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The Influence of Multilingualism on the Aggressive Expression of Othering Among Jewish Israelis

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The Influence of Multilingualism on the Aggressive Expression of Othering Among Jewish Israelis The influence of multilingualism on the aggressive expression of othering among Jewish Israelis Master thesis Shalom & Salaam The influence of multilingualism on the aggressive expression of othering among Jewish Israelis Amsterdam 15/08/2016 Tom W. Etienne Student number | 10856005 [email protected] Supervisor | Dr. V. D. Mamadouh University of Amsterdam Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences (FMG) Graduate School of Social Sciences (GSSS) Master thesis submitted to receive the degree Master of Science in Human Geography, track Political Geography Source of cover: Ahmad Al-Bazz/ActiveStills (https://electronicintifada.net/content/month-pictures-august-2012/11640) Tom W. Etienne Political geography master thesis 3 The influence of multilingualism on the aggressive expression of othering among Jewish Israelis Tom W. Etienne Political geography master thesis i The influence of multilingualism on the aggressive expression of othering among Jewish Israelis ABSTRACT Great amounts of academic research have been conducted on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, as well as on the precarious state of the Israeli society itself. Any research, however, that offers insight in even a small portion of what contributes to the conflict, on what it causes or may temper it, seems welcome. From its establishment onward, Israel has known internal tensions, where the differences between language groups supersede linguistic differences greatly. Othering processes (Van Houtum & Van Naerssen, 2002) are widely seen and even politically and judicially pushed, often along religious lines, but often along (highly parallel) linguistic breaking lines. Although Israel is legally defined as a bilingual state, where both Hebrew and Arabic are official languages, they are culturally and spatially segregated, being explicitly linked to the Jewish and Arab population of the region. This research examines in the first place to which extent, and how, different aspects of multilingualism influence the aggressive expression of othering in Israel. It does so based on an extensive quantitative questionnaire among Jewish Israelis, founded on a profound theoretical framework. The theoretical framework is built on the contact hypothesis, as well as on theories on ingroup love and outgroup hate (Brewer, 1999) in combination with Yiftachel’s vantage point on Territory as the kernel of the nation (2002) and the aggressive expression thereof, measured through an adapted scale of the Aggression Questionnaire (A. H. Buss & Perry, 1992). Second, the research investigates the influence of electoral voting behaviour on the manner of this aggressive expression, finding that, although discrimination is very much present among Jewish Israelis towards Palestinian Israelis, a control over territory and security are major triggers for said discrimination. This speaks for the combined theory of Brewer and Yiftachel, showing that outgroup hate is not so much inherent to the outgroup as it is triggered by competition over scarce resources and power. Hypothesised that multilingualism would facilitate contact and thus following the contact hypothesis, this contact would result in lower aggression levels, was found to have complex interrelations. While contact with native speakers of Arabic in itself resulted in lower aggression levels, knowledge of Arabic did not. This revealed the importance of the equality condition of the contact hypothesis. In intergroup contact, equality is a prerequisite for a successful devolution of the contact hypothesis. Tom W. Etienne Political geography master thesis ii The influence of multilingualism on the aggressive expression of othering among Jewish Israelis Tom W. Etienne Political geography master thesis iii The influence of multilingualism on the aggressive expression of othering among Jewish Israelis ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Although it is not surprising that a master thesis that counts more than a hundred pages and countless times more hours and effort does not come about simply by one person’s work, a modest acknowledgements page does not sufficiently express my gratitude to the range of people who have supported me in writing it. Their help has been indispensable, and the thesis that lies in front of you now would not have been what it is without any of them. I would like to thank Virginie Mamadouh, who has not only been an extremely critical but astonishingly qualified force in the past months’ process. Since September 2015, she has taken on my classmates and me and generously provided us with her knowledge and experience. I will be a fortunate graduate if I manage to take this with me and manage to incorporate it in this thesis. Through the Facebook page ExploringGeopolitics, managed by the second reader of this thesis, Leonhardt van Efferink, I have stumbled across a number of interesting reads, opinions and methodological approaches. A third major academic contributor who has come to feel like an academic ably in the process is André Krouwel. His unprecedented enthusiasm and persuasion have more than once helped me (back) on track. He has been so generous in sharing knowledge, data, contacts and anecdotes. Secondly, my family, who has obviously supported me for over 22 years, should once again be reminded of the gratitude they deserve. My mother, Kris, has struggled her way through these pages to prove what she does best: not only point me to sleep-drunken typos and grammatical constructions, but also to inspire and support. My brother Evert and my father Walter made sure social sciences received sufficient mockery, giving me the sense of purpose that I needed. Engineering ain’t all that, you guys. At the same time, though, they are part of my amazing family, and I would be nowhere without any single one of them. Benjamin, my extraordinarily close friend deserves a mention in this paragraph for his undying love and conviction of my qualities, even in times when I doubted them so strongly myself. His understanding for the research fieldwork and all that came with it was unbelievable. Evidently, the very set-up of my thesis required a lot of outside help. I would like to thank my good friends Tala, Nadeem and Dima for their selfless time sacrifices in translating my thesis survey to Arabic in incredible quality. The same goes for Elza, who took on the Hebrew translation of the survey. Elhanan, one of the many yet better friends I have made during my fieldwork was kind enough as to review and translate into Arabic, Hebrew and English, as well as to point to inaccuracies relating to realities on the ground. Elhanan is not the only friend I have made during two months in Jerusalem. Nimrod, from the very beginning, has shown me how he believed in the potential of my research, and I am grateful for his trust in my capabilities. This is not his sole contribution. As the most gifted GIS maniac I know, the maps in this research are to a large extent his to be credited. He provided tons of geodata and shapefiles and came to the rescue when I wished I could kill off the ArcMap character in this story. The difficulties I faced dealing with Stata, SAS and SPSS were greatly alleviated thanks to Eelco, Pieterjan and Andries, who patiently took the time to explain such awful matter to an even more awful statistics stranger. Lastly, I would like to thank the people of Israel and Palestine for their hospitality and eagerness to talk about their perceptions of the conflict, their daily lives and struggles. These include my roommates, Shir, Leah, Samuel, David and Daniel, my Arabic teachers Rawan and Saed, and all the people who took the time to fill in my survey as well as those who spread it among their friends and family. This concerns Orr in particular, who was so busy spreading the survey that he forgot to fill it in himself. I am very grateful! Tom Tom W. Etienne Political geography master thesis iv The influence of multilingualism on the aggressive expression of othering among Jewish Israelis Tom W. Etienne Political geography master thesis v The influence of multilingualism on the aggressive expression of othering among Jewish Israelis TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................. iv Table of contents .................................................................................................................................. vi List of tables and figures .......................................................................................................................... ix Tables .............................................................................................................................................. ix Figures ..............................................................................................................................................x Thematic introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Relevance and aim ...................................................................................................................... 1 Academic relevance ............................................................................................................ 2 Societal relevance ..............................................................................................................
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