Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia Research Article On the Ontology of Superheavy Elements Citation: H. Kragh (2017) On the Ontology of Superheavy Elements. Helge Kragh Substantia 1(2): 7-17. doi: 10.13128/ substantia-25 Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark E-mail:
[email protected] Copyright: © 2017 H. Kragh. This is an open access, peer-reviewed article published by Firenze University Press Abstract. The study of so-called superheavy elements with atomic numbers Z > 102 (http://www.fupress.com/substantia) has for several decades been a major research field in nuclear physics and chemistry. and distribuited under the terms of the Presently all elements up to and including Z = 118 have been discovered and assigned Creative Commons Attribution License, official names by IUPAC. To speak of “discovery” is however unfortunate since the ele- which permits unrestricted use, distri- ments are in reality produced, manufactured or created in the laboratory. They are not bution, and reproduction in any medi- found in nature. Moreover, it is not obvious that they exist in the normal sense of the um, provided the original author and source are credited. term or that they can be called elements at all. Apart from sketching the history of transuranic and superheavy elements, the paper focuses on some of the philosophical Data Availability Statement: All rel- issues which are relevant to the synthesis of very heavy elements at the end of the peri- evant data are within the paper and its odic table. In addition, the relationship between superheavy elements and exotic atoms Supporting Information files.