FILOZOFICKÁ FAKULTA UNIVERZITY PALACKÉHO V OLOMOUCI Porovnání Tvorby Chemického Názvosloví V Ruském, Anglickém a Česk

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FILOZOFICKÁ FAKULTA UNIVERZITY PALACKÉHO V OLOMOUCI Porovnání Tvorby Chemického Názvosloví V Ruském, Anglickém a Česk FILOZOFICKÁ FAKULTA UNIVERZITY PALACKÉHO V OLOMOUCI KATEDRA SLAVISTIKY Porovnání tvorby chemického názvosloví v ruském, anglickém a českém jazyce z lexikálního hlediska Comparison of Chemical Nomenclature in Czech, English and Russian Language from Lexical Aspect Сравнение образования химической номенклатуры в русском, английском и чешском языках с лексической точки зрения VYPRACOVAL: René Andrejs VEDOUCÍ PRÁCE: PhDr. Ladislav Vobořil, Ph.D. 2014 Prohlašuji, že jsem práci vypracoval samostatně a uvedl všechny použité prameny. V Olomouci, 16.4.2014 ______________________ podpis Tímto bych velice rád poděkoval PhDr. Ladislavu Vobořilovi, Ph.D., za konzultace, rady a obětovaný čas, který mi během psaní bakalářské práce poskytl. ______________________ podpis Содержание 1. Введение ........................................................................................................................ 5 2. Классификация химических веществ ......................................................................... 7 3.1 Названия химических элементов ............................................................................ 10 4.1 Названия неорганических соединений ................................................................... 15 4.2.1 Бинарные соединения ........................................................................................ 16 4.2.1.1 Оксиды.......................................................................................................... 16 4.2.1.2 Галогениды .................................................................................................. 18 4.2.1.3 Сульфиды ..................................................................................................... 20 4.2.1.4 Гидриды ........................................................................................................ 21 4.2.1.5 Нитриды ...................................................................................................... 24 4.2.2 Тернарные соединения ..................................................................................... 26 4.2.2.1 Гидроксиды .................................................................................................. 26 4.2.2.2 Кислородосодержащие кислоты ............................................................... 29 4.2.2.3 Соли кислородосодержащих кислот ......................................................... 34 5.1 Названия органических соединений ....................................................................... 39 5.1.1 Углеводороды ..................................................................................................... 39 5.1.2 Дериваты углевородов ....................................................................................... 40 5.1.2.1 Галогеналканы ............................................................................................. 40 5.1.2.2 Нитросоединения ........................................................................................ 41 5.1.2.3 Спирты .......................................................................................................... 41 5.1.2.4 Фенолы ......................................................................................................... 42 5.1.2.5 Простые эфиры ............................................................................................ 42 5.1.2.6 Альдегиды и кетоны.................................................................................... 44 5.1.2.7 Карбоновые кислоты ................................................................................... 45 5.1.2.8 Соли карбоновых кислот ............................................................................ 47 5.1.2.9 Сложные эфиры ........................................................................................... 48 5.1.2.10 Амиды ......................................................................................................... 48 5.1.2.11 Галогениды ................................................................................................ 49 5.1.2.12 Нитрилы ..................................................................................................... 49 5.1.2.13 Ангидриды карбоновых кислот ............................................................... 50 5.1.2.14 Имиды ......................................................................................................... 50 6. Заключение .................................................................................................................. 51 Resumé ............................................................................................................................. 53 Seznam tabulek ................................................................................................................. 56 Bibliografie ....................................................................................................................... 58 1. Введение Бакалаврская работа посвящена теме наименования химических элементов и наименования соединений неорганической и органической химии на фоне русского, английского и чешского языков. Первая часть бакалаврской работы приводит классификацию химических веществ. Данные разряды были разработаны на основе Краткого химического справочникa1, соблюдая и сохраняя разделение химических веществ по определенным свойствам. У каждой из категорий указывается перевод названий на английском и чешском языках. В следующей части приводится список всех элементов периодической таблицы элементов, которые были обнаружены по сей день. В данном разделе называются эквиваленты всех элементов в английском и русском языках, а также разделяются по группам на основе типичных для суффиксов или по группам на основе происхождения названия. Для классификации элементов использовался метод сравнения суффиксов, поскольку большинство из них имеет аналоги во всех сравниваемых языках. Остальные группы разделяются по происхождению названий, ибо данные формы названий не совпадают ни в одном из сравниваемых языков. Данные разряды были разработаны на основе чешско-русского2 и русско- английского3 словарей и соблюдают разделение по сходствам с лингвистической точки зрения, а не по сходствам химических свойств. Третья часть описывыает систему номенклатуры неорганической химии. Все соединения были разделены на основе количества содержавших элементов и присутствующих в данных соединениях типичных групп элементов. Таким образом, в системе указываются бинарные соединения (оксиды, галогениды, сульфиды, гидриды, нитриды), а также тернарные соединения (гидроксиды, кислородосодержащие кислоты, основные соли). В данных разрядах сравниваются примеры названий соединений в русском, английском и чешском языках и описываются способы образования названий в данных языках. 1 РАБИНОВИЧ, В. А. a З. Я. ХАВИН. Краткий химический справочник. Ленинград: Химия, 1991. ISBN 5-7245-0703-X. 2 WAGNER, Petr. Rusko-český technický slovník: Russko-češskij techničeskij slovar'. 1. vyd. Ostrava: Montanex, 1999, 1102 s. ISBN 80-857-8096-8. 3ЕВДОЩЕНКО, С.И., В.В. ДУБИЧИНСКИЙ a В.В. ГАЙВОРОНСКАЯ. Словарь химических терминов. Ростов н/Д.: Феникс, 2006. ISBN 5-222-09295-X. 5 Все таблицы, в которых сравнивается номенклатура неорганической химии, были разработаны на основе нормы ЮПАК4, которая соблюдается во всех приведенных языках, а также по правилам чешкой технической нормы5. В некоторых разрядах (гидроксиды) приводятся также тривиальные названия, которые на сегодняшний день превалируют над систематическими названиями. В следующей части сравниваются названия органических соединений (углеводороды и их дериваты). Поскольку данные группы являются многочисленными и обладают огромной разновидностью комбинации (углеводороды), в некоторых случаях используются только тривиальные названия, которые были нормой ЮПАК6 приняты за синонимические выражения к систематическим названиям. Данная работа показывает, что в чешском языке была разработана уникальная система наименований химических веществ, с помощью которой можно без глубокого знания химического строя правильно определить и сконструировать формулу по названию и наоборот. Методом сравнения примеров названий в данных языках также указывается совпадение систем русского и английского языков, вопреки различным харатктерам (синтетический, аналитический). 4 CONNELLY, N. Nomenclature of inorganic chemistry. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry Publishing/IUPAC, 2005. ISBN 0854044388. 5ČSN 65 0102. Chemie - Obecná pravidla chemického názvosloví, označování čistoty chemikálií, vyjadřování koncentrace, veličin a jednotek. Praha: Český normalizační institut, 2006. 6 PANICO, R. A guide to IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds: recommendations 1993 : including revisions, published and hitherto unpublished, to the 1979 edition of Nomenclature of organic chemistry. Oxford: Blackwell scientific publications, 1993. ISBN 0632034882. 6 2. Классификация химических веществ Прежде чем заговорить о наименованиях отдельных групп элементов и их соединениях, следует ознакомиться с общей структурой химических веществ. Указанное ниже деление возникло на основе химических и физических свойств, в частности, количества составляющих, которые образуют данную структуру. Если говорить об элементах, главной и единственной составляющей являются либо атомы, либо молекулы (в некоторых случаях также макромолекулы). Как вытекает из самого названия соединение, главной составляющей таких структур являются элементы, которые при определенных обстоятельствах вместе с другими элементами образуют соединения разных видов и состояний.
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