Issue 258 New Zealand‘s space exploration magazine July-August 2010 ___________________________________________________________________ Lunar LRO’s first top year 10 Also inside: . Latest Mars findings . STS-132 report Liftoff No.258, July-August 2010 NZSA News and Notices Auckland meetings The next Auckland meetings are on 2 August and 6 Editor: David Maclennan September at 7:45 pm at MOTAT, Great North Road, Western Springs (entry via Stadium Rd). E-mail: [email protected] The Auckland Branch meets at MOTAT on the first Liftoff is published every two months by Monday of each month (except January). the New Zealand Spaceflight Association. Material for inclusion is always welcomed. Contributions must . be in MS Word and should be e-mailed to the editorial address above. Opinions in signed articles are those of Subscriptions 20010-2011 (now reduced!) the contributors and do not necessarily Subscription rates for 1 September 2010 to 31 August reflect the views of the Editor or the 2011 are as follows: Executive of the New Zealand Spaceflight Association. ORDINARY $45 SENIOR CITIZEN $40 Copyright © New Zealand Spaceflight STUDENT $37.50 Association 2010 New subscriptions paid after 1 February 2010 may elect to receive Liftoff for only the second half year by paying half the above rates. Note, too, that for each new member you introduce to the NZSA, providing they join for a full year and nominate you on their membership form, you will receive a credit of $5 against your next subscription. New Zealand Spaceflight Association, Incorporated There is no limit to the number of credits you can P O Box 2945 qualify for. Wellington 6140 New Zealand Website: http://www.nzspace.org.nz E-mail: [email protected] Cover Photo: The image shows the moon's topography from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter's LOLA instruments with the highest elevations up above 6,096 metres in red and the lowest areas down below -6,096 metres in blue. (NASA/Goddard). - See page 21. 2 Liftoff No.258, July-August 2010 C O N T E N T S Features 10 STS-132 mission report – Ed Case Our overseas correspondent describes Atlantis‟s last scheduled mission. 16 Mars News: North polar cap mysteries revealed – Various A 40-year-old puzzle solved, and new evidence for Mars‟ watery past. 20 Ten cool things seen in the first year of LRO – NASA The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter‟s greatest hits – so far! 23 NZSA at Model-X – Matthew Pavletich Our 15th year at this annual exhibition in Auckland Departments 4 Space News Editor’s Corner ince our last issue there have been further developments with President Obama‘s radical plans for NASA‘s future. In recent weeks, both the US Senate and House of Representatives have presented their authorization bills for S the FY 2011 budget, and both bills present a compromise between retaining the Constellation programme in its entirety, and the Obama Administration‘s wishes. Essentially, the two bills authorize development of commercial crew transportation, a key plank of the Obama proposal, but at substantially reduced funding levels. The bills also direct NASA to begin immediate work on a heavy- lift rocket capable of lofting payloads in the 75 to 100-tonne range (an Ares V-Lite, in other words), and to develop a government-owned crew vehicle for deep space missions (and presumably for space station missions also) – in other words, Orion. However, the Senate bill has this government-owned vehicle only as a backup for commercial vehicles, while the House bill envisages a vehicle that can service the ISS until commercial carriers are ready. The White House is apparently happy with the compromise, which makes you wonder just how committed the Obama Administration really is to their radical plans. Continued operation of the ISS to at least 2010 is also authorized, as well as an additional Shuttle mission in mid- 2011. There is a big difference between the House and Senate bills when it comes to funding commercial crew-carrying vehicles. The House bill authorizes only $150 million in direct funding through 2013, with NASA providing another $100 million each year, for a total of $450 million, while the Senate bill offers $1.3 billion in commercial crew funding over the same period. Both sums are well south of the $3.3 billion the Obama Administration was asking for. Where to now? Well, remember that these are only authorization bills, not appropriations bills. It will be up to the all- powerful appropriations committees of both houses to actually dole out the dosh, and you can expect to see a lot of horse-trading over the coming months as a compromise bill is hammered out that satisfies both the House and Senate. So, it would seem that while Ares I and the Altair lunar lander are definitely gone, something like Ares V and Orion will survive. That, at least, will help keep the dream alive. -- David Maclennan 3 Liftoff No.258, July-August 2010 >> Space News >>> Space News >>> Space News >>> Rosetta triumphs at asteroid Lutetia n 10 July 2010, ESA‘s Rosetta mission returned the first objects. The new images and the data from Rosetta‘s other close-up images of asteroid Lutetia, revealing a battered instruments will help decide, but not immediately. Compositional O world of many craters, most probably a primitive survivor information will be needed for that. from the violent birth of the Solar System. The flyby was a Rosetta operated a full suite of instruments at the encounter, spectacular success with Rosetta performing faultlessly. Closest including remote sensing and in-situ measurements. Some of approach took place at 18:10 CEST, at a distance of 3,162 the payload of its Philae lander were also switched on. Together kilometres. they looked for evidence of a highly tenuous atmosphere, The images show that Lutetia is heavily cratered, having magnetic effects, and studied the surface composition as well suffered many impacts during its 4.5 billion years of existence. as the asteroid‘s density. They also attempted to catch any dust As Rosetta drew close, a giant bowl-shaped depression grains that may have been floating in space near the asteroid stretching across much of the asteroid rotated into view. The for on-board analysis. The results from these instruments will images confirm that Lutetia is an elongated body, with its come in time. longest side around 130km. The images come from OSIRIS instrument, which combines a wide angle and a narrow angle camera. At closest approach, details down to a scale of 60 metres can be seen over the entire surface of Lutetia. ―I think this is a very old object. Tonight we have seen a remnant of the Solar System‘s creation,‖ says Holger Sierks, OSIRIS principal investigator, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Lindau. A crater on Lutetia (ESA) The flyby marks the attainment of one of Rosetta‘s main scientific objectives. The spacecraft will now continue to its primary target, comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko. It will rendezvous with the comet in 2014, mapping it and studying it. It will then accompany the comet for months, from near the orbit of Jupiter down to its closest approach to the Sun. In November Lutetia close up (ESA) 2014, Rosetta will deploy Philae to land on the comet nucleus. ―Wunderbar!‖ says David Southwood, ESA Director of Science Rosetta raced past the asteroid at 15 km/s completing the and Robotic Exploration, ―It has been a great day for flyby in just a minute. But the cameras and other instruments exploration, a great day for European science. The clockwork had been working for hours and in some cases days precision is a great tribute to the scientists and engineers in our beforehand, and will continue afterwards. Shortly after closest Member States in our industry and, not least, in ESA itself. Roll approach, Rosetta began transmitting data to Earth for on 2014 and our comet rendezvous.‖ processing. But for now, analysing the Lutetia data will now become the Lutetia has been a mystery for many years. Ground-based focus for the Rosetta instrument teams. Before the flyby, Lutetia telescopes have shown that the asteroid presents confusing was a distant stranger. Now, thanks to Rosetta, it has become a characteristics. In some respects it resembles a C-type asteroid, close friend. a primitive body left over from the formation of the Solar _______________________ System. In others, it looks like an M-type asteroid. These have been associated with iron meteorites, are usually reddish in colour and thought to be fragments of the cores of much larger 4 Liftoff No.258, July-August 2010 MESSENGER spacecraft reveals new much larger than at Earth," said James A. Slavin, a space information about Mercury physicist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., and a member of the spacecraft's science team and lead The first spacecraft designed by NASA to orbit Mercury is giving author of another paper. The new measurements give fresh scientists a new perspective on the planet's atmosphere and insight on the time duration of Mercury's substorms. Scientists evolution. Launched in August 2004, the Mercury Surface, await more extensive measurements when the spacecraft is in Space Environment, Geochemistry and Ranging spacecraft, orbit. known as MESSENGER, conducted a third and final flyby of "Every time we've encountered Mercury, we've discovered Mercury in September 2009. The probe completed a critical new phenomena," said Sean Solomon, the mission's principal maneuver using the planet's gravity to remain on course to investigator at the Carnegie Institution of Washington. "We're enter into orbit around Mercury next year.