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Case of Postojnska Jama Cave, Slovenia Info COBISS: 1.01 INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE MICROMETEOROLOGY OF KARST CAVES – CASE OF POSTOJNSKA JAMA CAVE, SLOVENIA INFORMACIJSKI SISTEM ZA ZNANSTVENE RAZISKAVE MIKROKLIME V KRAŠKIH JAMAH: PRIMER POSTOJNSKE JAME, SLOVENIJA Primož MLAKAR1*, Boštjan GRAŠIČ1, Marija Zlata BOŽNAR1, Darko POPOVIĆ1 & Franci GABROVŠEK2 Abstract UDC 681.518.3:551.584.6(497.4Postojna Izvleček UDK 681.518.3:551.584.6(497.4Postojna Primož Mlakar, Boštjan Grašič, Marija Zlata Božnar, Darko Primož Mlakar, Boštjan Grašič, Marija Zlata Božnar, Darko Popović & Franci Gabrovšek: Information system for scientific Popović & Franci Gabrovšek: Informacijski sistem za znanst- study of the micrometeorology of karst caves – Case of Posto- vene raziskave mikroklime v kraških jamah: Primer Postojn- jnska jama cave, Slovenija ske jame, Slovenija The paper presents the construction and operation of a cave in- V članku na primeru Postojnske jame predstavimo izdelavo formation system on the example of the Postojnska jama cave. in delovanje jamskega informacijskega sistema. Podrobno It thoroughly describes the construction of the basic modules opišemo izdelavo osnovnih gradnikov sistema. Mednje spadajo of the cave information system, such as an automatic cave mea- jamska merilna postaja s senzorji za merjenje temperature, ve- suring station with sensors for measuring air temperature, air tra in koncentracije CO2 ter centralna enota za zbiranje, pro- flow and CO2 concentration, and a central unit for collecting, cesiranje in prikaz podatkov. Sistem zagotavlja kakovostne av- saving, processing and displaying data. The system provides tomatske meritve za znanstvene raziskave jamske mikroklime. quality automatic measurements for the scientific study of the Zgradba sistema temelji na dolgoletnih izkušnjah iz okoljskih micrometeorology of karst caves. Its construction is based on meritev v jamskem in zunanjem okolju. Članek je tudi priročnik good practices stemming from many years of experience in za izgradnjo avtomatskih merilnih sistemov za raziskovalne taking measurements in the external atmosphere and in karst namene in za podporo pri upravljanju turističnih jam. caves. The paper is rich and comprehensive guideline for au- Ključne besede: avtomatski merilni system, kakovost meritev, tomatic cave measuring system construction for scientific and izvedba in zagotavljanje, kraške jame, mikroklima, priročnik. tourist management purposes. Key words: automatic measuring system, quality measure- ments implementation and assurance, karst caves, microcli- mate, guideline. 1 MEIS storitve za okolje d.o.o. Mali Vrh pri Šmarju 78, Šmarje-Sap, Slovenia, e-mails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2 Karst Research Institute ZRC SAZU, Titov trg 2, Postojna, Slovenia, e mail: [email protected] Received/Prejeto: 16.07.2019 DOI: 10.3986/ac.v49i2-3.7540 ACTA CARSOLOGICA 49/2-3, 297-310, POSTOJNA 2020 PRIMOŽ MLAKAR, BOŠTJAN GRAŠIČ, MARIJA ZLATA BOŽNAR, DARKO POPOVIĆ & FRANCI GABROVŠEK INTRODUCTION The scientific study of the micrometeorology of karst hardware solutions implemented in automated measur- caves requires quality automatic measurements of vari- ing networks in Slovenia, which has a dense network of ous physical quantities at measurement sites in differ- automated stations. We have transferred rich experiences ent locations for which we presume will give us an ad- from measurements in the free atmosphere to design and equate description of the main events within the cave. implementation of automated cave measuring networks The World Meteorological Organization has provided (Grašič et al. 2017a, b). detailed recommendations (World Meteorological Or- Similar approaches were described also by other au- ganization 2008) for the quality monitoring of physical thors. Marikovičová et al. (2015) describe in details their quantities in the external atmosphere, whereas no similar information system for monitoring cave microclimatic recommendations have yet been provided for the moni- and environmental conditions for scientific research, toring of micrometeorology in karst caves. where the challenge of relative humidity measurement is Quality data are those data which meet the pre- outlined. In the paper by Cigna (2002) modern trend in defined requirements, such as accuracy or uncertainty, cave monitoring is presented using two cases of cave in- resolution, representativeness, timeliness and other re- formation systems used in Kartchner Caverns, Arizona, quirements, which depend on the intended use. Quality USA and Cango Cave in Africa. Zelinka (2002) presents measurements can be ensured by using appropriate sen- the activities of the Cave Protection Department of the sors, converters, appropriate computer-aided process- Slovak Caves Administration in speleoclimatic moni- ing, and a suitable automatic data quality control system. toring in the Slovakian show caves since 1996. Novas et Even though none of the measured data are ideal – they al. (2017) present a real-time cave monitoring system have a greater or smaller measurement uncertainty – in”El Soplao” Cave in the North of Spain to preserve and they can be used for a specific purpose if their quality is achieve sustainable tourism. known (World Meteorological Organization 2008). We present the experiences and findings gained In addition to these issues it is also important how from designing and providing quality automatic mea- to build an automated measuring network. Automated surements for the scientific study of the micrometeorol- environmental networks for atmospheric and air pol- ogy of karst caves. The work is based on good practices lution measurements are discussed in several papers and an appropriate supplementation and adaptation of (Lesjak et al. 1989, 1999a,b; Mlakar & Božnar 1995; the recommendations of the World Meteorological Or- Mlakar et al. 1999, 2006, 2014; Božnar 2004; Mlakar et ganization for measurements in the external atmosphere al. 2019). All authors describe details of software and (World Meteorological Organization 2008). MODULES OF THE CAVE INFORMATION SYSTEM The cave information system is made up of several auto- and air movement. The CO2 in caves is generally higher matic cave measuring stations, data transfer nodes and than outside and plays important role in karst processes a central cave unit. In representative locations, the cave (Prelovšek et al. 2018). Many different sensors for taking measuring stations continuously take measurements of these basic measurements can be found on the market. various environmental parameters (e.g., air temperature, The cave air may also contain other pollutants: natural CO2 concentration, etc.) in predefined time intervals for (radon, biomass decay products) or anthropogenic. Spe- sampling and statistical processing, and transmit them to cial and expensive measuring instruments are required the central unit in digital form. for measurements of these constituents. The central unit can obtain data directly from the Sensors for air temperature, relative air humidity cave measuring station or via additional data transfer and air movement are usually adapted for measurements nodes. of the external air and not for the special properties of caves. It is therefore very important that appropriate sen- SENSORS sors are chosen. The construction of an information sys- The cave microclimate is described by measuring the tem begins with selecting the sensors. condition of air masses. The main measurements are the We distinguish active and passive sensors. An exam- measurements of air temperature, relative air humidity ple of passive sensor is a platinum resistance temperature 298 ACTA CARSOLOGICA 49/2-3 – 2020 INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE MICROMETEOROLOGY OF KARST CAVES – CASE OF POSTOJNSKA JAMA CAVE, SLOVENIJA detector. An active sensor is a capacitive sensor for rela- response time. For measuring individual physical quanti- tive air humidity, which contains a special electrode that ties in caves, we recommend the following sensors based produces a voltage output depending on the humidity. on their characteristics, quality and our experience: Both sensors are analogue. The device to which we con- • For air temperature: a passive PT100 resistance tem- nect analogue sensors must have an analogue-digital con- perature detector; verter, which converts signals (voltage or resistance) into • For air flow: an ultrasonic sensor; numbers. Digital sensors already contain such electronic • For carbon dioxide CO2: a CO2 probe based on an NDIR circuits. These circuits digitise analogue signals and enable sensor (Nondispersive infrared sensor), which uses an data transfer usually via serial communication or other. IR light absorption method for measuring gases. The selection of sensors also depends on the options of connecting the sensors to the system. If sensors are AUTOMATIC CAVE MEASURING STATION distributed in a relatively small area, they can be connect- A cave measuring station is made up of sensors con- ed to automatic measuring station with inputs for stan- nected to measuring interfaces and devices, and an em- dard analogue sensors, which are cheaper without loss of bedded or personal computer. The embedded computer quality. However, if we are planning a measuring system continuously captures, collects and controls data from with individual sensors distributed on larger distances, it the measuring interfaces, and transmits them to one or is better to choose more expensive sensors, that
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