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From Urban Geodiversity to Geoheritage: the Case of Ljubljana (Slovenia)
Jure Tičar eT al. QUAESTIONES GEOGRAPHICAE 36(3) • 2017 FROM URBAN GEODIVERSITY TO GEOHERITAGE: THE CASE OF LJUBLJANA (SLOVENIA) Jure Tičar, Blaž Komac, maTiJa Zorn, maTeJa FerK, mauro HrvaTin, roK ciglič Anton Melik Geographical Institute, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Ljubljana, Slovenia Manuscript received: March 31, 2017 Revised version: June 19, 2017 Tičar J., Komac B., Zorn M., FerK M., HrvaTin M., ciglič R., 2017. From urban geodiversity to geoheritage: the case of Ljubljana (Slovenia). Quaestiones Geographicae 36(3), Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Poznań, pp. 37–50. 7 figs, 1 table. aBsTracT: The city of Ljubljana lies at the intersection of various geomorphological regions that have strongly influ- enced its spatial organization. Prehistoric settlements were built on marshland, a Roman town was built on the first river terrace of the Ljubljanica River, and in the Middle Ages a town was built in a strategic position between the Lju- bljanica River and Castle Hill. The modern city absorbed all usable space between the nearby hills. This paper reviews some relief features in Ljubljana, their influence on the city’s spatial development, and urban geoheritage. The results indicate new possibilities for urban geoheritage tourism in the Slovenian capital and its surroundings. Key words: geoheritage, geomorphology, urbanization, spatial growth, Ljubljana Corresponding author: Jure Tičar, [email protected] Introduction connecting the diversity of geomorphological and geological elements with their interpretation During the 1990s, geologists and geomorphol- and recreation (Necheş 2016). Consenquently ogists started using the term geodiversity to de- many geoparks dedicated to protect and to pro- scribe the diversity of nonliving nature (Sharples mote the nonliving elements of nature are being 1993, Wiedenbein 1994, Zwolinski 2004). -
Modelling Flow of Subterranean Pivka River in Postojnska Jama, Slovenia Modeliranje Toka Podzemeljske Pivke V Postojnski Jami, Slovenija
COBISS: 1.02 Modelling floW of subterranean Pivka river in Postojnska jama, Slovenia Modeliranje toka podzemeljske Pivke V Postojnski jami, Slovenija Georg Kaufmann1, Franci Gabrovšek2 & Janez TURK3 Abstract UDC 556.32:551.44(497.471) Izvleček UDK 556.32:551.44(497.471) Georg Kaufmann, Franci Gabrovšek, Janez Turk: Modelling Georg Kaufmann, Franci Gabrovšek, Janez Turk: Modeliranje cave flow hydraulics in Postojnska jama, Slovenia toka podzemeljske Pivke v Postojnski jami, Slovenija The sub-surface flow path through the Postojnska jama cave Z avtomatskimi merilniki in registratorji podatkov smo sprem- system has been monitored with 7 stations distributed along ljali podzemni tok Pivke v Postojnski jami na sedmih točkah the flow path, monitoring stage and temperature.W e have used med ponorom in odtočnim sifonom v Pivki jami. Podatke the stage data to model flow through the cave system with the nivojev in pretoka smo obravnavali z modelom EPA SWMM, program package SWMM, simulating the active parts of Pos- s katerim smo simulirali tok v poenostavljeni geometriji ka- tojnska jama with simplified geometry. From the comparison nalov. S primerjavo med opazovanji in modelskimi rezultati of stage observations and predictions, we identified key sec- smo določili ključne odseke (podore, zožitve, sifone, obtoke), tions in the cave, which control the sub-surface flow, such as ki najbolj vplivajo na dinamiko toka podzemne Pivke. Glavne passage constrictions, sumps and by-passes. Using a formal parametre teh odsekov smo določili z inverzno metodo, ki te- inverse procedure, we determined the geometry of this key sec- melji na algoritmu soseske (Neighbourhood algorithm, NA) in tions by fitting predicted to observed stages, and we achieved a pri tem dobili odlično ujemanje med modelom in podatki. -
Vestirenga Na Pivškem
UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FILOZOFSKA FAKULTETA ODDELEK ZA ETNOLOGIJO IN KULTURNO ANTROPOLOGIJO VESTIRENGA NA PIVŠKEM Diplomsko delo Avtorica: Sabina Poţar Mentorica: doc. dr. Mateja Habinc Študijsko leto: 2015/2016 Pivka, julij 2016 Za vse napotke in pomoč pri izdelavi diplomskega dela se zahvaljujem svoji mentorici doc. dr. Mateji Habinc. Zahvaljujem se tudi vsem svojim za izkazano podporo v času študija. 2 IZVLEČEK Vojaški nabor je bil v preteklosti pomembna prelomnica v ţivljenju mladih fantov, ki so vstopali na sluţenje vojaškega roka. Deloma je k temu prispevalo tudi prepričanje ljudi, da so po odsluţenem vojaškem roku fantje odrasli v moţe. Iz napisanega lahko sklepamo, da je bila potemtakem vestirenga, kakor na območju Pivške kotline imenujemo šego, ko so ob naboru vaščani okrasili vozove s smrečjem, barvnimi trakovi in papirnatimi roţami ter pospremili nabornike na zagovor k naborni komisiji, ena izmed pomembnejših šeg, s katerimi so Pivčani obeleţevali tako pomemben dogodek v ţivljenju mladih fantov. Zagovori pred naborno komisijo so se izvajali v spomladanskem času, v mesecu maju ali najpozneje mesecu juniju. Diplomsko delo predstavlja vojaški nabor skozi različna obdobja, od 60. pa do 90. let 20. stoletja. Sogovorniki, ki so sodelovali pri pripravi diplomskega dela, prihajajo iz različnih vasi na Pivškem (Zagorje, Juršče) ter iz vasi na robu Brkinov (Čepno). Poleg pričevanj sogovornikov sem pri raziskovanju uporabila še fotografsko in video gradivo. Natančno sem opisala potek vestirenge in se še posebej osredotočila na spremembe, ki jih je šega doţivljala skozi različna zgodovinska obdobja. Ključne besede: nabor, vestirenga, vojska, šege, Pivško ABSTRACT Conscription used to present a significant turning point in the life of young boys who were starting their military service. -
DRBM Plan – Update 2015
The Danube River Basin District Management Plan – Update 2015 ANNEX DRAFT May 2015 ICPDR / International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River / www.icpdr.org DRAFT Danube River Basin District Management Plan – Update 2015 List of Annexes Annex 1: Competent Authorities and Weblinks to National RBM Plans in the DRBD Annex 2: Update on DRBD Surface Water Typology Annex 3: Urban Waste Water Inventories Annex 4: Industrial Emission Inventories Annex 5: Future Infrastructure Projects Annex 6: Groundwater Annex 7: Detailed Results Status Assessment Surface Water Bodies Annex 8: Inventory of Protected Areas Annex 9: Economic Analysis Annex 10: Progress in Urban Wastewater and industrial Sectors Annex 11: Overview on Agricultural Measures Annex 12: Progress on Measures Addressing Hydromorphological Alterations Annex 13: Ecological Prioritisation Approach River and Habitat Continuity Restoration Annex 14: Detailed list on Hydrological Alterations Annex 15: Financing the Joint Programme of Measures ICPDR / International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River / www.icpdr.org Competent authorities and Weblinks to National RBM Plans in the DRB Annex 1 DRAFT DRBM Plan – Update 2015 ICPDR / International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River / www.icpdr.org DRAFT Danube River Basin District Management Plan – Update 2015 Austria Hungary Federal Ministry for Agriculture, Forestry, Environment Ministry of Interior and Water Management Jozsef Attila u. 2-4 Stubenring 1 H-1051 Budapest A-1012 Wien Web link: www.kormany.hu/hu/belugyminiszterium Web link: www.bmlfuw.gv.at Web link national RBM Plan: www.euvki.hu; Web link national RBM Plan: http://wisa.bmlfuw.gv.at www.vizeink.hu Bosnia and Herzegovina Moldova Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations Ministry of Ecology, Construction and Territorial Musala 9 Development BiH-71000 Sarajevo 9 Cosmonautilor St. -
Jurij Pivka Slovenija · Dežela Navdiha ·· Land of Inspiration ··· Land Der Inspiration Jurij Pivka
Jurij Pivka Slovenija · dežela navdiha ·· Land of Inspiration ··· Land der Inspiration Jurij Pivka CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 908(497.4)(084.12) 77.047(497.4) PIVKA, Jurij Slovenija Slovenija : dežela navdiha = Land of Inspiration = Land der Inspiration / Jurij Pivka ; [avtor fotografi j Jurij Pivka in ostali ; prevod v nemški jezik Nastja Žmavec, prevod v angleški jezik Maja Angelovska Kaiser]. - Miklavž na Dravskem polju : Založba Roman, 2013 ISBN 978-961-93258-2-7 · dežela navdiha ·· Land of Inspiration ··· Land der Inspiration 264626176 Kazalo/Index/Inhaltsverzeichnis 6 7 Slovenija, dežela navdiha Pred desetimi leti je izšla moja prva fotomonografija, tedaj Združil sem le obalno-kraški in goriški regiji ter zasavski in regijske in krajinske, ki bi naj predstavljali primer naravnega tudi njena pritoka Koritnico in Mlinarico, ki tvorita soteske o Pohorju, z naslovom »Vedno zeleno Pohorje«. Od tedaj pa posavski regiji zaradi vsebinske podobnosti. Celotno število razvoja in primer sožitja med naravo in človekom. Izraz »bi in rečna korita. Park pa je pomemben tudi zaradi številne vse do danes, ko je pred vami nova knjiga, tokrat o Sloveniji, prebivalcev je nekaj več kot 2 milijona. Etnično je Slovencev naj« opozarja, da je treba na tem področju še veliko postoriti, alpske favne, tukaj živijo kozorogi, gamsi, svizci, planinski sem kar zaljubljen v fotografska potepanja po naravi približno 83 %, ostalo pa so druge narodnosti, večinoma s tako da bodo regijski parki zaživeli v svoji zastavljeni obliki. orel itd. Slovenije. Z naravnimi lepotami Slovenije sem se bližje področja bivše Jugoslavije. Regijski parki so: celotno območje Kamniško-Savinjskih Nekoliko južneje leži krajinski park Zgornja Idrijca z divjim spoznal in jih vzljubil že med študijem biologije na številnih Alp, Pohorje, Kraška planota, Kočevsko s Kolpo, Kozjansko, jezerom in dolino reke Idrijce ter Belce. -
XXXVIII IAH Congress
XXXVIII IAH Congress GroundwaterQualitySustainability Krakow,12–17September2010 ExtendedAbstracts Editors: AndrzejZuber JarosławKania EwaKmiecik University of Silesia Press2010 abstract id: 345 topic: 6 General hydrogeological problems 6.2 Hydrogeology of karst title: Characteristics of water low in the karst catchment of the Unica River (SW Slovenia) author(s): Metka Petric Karst Research Institute SRC SASA, Slovenia, [email protected] keywords: karst hydrology, discharge, electrical conductivity, temperature, tracer test Krakow, Poland 2010 6. General hydrogeological problems INTRODUCTION Karst aquifers are important sources of water supply, but due to their specific characteristics they are very vulnerable to various human activities. For the efficient planning of protection measures it is essential to understand and consider the characteristics of groundwater flow and the processes of its exchange with surface waters. This is especially difficult for karst springs with a large extent and complex structure of their recharge areas. One of such examples is the Malenscica karst spring in south-western Slovenia, which is captured for the regional water supply. Based on hydrogeological researches, its protection zones were set in 1987, but they have not been properly implemented in praxis. Since then the understanding of the functioning of this karst system has improved and the proposed protection measures should be adjusted adequately. In order to do this the relations between different parts of the recharge area and the changes in the shares of their contribution at different hydrological conditions were studied in more detail. The physical and chemical parameters of water at different locations within the catchment were monitored in the total period of two hydrological years. -
PRILOGA 1 Seznam Vodnih Teles, Imena in Šifre, Opis Glede Na Uporabljena Merila Za Njihovo Določitev in Razvrstitev Naravnih Vodnih Teles V Tip
Stran 4162 / Št. 32 / 29. 4. 2011 Uradni list Republike Slovenije P R A V I L N I K o spremembah in dopolnitvah Pravilnika o določitvi in razvrstitvi vodnih teles površinskih voda 1. člen V Pravilniku o določitvi in razvrstitvi vodnih teles površin- skih voda (Uradni list RS, št. 63/05 in 26/06) se v 1. členu druga alinea spremeni tako, da se glasi: »– umetna vodna telesa, močno preoblikovana vodna telesa in kandidati za močno preoblikovana vodna telesa ter«. 2. člen V tretjem odstavku 6. člena se v drugi alinei za besedo »vplive« doda beseda »na«. 3. člen Priloga 1 se nadomesti z novo prilogo 1, ki je kot priloga 1 sestavni del tega pravilnika. Priloga 4 se nadomesti z novo prilogo 4, ki je kot priloga 2 sestavni del tega pravilnika. 4. člen Ta pravilnik začne veljati petnajsti dan po objavi v Ura- dnem listu Republike Slovenije. Št. 0071-316/2010 Ljubljana, dne 22. aprila 2011 EVA 2010-2511-0142 dr. Roko Žarnić l.r. Minister za okolje in prostor PRILOGA 1 »PRILOGA 1 Seznam vodnih teles, imena in šifre, opis glede na uporabljena merila za njihovo določitev in razvrstitev naravnih vodnih teles v tip Merila, uporabljena za določitev vodnega telesa Ime Zap. Povodje Površinska Razvrstitev Tip Pomembna Presihanje Pomembna Pomembno Šifra vodnega Vrsta št. ali porečje voda v tip hidro- antropogena različno telesa morfološka fizična stanje sprememba sprememba 1 SI1118VT Sava Radovna VT Radovna V 4SA x x x VT Sava Sava 2 SI111VT5 Sava izvir – V 4SA x x x Dolinka Hrušica MPVT Sava 3 SI111VT7 Sava zadrževalnik MPVT x Dolinka HE Moste Blejsko VTJ Blejsko 4 SI1128VT Sava J A2 x jezero jezero VTJ Bohinjsko 5 SI112VT3 Sava Bohinjsko J A1 x jezero jezero VT Sava Sava 6 SI11 2VT7 Sava Sveti Janez V 4SA x x Bohinjka – Jezernica VT Sava Jezernica Sava 7 SI1 1 2VT9 Sava – sotočje V 4SA x x Bohinjka s Savo Dolinko Uradni list Republike Slovenije Št. -
Olm, Proteus Anguinus
Olm, Proteus anguinus Compiler: Jelić, D. Contributors: Jelić, D.; Jalžić, B.; Kletečki, E.; Koller, K.; Jalžić, V.; Kovač-Konrad, P. Suggested citation: Jelić, D. (2014): A survival blueprint for the olm, Proteus anguinus. Croatian Institute for Biodiversity, Croatian Herpetological Society, Zagreb, Croatia. 1. STATUS REVIEW 1.1 Taxonomy: Chordata > Amphibia > Caudata > Proteidae > Proteus > anguinus Most populations are assigned to the subterranean subspecies Proteus anguinus anguinus. Unlike the nominate form, the genetically similar subspecies P.a. parkelj from Bela Krajina in Slovenia is pigmented and might represent a distinct species, although a recent genetic study suggests that the two subspecies are poorly differentiated at the molecular level and may not even warrant subspecies status (Goricki and Trontelj 2006). Isolated populations from Istria peninsula in Croatia are genetically and morphologically differentiated as separate unnamed taxon (Goricki and Trontelj 2006). Croatian: Čovječja ribica English: Olm, Proteus, Cave salamander French: Protee Slovenian: Čovješka ribica, močeril German: Grottenolm 1.2 Distribution and population status: 1.2.1 Global distribution: Country Population Distribution Population trend Notes estimate (plus references) (plus references) Croatia 68 localities (Jelić 3 separate Decline has been et al. 2012) subpopulations: observed through Istria, Gorski devastation of kotar and several cave Dalmatia systems in all regions (Jelić et al. 2012) Italy 29 localities (Sket Just the A decline has been 1997) easternmost observed in the region around population of Trieste, Gradisce Goriza (Italy) (Gasc and Monfalcone et al. 1997). Slovenia 158 localities 4 populations A decline has been (Sket 1997) distributed from observed in the Vipava river in the population in west (border with Postojna (Slovenia) Italy) to Kupa (Gasc et al. -
Daily Tours & Experiences
www.palma-travel.eu DAILY TOURS & EXPERIENCES INCOMING DEPARTMENT Verovškova 55 I 1000 Ljubljana I Slovenia tel: +386 1 51 33 670 I [email protected] www.palma-travel.eu INTRODUCTION PALMA TRAVEL DMC offers a complete travel service - we combine high quality of services with reasonable price and personal touch. Our inspiration comes from the elegance of urban cities, green countryside always raises our spirit and our hearts guide us to create and fulfil the dreams of each and every traveller. At every point since the establishment of the company over three decades ago, we have proven to be a reliable business partner with comprehensive and diverse range of travel arrangements. We are determined to provide the best support, ultimately saving you money and time to focus on things that matter the most to you. Our team of professionals welcomes you to Slovenia and its nearby countries: Austria, Italy, Croatia, Hungary, Serbia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Albania, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Germany, Switzerland and others, so join us and enjoy the hospitality of the people, fantastic variety of regions, natural wonders and local traditions and culture. We have carefully selected our best routes for you to explore the unique and diverse trips off the beaten track; be amazed by the nature and take a glimpse inside the underworld. Meet the friendly locals and get thrilled by their stories and folklore. Let them be lakes, rivers or mountains, untouched jewels are hiding everywhere – and we know where the best ones are. TA PALMA IS A MEMBER OF: CERTIFICATES OF EXCELLENCE: 2018 Czech republic Slovakia Germany Austria Hungary bled Slovenia Ljubljana Italy Zagreb Portorož Croatia Pula Bosnia & Zadar Herzegovina Serbia Split Dubrovnik TRANSPORTATION Our vehicles are comfortable and perfect for short or long-distance traveling, apart from this we can arrange luxury vehicles for our sophisticated clients. -
Priporočila in Nasveti Uporabnikom Poročilo O Nadzoru Pitne Vode V Letu
Priporočila in nasveti uporabnikom Seznam naselij v oskrbovalnih območjih (OO) Javna oskrba - varovanje zdravja 1. OO Osrednji del: Pitna voda je eno od najpomembnejših živil. Zanesljiva, varna in strogo nad- Belsko, Bukovje, Čepno, Drskovče, Dolnja Košana, Gorenje, Gornja zorovana oskrba s pitno vodo je ključnega pomena za zdravje in kakovost življenja. Priključitev stavb na javni sistem oskrbe s pitno vodo je obvezna Košana, Gradec, Grobišče, Jurišče, Kal, Klenik, Koče, Lohača, Mala povsod, kjer je ta na voljo. Pristava, Mali Otok, Matenja vas, Nadanje selo, Narin, Neverke, Nova Soodgovornost upravljavca in uporabnikov Sušica, Orehek, Palčje, Parje, Petelinje, Pivka, Postojna, Predjama, Pre- Kot upravljavec javnega vodovodnega sistema imamo veliko odgovornost. V stranek, Rakitnik, Selce, Slavina, Slovenska vas, Stara Sušica, Stara vas, javnem podjetju Kovod Postojna, d.o.o. svojim uporabnikom stalno zagota- Strmca, Studenec, Studeno, Šmihel, Trnje, Velika Pristava, Veliki Otok, vljamo pitno vodo glede na njihove potrebe. Posebno pozornost namenjamo prepoznavanju in odpravljanju morebitnih tveganj, ki bi lahko ogrozila zdra- Volče, Zagon, Zagorje, Žeje. vstveno ustreznost pitne vode in tako predstavljala potencialno nevarnost za 2. OO Strane – Hruševje – Šmihel: zdravje. Tveganja nadziramo na celotni poti pitne vode, od vira do uporabnika. Brezje pod Nanosom, Dilce, Goriče, Hrašče, Hrenovice, Hruševje, Lan- Tveganja za zdravje uporabnikov se lahko pojavijo tudi na delu vodovodnega dol, Mala Brda, Rakulik, del Razdrtega, Sajevče, Slavinje, Strane, del omrežja, ki ni v pristojnosti upravljavca javnega vodovodnega omrežja, ampak v pristojnosti lastnika oziroma upravljavca stavbe. Vzroki tveganja so različni, Šmihela pod Nanosom, Velika Brda. zato so v nadaljevanju podani nasveti uporabnikom glede ravnanja s hišnim 3. OO Planina: vodovodnim omrežjem. -
Acta 342 14-December KONEC.Innd
ACTA CARSOLOGICA 34/2 13 489-506 LJUBLJANA 2005 COBISS: 1.01 HYDROGEOLOGICAL RESEARCH AS A BASIS FOR THE PREPARATION OF THE PLAN OF MONITORING GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION - A CASE STUDY OF THE STARA VAS LANDFILL NEAR POSTOJNA (SW SLOVENIA) HIDROGEOLOŠKE RAZISKAVE KOT OSNOVA ZA IZDELAVO NAČRTA MONITORINGA ONESNAŽENOSTI PODZEMNIH VOD - PRIMER ODLAGALIŠČA STARA VAS PRI POSTOJNI (JZ SLOVENIJA) METKA PETRIȹ & STANKA ŠEBELA¹ ¹ Karst Research Institute ZRC SAZU, Titov trg 2, SI-6230 Postojna, Slovenija, e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Prejeto / Received: 28. 9. 2005 Acta carsologica, 34/2 (2005) Abstract UDC: 556.3:504.054(497.4) Metka Petrič & Stanka Šebela: Hydrogeological research as a basis for the preparation of the plan of moni- toring groundwater contamination: A case study of the Stara vas landfill near Postojna (SW Slovenia) For the present 9 landfills on karst are still active in Slovenia, among them also the Stara vas landfill near Postojna. As strong fissuration of the rock base and very good permeability is typical for karst areas, the waste waters from the landfills particularly endanger the groundwater. The capacity of natural filtration in karst is very low and the dimension of possible negative impact is very high. The actual legislation regulates the performance of operational monitoring, a part of which is also the measurement of parameters of contamination of groundwater by hazardous substances, if they are in the area of influence of the landfill. Preparation of the monitoring plan is based on adequate hydrogeological researches. Besides basic geological and hydrogeological data also the results of tracer tests were used in the case study of the Stara vas landfill. -
Drinking Water Supply from Karst Water Resources (The Example of the Kras Plateau, Sw Slovenia)
ACTA CARSOLOGICA 33/1 5 73-84 LJUBLJANA 2004 COBISS: 1.01 DRINKING WATER SUPPLY FROM KARST WATER RESOURCES (THE EXAMPLE OF THE KRAS PLATEAU, SW SLOVENIA) OSKRBA S PITNO VODO IZ KRAŠKIH VODNIH VIROV (NA PRIMERU KRASA, JZ SLOVENIJA) NATAŠA RAVBAR1 1 Karst Research Institute, SRC SASA, Titov trg 2, SI-6230 Postojna, Slovenia e-mail: [email protected] Prejeto / received: 23. 9. 2003 Acta carsologica, 33/1 (2004) Abstract UDC: 628,1;551.44(487.4) Nataša Ravbar: Drinking water supply from karst water resources (The example of the Kras plateau, SW Slovenia) In the past the biggest economic problem on the Kras plateau used to be drinking water supply, which has also been one of the reasons for sparsely populated Kras plateau. Today the Water Supply Company provides drinking water to households and industry on the Kras plateau and the quantity is suffi cient to supply the coastal region in the summer months as well. Water supply is founded on effective karst groundwater pumping near Klariči. Some water is captured from karst springs under Nanos Mountain as well. In water supply planning in future, numerous other local water resources linked to traditional ways of water supply need to be considered. Eventual rainwater usage for garden irrigation or car washing, for communal activity (street washing) or for the needs of farming and purifi ed wastewater usage for industry (as technologi- cal water) is not excluded. Key words: karst waters, human impact, drinking water supply, Klariči water resource, Kras plateau. Izvleček UDK: 628,1;551.44(487.4) Nataša Ravbar: Oskrba s pitno vodo iz kraških vodnih virov (na primeru Krasa, JZ Slovenija) Na Krasu je bil od nekdaj največji problem oskrba s kakovostno pitno vodo, ki je omejevala poselitev in gos- podarski razvoj območja.