Exposure to Permethrin Or Chlorpyrifos Causes Differential Dose- and Time-Dependent Behavioral Effects at Early Larval Stages of an Endangered Teleost Species
Vol. 44: 89–103, 2021 ENDANGERED SPECIES RESEARCH Published February 11§ https://doi.org/10.3354/esr01091 Endang Species Res OPEN ACCESS Exposure to permethrin or chlorpyrifos causes differential dose- and time-dependent behavioral effects at early larval stages of an endangered teleost species Paige C. Mundy1, Kara E. Huff Hartz2, Corie A. Fulton2, Michael J. Lydy2, Susanne M. Brander3, Tien-Chieh Hung4, Nann A. Fangue5, Richard E. Connon1,* 1Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA 2Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA 3Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA 4Fish Conservation and Culture Laboratory, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA 5Department of Wildlife, Fish & Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA ABSTRACT: Pyrethroid and organophosphate pesticides are two of the most commonly used classes of insecticide worldwide. At sublethal concentrations, permethrin (a pyrethroid) and chlor- pyrifos (an organophosphate) impact behavior in model fish species. We investigated behavioral ef fects of environmentally relevant concentrations of permethrin or chlorpyrifos on early larval delta smelt Hypomesus transpacificus, a Critically Endangered teleost species endemic to the San Francisco Bay Delta, California, USA. Using a photomotor behavioral assay of oscillating light and dark periods, we measured distance moved, turn angle, meander, angular velocity, rotations, thig- motaxis (time spent in the border versus center), and swim speed duration and frequency. The lowest concentrations of permethrin used in the tests (0.05 and 0.5 μg l−1) caused significant in - creases in distance moved at 72 and 96 h, respectively.
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