Le Biblioteche Pubbliche Nell'era “Social”

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Le Biblioteche Pubbliche Nell'era “Social” Corso di Laurea magistrale in Storia e gestione del patrimonio archivistico e bibliografico Tesi di Laurea Le biblioteche pubbliche nell'era “social” Relatore Ch. Prof. Riccardo Ridi Laureanda Sonia Reginato Matricola 806149 Anno Accademico 2019 / 2020 11 Indice Introduzione........................................................................................................................................3 1. Free to all: biblioteche e democrazia...........................................................................................8 1.1 L'identità delle biblioteche pubbliche.......................................................................................8 1.2 L'affermazione del modello anglosassone..............................................................................33 1.3 Il ruolo sociale per la comunità...............................................................................................51 2. Le biblioteche pubbliche nella società dell'informazione tra principi internazionali e politiche comunitarie...................................................................................................................61 2.1 Premessa.................................................................................................................................61 2.2 Manifesto Ifla/Unesco per le biblioteche pubbliche (1994)...................................................62 2.3 Risoluzione sul ruolo delle biblioteche nella società moderna (1998)...................................65 2.4 Linee guida del Consiglio d'Europa/Eblida per la legislazione e le politiche in materia di biblioteche in Europa (2000)..................................................................................................67 2.5 Linee guida Ifla/Unesco per lo sviluppo del servizio bibliotecario pubblico (2001).............70 2.6 L'azione del Comitato Faife dell'Ifla.......................................................................................75 2.7 Manifesto di Alessandria sulle biblioteche (2005).................................................................80 2.8 Programma strategico Europa 2020........................................................................................81 2.9 La Dichiarazione Ifla di Lione (2014)....................................................................................88 2.10 Ifla Trend Report (2013, 2016).............................................................................................90 3. La “crisi perenne” delle biblioteche pubbliche italiane: analisi storica ed istituzionale.......95 3.1 Gli albori delle biblioteche per la comunità locale.................................................................95 3.2 Le biblioteche di ente locale nell'ordinamento regionale.....................................................104 3.3 Le biblioteche come servizi pubblici locali..........................................................................109 3.4 Crisi, tagli e riforme nel 21. secolo: dal servizio pubblico di base al servizio accessorio?..113 4. Biblioteche pubbliche nel Web 2.0...........................................................................................124 4.1 L'evoluzione dai siti Internet al Web 2.0..............................................................................124 4.2 L'ideologia del Web 2.0: innovazione o propaganda?..........................................................137 4.3 Biblioteche come conversazione..........................................................................................140 4.4 La spinta alla partecipazione: gli utenti diventano membri..................................................148 4.5 Il “caso” Idea Store...............................................................................................................152 4.6 Nuove tendenze: biblioteche pubbliche o piazze del sapere?...............................................157 5. Social media e biblioteche.........................................................................................................169 5.1 Le reti sociali nella blogosfera..............................................................................................169 5.2 Condividere la conoscenza: user generated content e piattaforme di social networking.....175 5.3 Library 2.0: facilitare la conoscenza nella biblioteca accresciuta........................................187 5.4 Dall'OPAC al social OPAC...................................................................................................204 6. Le nuove frontiere della lettura partecipata...........................................................................222 6.1 Le statistiche dei lettori in Italia...........................................................................................222 6.2 Book social networks: la parola ai lettori.............................................................................228 6.3 Lettori e lettAutori: promuovere il social reading in biblioteca...........................................232 Conclusioni......................................................................................................................................241 Bibliografia .....................................................................................................................................243 2 Introduzione La redazione di questo elaborato non è stata particolarmente celere. All'inizio della stesura lavoravo in una biblioteca pubblica da quattordici anni ed ero regolarmente iscritta all'albo degli associati AIB della Sezione Veneto. Alla conclusione della tesi il datore di lavoro non è cambiato (per fortuna il lavoro c'è ancora) ma le mansioni sono completamente differenti, presso l'ufficio servizi demografici. In quest'arco di tempo si sono susseguiti una maternità e tre trasferimenti d'ufficio, per un totale di meno di cinque mesi di lavoro in biblioteca in quattro anni. Nel frattempo la gestione del servizio è passata dal personale di una cooperativa ai volontari di un'associazione culturale, peraltro con diversi passaggi di consegne. Nel merito della questione è intervenuta l'AIB Veneto con una comunicazione del 2017 indirizzata all'Amministrazione comunale, ma rimasta pressoché ignorata. Questa premessa viene fatta al solo scopo di testimoniare una situazione di certo non rappresentativa di tutta la realtà bibliotecaria italiana, ma è comunque la fotografia di una perdurante carenza di risorse umane e strutturali più comune di quanto si pensi, significativa soprattutto nelle biblioteche pubbliche dei territori di medie e piccole dimensioni. Il protrarsi della stesura della tesi ha inevitabilmente comportato qualche revisione nel corso del tempo, in particolare dei capitoli dedicati alla trattazione delle politiche comunitarie e legislative che riguardano le biblioteche pubbliche, ma al contempo ha permesso di studiare più a fondo l'applicazione di alcuni principi e pratiche in uso dopo l'avvento del Web 2.0 (il Web sociale) e del relativo modello concettuale di Library 2.0. A distanza di alcuni anni dalla diffusione della filosofia 2.0 alcuni osservatori sono giunti alla conclusione che il passaggio dal Web degli anni Novanta al Web 2.0 degli anni Duemila non sia stato portatore di una vera e propria rivoluzione dal punto tecnologico quanto, piuttosto, sia stato più incisivo in termini di innovazione culturale: al Web 2.0 va il merito di aver rilanciato i temi della condivisione informativa, della crescita dei sistemi partecipativi e, più in generale, di una democratizzazione dell'accesso alla conoscenza e della produzione di contenuti da parte delle persone. Per le biblioteche pubbliche questi temi non sono appannaggio esclusivo del Web 2.0: si pensi infatti al Manifesto IFLA/UNESCO del 1994, dove l'informazione, la conoscenza, l'accesso, l'uguaglianza, sono requisiti che vanno ad affermare il ruolo sociale delle biblioteche per le comunità di riferimento. Le Linee guida IFLA/UNESCO del 2001 consolidano questi principi, sostenendo inoltre il ruolo attivo delle biblioteche pubbliche nell'ambito degli interventi rivolti a 3 ridurre il divario digitale e l'analfabetismo di ritorno. Non solo: viene ribadita l'importanza di essere spazio pubblico, luogo di aggregazione e di incontro, in un certo senso il “salotto della comunità”. I documenti più significativi dell'ultimo ventennio emanati a livello internazionale sulle biblioteche pubbliche, o su temi ad esse pertinenti, mostrano una convergenza d'intenti sull'adozione di programmi e strategie volti ad innalzare il livello del capitale umano. Nella società dell'informazione, per i governi questo innalzamento comporta investimenti a lungo termine nel campo dell'istruzione, della ricerca e dell'innovazione tecnologica; per le persone si traduce con l'acquisizione di competenze lungo tutto l'arco della vita (lifelong learning), dunque ben oltre il percorso scolastico tradizionale. Per le biblioteche significa promozione della lettura, della formazione permanente, dei servizi digitali, utilizzo di nuovi canali comunicativi mediante i social media, creazione di un nuovo patto sociale con la comunità di riferimento, coinvolgimento della stessa nella progettualità delle attività di rete ed incentivandone la collaborazione attiva. In questo contesto di ampissima diffusione del sapere distribuito sulle reti telematiche, i servizi e le risorse digitali sono stati concepiti come strumenti dalle forti potenzialità democratiche, in grado di stimolare un apprendimento diffuso e creativo e di contribuire alla crescita sociale.
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