DOCSLIB.ORG

Pesticides in Washington State Sediments Pilot Study

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pesticides in Washington State Sediments Pilot Study Data Report Pilot Study of Pesticides in Washington State Stream Sediments December 2018 AGR PUB 102-741 (N/12/18) Pesticides in Washington State Sediments Pilot Study This report is available on the Department of Agriculture’s website: http://agr.wa.gov/FP/Pubs/NaturalResourcesAssessmentPubs.aspx Contact Information: Lead Author: Abigail Nickelson Natural Resource Assessment Section Phone: (509) 895-9338 21 N 1st Avenue Yakima, WA 98902 [email protected] Communications Director: Hector Castro Phone: (360) 902-1815 P.O. Box 42560 Olympia, WA 98504-2560 [email protected] Any use of product or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the author or the Department of Agriculture. Do you need this publication in a different format? Contact the WSDA receptionist at (360) 902-1976 or TTY (800) 833-6388 1 Pesticides in Washington State Sediments Pilot Study Pilot Study of Pesticides in Washington State Stream Sediments Abigail Nickelson Natural Resources Assessment Section Washington State Department of Agriculture Olympia, Washington December 2018 2 Pesticides in Washington State Sediments Pilot Study Acknowledgements Brandi Lubliner, Washington State Department of Ecology for review and cooperative agreement coordinator Rich Sheibley and United States Geological Survey personnel for sample collection Stormwater Action Monitoring, a stormwater monitoring program, for study collaboration Manchester Environmental Laboratory for sample analysis King County Environmental Laboratory for sample analysis Yakama Nation: Elizabeth Sanchey, Environmental Management Program Manager for sampling assistance and technical expertise The Washington State Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Assessment Section staff including; Matthew Bischof, Joel Demory, George Tuttle, and Margaret Drennan for internal peer-review of this data report. Brian Scott, Jaclyn Hancock and Katie Hurlburt for sampling assistance. Kelly McLain for internal peer review and cooperative agreement coordination. 3 Pesticides in Washington State Sediments Pilot Study Table of Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... 3 Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ 4 List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. 6 List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. 6 Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ 7 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Study Area .................................................................................................................................... 10 WSDA Sites ...............................................................................................................................10 Lower Bertrand Creek.............................................................................................................11 Upper Big Ditch ......................................................................................................................11 Thornton Creek .......................................................................................................................11 Marion Drain ...........................................................................................................................11 Brender Creek .........................................................................................................................11 SAM Sites ...................................................................................................................................12 Study Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 13 Study Design ..............................................................................................................................13 Field Procedures .........................................................................................................................13 Laboratory Analysis ...................................................................................................................14 Data Quality ...............................................................................................................................14 Data Quality Measures ............................................................................................................14 Reporting Methods..................................................................................................................15 Data Analysis ..........................................................................................................................15 Toxic Unit and Analysis .............................................................................................................15 Assessment Criteria and Washington State Sediment Standards ...............................................16 Assessment Criteria in Sediments ...........................................................................................16 Washington State Sediment Management Standards .............................................................18 Results ........................................................................................................................................... 19 Quality Assurance & Quality Control (QA/QC) ........................................................................19 Sediment Pesticide Concentration Results .................................................................................19 Detection Summary ................................................................................................................19 4 Pesticides in Washington State Sediments Pilot Study Comparison to Washington State Sediment Management Standards .....................................20 Comparison to Assessment Criteria ........................................................................................20 Comparison to water detections ..............................................................................................23 Conclusion and Recommendations ............................................................................................... 26 References ..................................................................................................................................... 28 Appendices .................................................................................................................................... 30 Appendix A: Supplemental Information ....................................................................................30 Site List ...................................................................................................................................30 Results Data ............................................................................................................................39 Appendix B: Glossary, Acronyms, Abbreviations ....................................................................... 41 Glossary ..................................................................................................................................41 Acronyms and Abbreviations .................................................................................................43 Units of Measure .....................................................................................................................44 Appendix C: Laboratory Data Quality .......................................................................................... 45 Lower Practical Quantitation Limits ..........................................................................................49 Quality Assurance and Quality Control Samples .......................................................................53 Quality Assurance Samples ....................................................................................................53 Quality Control Samples .........................................................................................................62 5 Pesticides in Washington State Sediments Pilot Study List of Figures Figure 1 Map of Washington State subbasins containing one or more sediment sampling sites . 10 Figure 2 Map of samples with calculated ∑TU or TU values >0.1 ............................................... 23 List of Tables Table 1: Analytical methods summary ......................................................................................... 14 Table 2: Assessment criteria ......................................................................................................... 17 Table 3: WA State Sediment Management Standards .................................................................. 18 Table 4: Detection summary ......................................................................................................... 20 Table 5: SMS criteria exceedances ..............................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Imported Fire Ant Shipper's Guide
    TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE COMMISSIONER SID MILLER PROCEDURE FOR SHIPPING IMPORTED FIRE ANT QUARANTINED ARTICLES TO IMPORTED FIRE ANT-FREE AREAS Contact the Texas Department of Agriculture prior to shipping Fire Ant Quarantined Articles to ensure compliance with state and federal IFA regulations and USDA approved quarantine treatment requirements. Treat shipments, premises and holding/shipping areas for IFA prior to compliance and shipment inspections. Recheck shipment [containers, bedding plants, balled & burlapped (B&B) trees, etc.] for IFA by observing ant activity (foraging, nesting, flying, etc.) and by baiting, beating containers or disturbing plant media. Ensure interior of truck container are thoroughly cleaned of soil, debris, and check for IFA by inspection and baiting, and treat for IFA, if necessary. Shipments to Arizona: Ship only to the Arizona Department of Agriculture (AZDA) approved holding areas. A list of AZDA approved holding areas is available at: https://agriculture.az.gov/approved-holding-areas-0. a. Each shipment must be certified for freedom from IFA (and Japanese beetle, which has similar pesticide treatment requirements). AZDA may decide to inspect the shipment on arrival. Container grown plants:* Use Immersion or Dip Treatment using bifenthrin or chlorpyrifos; Drench Treatment using bifenthrin or chlorpyrifos, or Granular Incorporation of bifenthrin, fipronil or tefluthrin. B&B tree shipments:* Use Immersion or Dip Treatment using bifenthrin or chlorpyrifos, or use Drench Treatment using chlorpyrifos. Grass sod shipments:* Use liquid bifenthrin or chlorpyrifos or granular fipronil for broadcast field applications Texas Department of Agriculture Biosecurity and Environmental Resource Management 3/16/17 Hay shipments:** Hay or straw in direct contact with soil is not eligible for movement out of the IFA quarantined area.
    [Show full text]
  • CITY of SHORELINE Shoreline Inventory and Characterization
    CITY OF SHORELINE Shoreline Inventory and Characterization Prepared for: December 2008, Revised November 2009 and April 2010 City of Shoreline 17544 Midvale Avenue N. Shoreline, WA 98133 City of Shoreline – Shoreline Inventory and Characterization TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background and Purpose ................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Shoreline Jurisdiction and Study Area Boundary ........................................................... 1 1.3 Shoreline Planning Segments ......................................................................................... 2 2. CURRENT REGULATORY FRAMEWORK SUMMARY ................................................ 17 2.1 City of Shoreline Regulations ....................................................................................... 17 2.1.1 Current Shoreline Management Act Compliance ................................................. 17 2.1.2 Comprehensive Plan, Zoning and Other City Regulations ................................... 18 2.2 State and Federal Regulations ....................................................................................... 18 3. WATERSHED AND DRAINAGE BASINS ........................................................................ 19 4. LAND USE PATTERNS ...................................................................................................... 20 4.1 Historical Land
    [Show full text]
  • Notice of Intent Construction Stormwater General Permit
    Notice of Intent Construction Stormwater General Permit Application Type: X New Renewal Permit Number: NOI 21167 : I. Contact Information Permittee Honorific: First Name: Kelsea Last Name: Peterson Organization Name: Hoffman Construction Company of Washington Title: Mailing Address: 600 Stewart St Ste 1000 City: Seattle State: WA Zip Code: 98101-1225 Email: [email protected] Primary Phone: 206-327-1167 Secondary Phone: UBI Number: Site Contact Honorific: First Name: Kelsea Last Name: Peterson Organization Name: Hoffman Construction Company of Washington Title: Mailing Address: 600 Stewart St Ste 1000 City: Seattle State: WA Zip Code: 98101-1225 Email: [email protected] Primary Phone: 206-327-1167 Secondary Phone: UBI Number: Site Owner Honorific: First Name: Michael Last Name: Romero Organization Name: Shoreline School District Capital Projects Title: Mailing Address: 18560 1st Ave NE City: Shoreline State: WA Zip Code: 98155-2148 Email: [email protected] Primary Phone: 206-393-4204 Secondary Phone: UBI Number: II. Electronic Discharge Monitoring Reporting You must submit monthly discharge monitoring reports using Ecology’s Electronic Discharge Monitoring Reporting (WQWebDMR) system. To sign up for WQWebDMR, or to register a new site, go to ecology.wa.gov/Regulations- Permits/Permits-certifications/Stormwater-general-permits, and click on the “Construction Stormwater” link. You will find information on WQWebDMR under the “WQWebDMR and PARIS” link on the right-hand side. If you are unable to submit your DMRs electronically, you may contact Ecology to request a waiver. Ecology will generally only grant waiver requests to those permittees without internet access. Only a permittee or representative, designated in writing, may request access to or a waiver from WQWebDMR.
    [Show full text]
  • US EPA, Pesticide Product Label, LIBERTY CHLORPYRIFOS
    law UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIOc N AGENCY WASHINGTON, DC 20460 OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY AND POLLUTION PREVENTION «t PRO^" August 21,2014 Mr. Scott Baker . , \ Regulatory Agent Liberty Chlorpyrifos Bifenthrin 1966 W 15th Street, Suite 6 Loveland, CO 80538 Subject: Label Notification per PRN 98-10- Addition of Two Non-Public Health Pests Product Name: Liberty Chlorpyrifos Bifenthrin EPA Registration Number: 89168-20 Application Date: June 24, 2014 Decision Number: 493033 Dear Mr. Baker The Agency is in receipt of your Application for Pesticide Notification under Pesticide Registration Notice (PRN) 98-10 for the above referenced product. The Registration Division (RD) has conducted a review of this request for its applicability under PRN 98-10 and finds that the action requested falls within the scope of PRN 98-10. The label submitted with the application has been stamped "Notification" and will be placed in our records. If you have any questions, you may contact BeWanda Alexander at (703)305-7460 or via email [email protected]. Mark Soarez, Product Manager 13 Insecticide Branch Registration Division (7505P) Office of Pesticide Programs Tgjtg read iratruction* on nvone before comoi 'form. Form Approved MB No. 2070-O06O. Approval expires 2-28-85 United States Registration OPP Identifier Number Environmental Protection Agency Amendment &EPA Washington, DC 20460 Other Application for Pesticide - Section I 1. Company/Product Number 2. EPA Product Manager 3. Proposed Classification 89168-20 Gebken None Restricted 4. Company/Product (Name) PM# LIBERTY CHLORPYRIFOS BIFENTHRIN 10 5. Name and Address of Applicant (Include ZIP Code) 6. Expedited Reveiw. In accordance with FIFRA Section 3(c)(3) LIBERTY CROP PROTECTION, LLC (b)(i), my product is similar or identical in composition and labeling to: 1966 W 15th Street, Suite 6 EPA Reg.
    [Show full text]
  • HIDDEN LAKE Sewer Improvement Project
    HIDDEN LAKE Sewer Improvement Project NEWSLETTER SUMMER 2006 Construction underway in Boeing Creek Park New pipe will reduce overflows to Puget Sound ing County’s Hidden Lake Sewer Storage pipe Improvement Project will increase sections are K sewer system reliability and protect stabilized in public health and the environment by reducing place before overflows into Puget Sound. additional Workers guide a pipe sections are section as the crane King County has hired Frank Coluccio added. lowers it into the trench. Construction Company, or FCCC, to build three projects, shown on the map on Page 3. Construction is expected to run from summer A secondary Why do we 2006 to early 2009. suspension system is used need facilities Construction in Boeing Creek to fit the pipe in Boeing Park complete by late 2007 segments together. Creek Park? Boeing Creek Park will remain open to n King County’s projects to the public during a sewer improvement replace aging sewers will construction project now underway in protect Puget Sound by limiting Shoreline. A new 12-foot-diameter overflows. underground storage pipe is being built County crews are asking park users to obey trail detour signs and keep pets n Funding from the county will in the park that will temporarily store enable the City of Shoreline to up to 500,000 gallons of wastewater on leashes. Some areas are fenced off make future park improvements. during large storms. Also being for public safety. Pedestrians, runners built are two underground concrete and bicyclists should take extra care n The City of Shoreline has made vaults to control flows through and watch for construction vehicles improvements to help flood control and activity.
    [Show full text]
  • US EPA, Pesticide Product Label, LIBERTY CHLORPYRIFOS
    UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460 OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY AND POLLUTION PREVENTION August 14, 2013 Mr. Scott Baker Liberty Crop Protection, LLC 1966 W15tfi Street, Suite 6 Loveland, CO 80538 Subject: Amendment: Adding Sensitive Site Buffer Zones & At Plant Application Under Field and Sweet Corn Liberty Chlorpyrifos Bifenthrin EPA Reg. No. 89168-20 Your Submission Dated May 7, 2013 Dear Mr. Baker: The labeling referred to above, submitted in connection with registration under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), as amended, is acceptable. A stamped copy of the label is enclosed for your records. If you have any questions regarding this action, please contact Be Wanda Alexander at [email protected] or (703) 305-7460. Sincerely, Richard Gebken Product Manager Team 10 Insecticide Branch Registration Division (7505P) Enclosure r RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE For retail sale to and use only by certified applicators, or persons under their direct supervision and only for the uses covered by the certified applicator's certification. LIBERTY CHLORPYRIFOS BIFENTHRIN GROUP 1B INSECTICIDE Active Ingredients: Chlorpyrifos: O,0-diethyl-O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyrinyl) phosphorothioate 28.6% Bifenthrin*: (2 methyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl) methyl 3-(2-chloro-3,3,3- trifluoro-1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate 9.0% Other Ingredients** 62.4% TOTAL : 100.0% This product contains 2.41 pounds chlorpyrifos per gallon and 0.76 pounds bifenthrin per gallon. *Cis isomers 97% minimum, trans isomers 3% maximum. "Contains petroleum distillates. KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN WARNING - AVISO Si usted no entiende la etiqueta, busque a alguien para que se la explique a usted en detalle.
    [Show full text]
  • Exposure to Permethrin Or Chlorpyrifos Causes Differential Dose- and Time-Dependent Behavioral Effects at Early Larval Stages of an Endangered Teleost Species
    Vol. 44: 89–103, 2021 ENDANGERED SPECIES RESEARCH Published February 11§ https://doi.org/10.3354/esr01091 Endang Species Res OPEN ACCESS Exposure to permethrin or chlorpyrifos causes differential dose- and time-dependent behavioral effects at early larval stages of an endangered teleost species Paige C. Mundy1, Kara E. Huff Hartz2, Corie A. Fulton2, Michael J. Lydy2, Susanne M. Brander3, Tien-Chieh Hung4, Nann A. Fangue5, Richard E. Connon1,* 1Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA 2Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA 3Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA 4Fish Conservation and Culture Laboratory, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA 5Department of Wildlife, Fish & Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA ABSTRACT: Pyrethroid and organophosphate pesticides are two of the most commonly used classes of insecticide worldwide. At sublethal concentrations, permethrin (a pyrethroid) and chlor- pyrifos (an organophosphate) impact behavior in model fish species. We investigated behavioral ef fects of environmentally relevant concentrations of permethrin or chlorpyrifos on early larval delta smelt Hypomesus transpacificus, a Critically Endangered teleost species endemic to the San Francisco Bay Delta, California, USA. Using a photomotor behavioral assay of oscillating light and dark periods, we measured distance moved, turn angle, meander, angular velocity, rotations, thig- motaxis (time spent in the border versus center), and swim speed duration and frequency. The lowest concentrations of permethrin used in the tests (0.05 and 0.5 μg l−1) caused significant in - creases in distance moved at 72 and 96 h, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. EPA, Pesticides, Label, DIAZINON AG500 INSECTICIDE, 9
    UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460 OFFICE OF PREVENTION, PESTICIDES AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES September 2,2010 Ms. Cheryl Wagner Helena Chemical Company c/o Wagner Regulatory Associates, Inc. P.O. Box 640 Hockessin, DE 19707 Subject: Label Notification(s) for Pesticide Registration Notice 2007-4 Updating the Storage & Disposal Language Dear Ms. Wagner: The Agency is in receipt of your Application(s) for Pesticide Notification under Pesticide Registration Notice (PRN) 2007-4 dated August 5, 2010 for the following product(s): Diazinon AG 500 Insecticide EPA Reg. No. 5905-248) Pro-Mate Bifenthrin GC 0.069% Plus Fertilizer EPA Reg. No. 5905-567 The Registration Division (RD) has conducted a review of this request for applicability under PRN 2007-4 and finds that the label change(s) requested falls within the scope ofPRN 98-10. The label has been date-stamped "Notification" and will be placed in our records. Please be reminded that 40 CFR Part 156.140(a)(4) requires that a batch code, lot number, or other code identifying the batch of the pesticide distributed and sold be placed on nonrefillable containers. The code may appear either on the label (and can be added by non-notificationlPR Notice 98-10) or durably marked on the container itself. If you have any questions, please contact Regina Foushee' -Smith at 703-605-0780. Sincerely, ~LL ~fi---- Richard J. Gebken Product Manager Insecticide Branch Registration Division (7505P) PIease ree! d'inS truc fIons on reverse b e fIore comp Ie fmg fIorm. Form Apprnved. OMB No. 2070-0060.
    [Show full text]
  • Household Insects – Homeowners ` CAUTION: All Insecticides Are Toxic to Some Degree; Therefore, Care Should Be Exercised in Their Use
    Household Insects – Homeowners ` CAUTION: All insecticides are toxic to some degree; therefore, care should be exercised in their use. The manufacturer’s directions on the label in the use of the material must be followed explicitly. Insect Threats Insecticides and Treatment* Remarks Ants Feed on foods and Baits (active ingredient and Remove food and clean up the area. Place (several may damage product): bait where ants occur or congregate. May species) clothing; may also sodium tetraborate decahydrate use several different baits at the same time sting, causing severe (Amdro Kills Ants Liquid Bait, Terro to discover one that ants will consume. reaction to some Liquid Ant Baits); Care should be taken not to contaminate people. hydramethylnon (Amdro Kills Ants foodstuffs. Also treat nests in yard. Follow Bait Stations and Stakes); label. orthoboric acid (Terro Perimeter Ant Bait); fipronil (Combat Max Ant Killing Bait Stations and Gel); abamectin (Raid Max Double Control Ant Baits, Raid Ant Baits III); dinotefuran (Hot Shot Ultra Clear Roach & Ant Gel Bait, Hot Shot Ultra Liquid Ant Bait); spinosad (Ortho Home Defense Liquid Ant Bait); thiamethoxam (Raid Precision Placement Ant Bait Gel) Crack and crevices: Follow label. prallethrin, esfenvalerate, pyrethrins, pyrethrum, permethrin, tetra- methrin, phenothrin, beta-cyfluthrin, cyfluthrin Indoor space: prallethrin, esfenvalerate, pyrethrins, pyrethrum, permethrin, tetramethrin, phenothrin, cyfluthrin, bifenthrin Outdoor barrier: prallethrin, esfenvalerate, permethrin, beta-cyfluthrin, cyfluthrin, bifenthrin, malathion, carbaryl Outdoor broadcast: hydramethylnon, pyriproxyfen, beta-cyfluthrin, esfenvalerate, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, malathion, carbaryl *Labels on insecticides should state “material may be used in the household” and should be registered by the EPA for that purpose. Household Insects – Homeowners ` CAUTION: All insecticides are toxic to some degree; therefore, care should be exercised in their use.
    [Show full text]
  • Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 2019 Theinternational Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) Was Established in 1980
    The WHO Recommended Classi cation of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classi cation 2019 cation Hazard of Pesticides by and Guidelines to Classi The WHO Recommended Classi The WHO Recommended Classi cation of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classi cation 2019 The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 2019 TheInternational Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) was established in 1980. The overall objectives of the IPCS are to establish the scientific basis for assessment of the risk to human health and the environment from exposure to chemicals, through international peer review processes, as a prerequisite for the promotion of chemical safety, and to provide technical assistance in strengthening national capacities for the sound management of chemicals. This publication was developed in the IOMC context. The contents do not necessarily reflect the views or stated policies of individual IOMC Participating Organizations. The Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC) was established in 1995 following recommendations made by the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development to strengthen cooperation and increase international coordination in the field of chemical safety. The Participating Organizations are: FAO, ILO, UNDP, UNEP, UNIDO, UNITAR, WHO, World Bank and OECD. The purpose of the IOMC is to promote coordination of the policies and activities pursued by the Participating Organizations, jointly or separately, to achieve the sound management of chemicals in relation to human health and the environment. WHO recommended classification of pesticides by hazard and guidelines to classification, 2019 edition ISBN 978-92-4-000566-2 (electronic version) ISBN 978-92-4-000567-9 (print version) ISSN 1684-1042 © World Health Organization 2020 Some rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Reduce Bee Poisoning from Pesticides
    PNW 591 December 2006 How to ReduceReduce BeeBee PoisoningPoisoning from pesticides H. Riedl E. Johansen L. Brewer J. Barbour A Pacific Northwest Extension publication Oregon State University • University of Idaho • Washington State University Contents Pollinators are essential to Pacific Northwest agriculture .......................................................................1 Rules to protect bees ..............................................................................................................................1 Causes of bee poisoning in the Pacific Northwest .................................................................................2 Investigating a suspected bee poisoning ................................................................................................2 Signs and symptoms of bee poisoning ...................................................................................................2 Honey bees .................................................................................................................................................... 2 Managed solitary bees ................................................................................................................................... 3 Ways to reduce bee poisoning ...............................................................................................................3 Beekeeper–grower cooperation ..................................................................................................................... 3 What pesticide
    [Show full text]
  • Managing Pesticide Poisoning Risk and Understanding the Signs and Symptoms Clyde L
    EC2505 Revised June 2018 Managing Pesticide Poisoning Risk and Understanding the Signs and Symptoms Clyde L. Ogg, Extension Educator Jan R. Hygnstrom, Project Manager Cheryl A. Alberts, Project Coordinator Erin C. Bauer, Entomology Lecturer The potential for accidents with pesticides is real. Ac- cidental exposure or overexposure to pesticides can have seri- ous consequences. While most pesticides can be used with relatively little risk when label directions are followed, some are extremely toxic and require special precautions. The Poison Control Centers receive about 90,000 calls each year related to pesticide exposures. Pesticides are re- sponsible for about 3 percent of all accidental exposures to children 5 years and younger and about 4 percent for adults. In addition, pesticides are the cause of about 3 percent of children’s deaths reported to the Poison Control Centers. Routes of Exposure Pesticides can enter the human body three ways: 1) der- mal exposure, by absorption through the skin or eyes; 2) oral exposure, through the mouth; and 3) through inhalation or respiratory exposure, by inhaling into the lungs. Some classify exposure through the eyes as ocular exposure. Dermal exposure results in absorption immediately after Figure 1. Absorption rates of different a pesticide contacts the skin or eyes. Absorption will contin- parts of the body based on the absorption ue as long as the pesticide remains in contact with the skin or of parathion into the forearm over 24 eyes. The rate at which dermal absorption occurs is different hours. for each part of the body (Figure 1). Maiback and Feldman (1974) measured the amount of the pesticide parathion absorbed by different parts of the human body over 24 hours.
    [Show full text]