Low-Intensity Landscaping of Research Facilities Increased Taxonomic, Functional and Phylogenetic Bird Diversity in a Lowland Rainforest
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SUPPLEMENTARY ELECTRONIC MATERIAL (APPENDIX 1) ARDEOLA 68(2) LOW-INTENSITY LANDSCAPING OF RESEARCH FACILITIES INCREASED TAXONOMIC, FUNCTIONAL AND PHYLOGENETIC BIRD DIVERSITY IN A LOWLAND RAINFOREST AUMENTO DE LA DIVERSIDAD TAXONÓMICA, FUNCIONAL Y FILOGENÉTICA DE LAS COMUNIDADES DE AVES ASOCIADAS A INSTALACIONES DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN UNA SELVA TROPICAL PaBlo AYCART1 * and Mario DÍAZ1 1 DepArtment of BiogeogrAphy And GloBAl ChAnge (BGC-MNCN-CSIC), NationAl MuseUm of NAtUrAl Sciences, CSIC, C/SerrAno 155Bis, E-28006 MAdrid, SpAin. Corresponding AUthor: [email protected] TABLE A1 Full list of species captured during the three years of sampling, the habitats where they were recorded, their reproductive status in the study area and their Evolutionary Distinctiveness (ED) scores: a measure of evolutionary uniqueness used to compute the phylogenetic diversity of communities (see text for details). English names obtained from Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International (2019); Spanish names obtained from Billerman et al. (2020). [Lista completa de las especies capturadas durante los tres años de muestreo, los hábitats donde se registraron, su estatus reproductivo en el área de estudio y su valor de originalidad evolutiva (Evolutionary Distinctiveness, ED, una medida de la singularidad evolutiva utilizada para estimar la diversidad filogenética de las comunidades; véase el texto para más detalles). Nombres en inglés obtenidos de Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International (2019); nombres en español obtenidos de Billerman et al. (2020).] Scientific name English name Spanish name Habitat Breeds ? ED score Rufous-tailed Hummingbird Amazilia rabirrufa Forest & garden Yes 3.6077 Amazilia tzacatl Anthracothorax prevostii Green-breasted Mango Mango pechiverde Garden Yes 3.6932 Anthracothorax veraguensis Veraguas Mango Mango de Veragua Garden No 3.6932 Antrostomus carolinensis Chuck-will's-widow Chotacabras de la Carolina Forest No 9.0429 Aramides cajaneus Grey-necked Wood-rail Rascón cuelligrís Garden Yes 7.7401 Cantorchilus thoracicus Stripe-breasted Wren Soterrey pechirrayado Forest Yes 6.2552 Cardellina canadensis Canada Warbler Reinita pechirrayada Garden No 2.4237 Catharus ustulatus Russet-backed Thrush Zorzal de Swainson Forest & garden No 6.8413 Ceratopipra mentalis Red-capped Manakin Saltarín cabecirrojo Forest Yes 5.4464 Chloroceryle aenea American Pygmy-kingfisher Martín pescador enano Forest Yes 9.5236 Chloroceryle americana Green Kingfisher Martín pescador verde Forest Yes 8.9119 Contopus cinereus Southern Tropical Pewee Pibí tropical Forest Yes 3.7949 Dendrocincla fuliginosa Plain-brown Woodcreeper Trepador pardo Forest Yes 4.5415 Empidonax flaviventris Yellow-bellied Flycatcher Mosquerito vientriamarillo Garden No 5.1663 Empidonax traillii Willow Flycatcher Mosquerito de traill Forest & garden No 4.2568 Empidonax virescens Acadian Flycatcher Mosquerito verdoso Forest No 6.6095 Florisuga mellivora White-necked Jacobin Jacobino nuquiblanco Garden Yes 10.4 Geothlypis bairdi Baird's Yellowthroat Antifacito coroniolivo Garden Yes 2.2823 Geothlypis philadelphia Mourning Warbler Reinita enlutada Forest & garden No 2.1939 Glaucis aeneus Bronzy Hermit Ermitaño bronceado Forest & garden Yes 5.575 Habia fuscicauda Red-throated Ant-tanager Tangara hormiguera gorgirroja Forest & garden Yes 5.0216 Henicorhina leucosticta White-breasted Wood-wren Soterrey de selva pechiblanco Forest & garden Yes 7.1571 Hylocharis eliciae Blue-throated Goldentail Colibrí colidorado Garden Yes 4.4415 Icterus prosthemelas Black-cowled Oriole Bolsero capuchinegro Garden Yes 3.4815 Leiothlypis peregrina Tennessee Warbler Reinita verdilla Garden No 4.153 Leptotila cassinii Grey-chested Dove Paloma pechigrís Garden Yes 6.1835 Leptotrygon veraguensis Olive-backed Quail-dove Paloma-perdiz bigotiblanca Forest & garden Yes 8.7023 Manacus candei White-collared Manakin Saltarín cuelliblanco Forest & garden Yes 2.8631 Megarynchus pitangua Boat-billed Flycatcher Mosquerón picudo Garden Yes 2.8631 Mionectes oleagineus Ochre-bellied Flycatcher Mosquerito aceitunado Forest Yes 5.3652 Myiozetetes granadensis Grey-capped Flycatcher Mosquero cabecigrís Garden Yes 5.2848 Myiozetetes similis Social Flycatcher Mosquero cejiblanco Forest & garden Yes 5.4133 Onychorhynchus coronatus Amazonian Royal Flycatcher Mosquero real Forest Yes 8.0192 Parkesia noveboracensis Northern Waterthrush Reinita acuática norteña Forest & garden No 4.7075 Phaethornis longirostris Long-billed Hermit Ermitaño colilargo Forest & garden Yes 6.2857 Phaethornis striigularis Stripe-throated Hermit Ermitaño enano Forest & garden Yes 4.3763 Pitangus sulphuratus Great Kiskadee Bienteveo grande Garden Yes 7.9878 Poliocrania exsul Chestnut-backed Antbird Hormiguero dorsicastaño Forest & garden Yes 6.0355 Sporophila corvina Black Seedeater Espiguero variable Forest & garden Yes 1.5327 Thalurania colombica Crowned Woodnymph Colibrí ninfa verde-violeta Forest Yes 3.0355 Thamnophilus atrinucha Black-crowned Antshrike Batará plomizo Forest & garden Yes 4.634 Thraupis episcopus Blue-grey Tanager Tangara azuleja Garden Yes 3.1343 Thraupis palmarum Palm Tanager Tangara palmera Garden Yes 3.1343 Threnetes ruckeri Band-tailed Barbthroat Ermitaño barbudo Forest & garden Yes 6.752 Thryothorus nigricapillus Bay Wren Soterrey castaño Forest Yes 6.2552 Todirostrum cinereum Common Tody-flycatcher Espatulilla común Garden Yes 4.6137 Todirostrum nigriceps Black-headed Tody-flycatcher Espatulilla cabecinegra Garden Yes 4.3489 Troglodytes aedon House Wren Soterrey cucarachero Forest & garden Yes 4.2942 Turdus grayi Clay-colored Thrush Mirlo pardo Forest & garden Yes 3.1226 Tyrannus melancholicus Tropical Kingbird Tirano tropical Garden Yes 2.9979 Xiphorhynchus susurrans Cocoa Woodcreeper Trepador gorgianteado Forest Yes 2.8154 TABLE A2 List of variables used for the characterisation of vegetation structure over a 25m- radius circle centred on each net and their factor loadings for PC1 and PC2 of a Principal Component Analyses. Boldface indicates p < 0.05. [Lista de las variables utilizadas para la caracterización de la estructura de la vegetación en un círculo de 25 m de radio centrado en cada red y sus factores de carga para el PC1 y el PC2 de un Análisis de Componentes Principales. Negrita: p < 0,05.] Variables PC1 PC2 Cover of buildings (%) 0.233 -0.297 Tree canopy cover (%) -0.362 0.158 Shrub cover (%) -0.352 -0.082 Herb cover (%) 0.330 -0.044 Leaf litter cover (%) -0.349 0.094 No. trunks < 10 cm diameter -0.239 0.306 No. trunks 10- 30cm diameter -0.179 0.420 No. trunks > 30cm diameter -0.317 -0.129 Mean shrub height (m) -0.251 -0.417 Mean tree height (m) -0.291 -0.277 No. shrub species -0.181 -0.564 No. tree species -0.300 0.116 Variance explained (%) 47.78 14.15 TABLE A3 Results of the fit of zero-inflated mixed models with Poisson distribution and log-link to the number of individuals (Abundance) and number of species (Richness) caught in each net (nested within sites as a random factor). Boldface: p < 0.05; italics: 0.05 < p < 0.10. [Resultados del ajuste de los modelos mixtos (distribución de Poisson que asume exceso de ceros y función de enlace logarítmica) para el número de individuos (Abundancia) y el número de especies (Riqueza) capturados en cada red (red anidada dentro de sitios de estudio como factor aleatorio). Negrita: p < 0,05; cursiva: 0.05 < p < 0.10.] Abundance Richness Source df F p F p Sampling effort 1, 60 0.33 0.568 0.02 0.892 YEAR 2, 60 1.40 0.255 0.29 0.758 HABITAT 1, 60 0.11 0.738 1.12 0.294 PC1 1, 60 8.12 0.006 4.22 0.044 PC2 1, 60 2.93 0.092 0.90 0.346 YEAR * HABITAT 2, 60 0.90 0.411 1.22 0.303 YEAR * PC1 2, 60 1.19 0.312 2.14 0.126 YEAR * PC2 2, 60 2.26 0.113 1.47 0.237 HABITAT * PC1 1, 60 15.21 0.000 4.72 0.034 HABITAT * PC2 1, 60 4.55 0.037 3.50 0.066 TABLE A4 Results of the fit of LMMs (Probability distribution: Normal, link function: log) to the functional diversity (FD) of five key traits and the phylogenetic diversity (measured as the CED) calculated from the captures of each net (nested within sites as a random factor). Sites with zero captures (n = 10) were excluded from this analysis. Boldface: p < 0.05; italics: 0.05 < p < 0.10. [Resultados del ajuste de los Modelos Lineales Mixtos (Distribución de probabilidad normal y función de enlace logarítmica) para la diversidad funcional (FD) de cinco rasgos clave y para la diversidad filogenética (medida como la CED), calculadas a partir de las capturas de cada red (red anidada dentro de sitio de estudio como factor aleatorio). Se excluyeron de este análisis las redes sin capturas en alguno de los años de estudio (n = 10). Negrita: p < 0,05; cursiva: 0,05 < p < 0,10.] FD bill size and FD diet FD foraging site shape Source F df p F df p F df p Model 1.378 14, 50 0.199 1.253 14, 50 0.269 0.892 14, 50 0.572 Sampling effort 0.068 1, 50 0.795 0.112 1, 50 0.74 0.027 1, 50 0.871 YEAR 0.633 2, 50 0.535 0.526 2, 50 0.594 0.366 2, 50 0.695 HABITAT 1.538 1, 50 0.221 0.768 1, 50 0.385 0.299 1, 50 0.587 PC1 0.425 1, 50 0.518 0.886 1, 50 0.351 1.801 1, 50 0.186 PC2 0.976 1, 50 0.328 0.958 1, 50 0.332 0.329 1, 50 0.569 YEAR * 0.578 2, 50 0.565 0.896 2, 50 0.415 0.025 2, 50 0.975 HABITAT YEAR * PC1 1.286 2, 50 0.285 1.855 2, 50 0.167 0.221 2, 50 0.802 YEAR * PC2 1.616 2, 50 0.209 1.613 2, 50 0.209 1.459 2, 50 0.242 HABITAT * 1.967 1, 50 0.167 1.377 1, 50 0.246 0.736 1, 50 0.395 PC1 HABITAT * 3.678 1, 50 0.061 3.17 1, 50 0.081 5.963 1, 50 0.018 PC2 Phylogenetic FD manoeuvrability FD nest site diversity F df p F df p F df p Model 1.065 14, 50 0.41 1.629 14, 50 0.104 1.997 14, 36 0.048 Sampling effort 0.009 1, 50 0.926 0.261 1, 50 0.612 4.644 1, 41 0.037 YEAR 0.589 2, 50 0.559 0.93 2, 50 0.401 1.508 2, 27 0.239 HABITAT 0.111 1, 50 0.741 4.429 1, 50 0.04 1.972 1, 41 0.168 PC1 0.86 1, 50 0.358 0.025 1, 50 0.874 0.517 1, 42 0.476 PC2 0.876 1, 50 0.354 1.287 1, 50 0.262 0.509 1, 38 0.480 YEAR * 1.196 2, 38 0.314 0.361 2, 50 0.699 0.425 2, 50 0.656 HABITAT YEAR * PC1 0.904 2, 50 0.412 0.846 2, 50 0.435 2.345 2, 30 0.113 YEAR * PC2 1.262 2, 50 0.292 0.721 2, 50 0.491 6.116 2, 24 0.007 HABITAT * 2.863 1, 34 0.100 0.837 1, 50 0.365 0.031 1, 50 0.86 PC1 HABITAT * 2.470 1, 41 0.124 5.849 1, 50 0.019 1.441 1, 50 0.236 PC2 Figure A1.