, Unica, Škratovka) in v Rakovem Škocjanu Prunkovec), and also towards the Vipava spring (Kotliči, Prunkovec), proti izvirom Vipave v in the Vipava valley and karst springs in the Vipavski dolini ter proti kraškim izvirom ob Pivka basin. The area south from the Pivka reki Pivki. Območje južno od izvirov Pivke se springs is at least partly drained towards the vsaj deloma odteka proti izviru Podstenjšek in Podstenjšek spring and other karst springs in the drugim kraškim izvirom v povodju reke Reke, Reka river basin, but more detailed researches vendar pa bolj podrobne raziskave o položaju of the watershed position have not yet been razvodnice zaenkrat še niso bile opravljene. done. HIDROGEOLOŠKA ZGRADBA HYDROGEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE Ožje območje presihajočih Pivških jezer The area of the karst intermittent lakes of gradijo predvsem dobro zakraseli kredni Pivka is mostly of well karstified Cretaceous apnenci, ki imajo značilnosti dobro prepustnih limestones, which are characterised as well kamnin s kraško-razpoklinsko poroznostjo permeable rocks with karst-fissured porosity (Slika 2). V njih so razvite številne površinske (Figure 2). In these, numerous surface and in podzemne kraške oblike. Prsti na apnencih je underground karst features are developed. The relativno malo in še ta je pogosto nezvezna, zato layer of soil on the limestone is relatively thin je ponekod površje precej kamnito. Padavine s and frequently not consolidated, so the surface površja neposredno prenikajo v bolj ali manj is very rocky. Precipitation infiltrates directly vertikalni smeri skozi razpokane, zakrasele from the surface in more or less vertical direction apnence vadozne cone globlje v kras, v stalno through the vadose zone deeper into the karst, 601 Acta carsologica, 34/3 (2005) zaliti coni vodonosnika pa se nato raztekajo and then in the phreatic zone groundwater flows v različnih smereh proti izvirom na obrobju in different directions towards the springs at the kraškega masiva. border of the karst massif. V dolini reke Pivke so na apnencih odložene In the Pivka basin Quaternary alluvial kvartarne aluvialne naplavine, ki so relativno sediments are deposited on limestones. They are slabše prepustne in predstavljajo lokalno less permeable and act as a local hydrogeological hidrogeološko pregrado. Ob njih se ob visokem barrier. As during high waters the water table in vodostaju, ko se gladina podzemne vode v krasu karst rises above this contact, intermittent karst dvigne nad nivo kontakta, pojavljajo občasni springs emerge and supply the surface stream kraški izviri, iz katerih voda napaja površinski of the Pivka river. In longer periods without tok reke Pivke. V daljših obdobjih brez padavin precipitation the water table falls below the pa se nivo podzemne vode spusti pod ta prelivni contacts and springs become dry. Water from the rob in izviri presušijo. Voda iz površinske Pivke surface flow of Pivka sinks in the underground se izgublja v podzemlje skozi številne ponore through several ponors in the riverbed. v strugi. On very low permeable Eocene flysch Na eocenskem flišu, ki je zelo slabo in the area between Prestranek and Postojna prepusten, se na območju med Prestrankom in surface drainage prevails. But the thickness of Postojno vode pretakajo pretežno površinsko. this flysch is relatively small and also in greater Debelina tega fliša je relativno majhna in tudi depths below it karst aquifer is developed. The v večjih globinah pod njim je razvit kraški Eocene flysch in the Reka valley belongs to vodonosnik. Eocenski fliš v dolini reke Reke the Komen thrust sheet on which the Javorniki je del Komenske narivne grude, na katero je massif (Snežnik thrust sheet) is thrust (Placer narinjen masiv Javornikov (Snežniška narivna 1981). It has a role as an impermeable base of gruda) (Placer 1981). Predstavlja neprepustno the karst aquifer and is visible on the surface podlago
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