Red, and blue flags Summer 2011 A profile of activist Dorothy Height Visual perception of the universe “Dark green” religion Color War at summer camps Negro Leagues baseball COLOR

Sustainable living Comics “working blue” Historically black colleges and universities The profitability of “going green” An appreciation of writer John D. MacDonald Navy blue suits for interviews “Green War” over renewable energies

A member of The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi won a game of Jeopardy! — and more than $19,000. About Us Phi Kappa Phi Forum and Its Phi Kappa Phi Forum mission statement Phi Kappa Phi Forum, a multidisciplinary quarterly Relationship with the Society magazine that enlightens, challenges and entertains its diverse readers, serves as a general- interest publication as well as a platform for hi Kappa Phi Forum is the multidisci- The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi. plinary quarterly magazine of PThe Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi. Phi Kappa Phi Forum Each issue of the award-winning journal (Issn 1538-5914) is published quarterly by reaches more than 100,000 active members as The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi, well as government officials, scholars, 7576 Goodwood Blvd., Baton Rouge, La. 70806. Printed at R.R. Donnelley, educators, university administrators, public 1160 N. 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Phi Kappa Phi was A note on content founded in 1897 at the University of Maine The views expressed in this publication and upwards of one million members spanning The first organizational meeting of what came to are not necessarily those of the staff of Phi Kappa Phi Forum, the Society the academic disciplines have been initiated be known as The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi staff, or the Board of Directors of since the Society’s inception. Notable alumni took place in Coburn Hall (above) at the University The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi. include former U.S. President Jimmy Carter, of Maine in Orono, Maine, in 1897. The Phi Kappa Phi former NASA astronaut Wendy Lawrence, name was adopted on June 12, 1900. Although the Submissions The Ohio State University head football coach national headquarters have been located in Baton Address material intended for publication to: Jim Tressel, writer John Grisham, YouTube Rouge, La., since 1978, the vast majority of the Peter Szatmary, Editor Society’s historical documents are still kept at the Phi Kappa Phi Forum co-founder/CEO Chad Hurley and poet Rita The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi Dove. The Society began publishing what’s founding institution. 7576 Goodwood Blvd. now called Phi Kappa Phi Forum in 1915. Baton Rouge, La. 70806 addition to book reviews, poetry and humor. Spring, summer and fall issues Plus, these issues compile member news, Reprint permission The spring, summer and fall issues chapter updates and Society developments, Mail to: (usually mailed late February, late May and along with letters to the editor, the Permissions Department Phi Kappa Phi Forum late August, respectively) feature a variety Phi Kappa Phi bookshelf and general 7576 Goodwood Blvd. of timely, relevant articles from influential announcements of interest to keep readers Baton Rouge, La. 70806 scholars, educators, writers and other abreast of Society programs and activities. Fax to: (225) 388-4900 authorities, oftentimes active Phi Kappa Phi Through words and images, Web links Copying for other than personal or internal reference use without permission of members, who offer variations on an and multimedia components, the magazine Phi Kappa Phi Forum is prohibited. overall theme. intends to appeal to the diverse membership Notables to have contributed pieces of Phi Kappa Phi by providing thoughtful, Phi Kappa Phi Forum staff th include Ronald Reagan, 40 President of the instructive, helpful — and sometimes Editor: Peter Szatmary United States; Myrlie Evers-Williams, civil provocative — material in smart, (800) 804-9880 ext. 42 rights trailblazer; Warren Burger, 15th Chief engaging ways. [email protected] Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court; Molefi Layout: R Studios (freelance) Kete Asante, African-American studies Winter issue Proofreader: Martha Allan (freelance) groundbreaker; Sally Ride, former NASA The winter issue (mailed late November) Editorial consultant: Traci Navarre Director of Marketing and Member Benefits astronaut; Ernest Gaines, fiction writer; and celebrates those who win monetary awards (800) 804-9880 ext. 22 Geoffrey Gilmore, former director of the from Phi Kappa Phi. [email protected] Sundance Film Festival. The Society distributes more than $700,000 Phi Kappa Phi Forum also encourages annually through graduate and undergraduate Change of address movers and shakers to speak for themselves scholarships, member and chapter awards, and To request a change or correction to your through exclusive interviews. Q & As have run grants for local and national literacy initia- mailing address, send your new address along the gamut from public servants such as Lynne tives, and Phi Kappa Phi Forum applauds the with your old address, your name, phone numbers (cell, home, work), email address, Cheney, former chair of the National Endow- recipients in this edition, listing them all and member status and member number. ment for the Humanities, to famous artists such spotlighting a few. (For more information Note: Your member number is the first as playwright August Wilson to literary critics about Phi Kappa Phi monetary awards, go multi-digit number from the left directly such as Stanley Fish. online to www.phikappaphi.org/awards.) above your name on your mailing label. Send to: (For other significant contributors, go As an arm of the Society, Phi Kappa Phi Change of Address online to www.phikappaphi.org/forum.) Forum helps uphold the institution’s mission: The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi The spring, summer and fall issues “To recognize and promote academic 7576 Goodwood Blvd. further contain columns on fields such as excellence in all fields of higher education and Baton Rouge, La. 70806

education and academics, science and to engage the community of scholars in Archive technology, and arts and entertainment in service to others.” ■ Postmaster Send address changes to: The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi www.PhiKappaPhi.org 7576 Goodwood Blvd. Baton Rouge, La. 70806 Contents Summer 2011, Vol. 91, No. 2

This Issue: COLOR Denotations and connotations of color affect the spectrum of existence in manifold ways: across galaxy and biosphere, nations and races, work and leisure, and more. Phi Kappa Phi Focus Coloring the Cosmos By Grace Wolf-Chase 2 President’s Message 4 By William A. Bloodworth, Jr. Extracting data from light in outer space forms a Editor’s Note basis of modern observational astronomy. By Peter Szatmary 3 Letters to the Editor Coming Next Issue Corrections Dorothy Irene Height: A Life Well-Lived 29 Phi Kappa Phi Bookshelf 8 By Lea E. Williams 30 Society Developments The activist for African Americans, women, and the 31 Chapter Update underprivileged died one year ago April. 32 Member Spotlight 33 Member News 34 In Memoriam 12 Gaian Earth Religion Columns and the Modern God of Nature 22 Sports and Exercise By Bron Taylor By Angela Lumpkin The worldwide “green” ecological movement impacts 23 Arts and Entertainment spirituality, ethics, and evolutionism. By (William) Arnold Johnston and Deborah Ann Percy 24 Workplace and Employment By Kimberly Thompson 25 Education and Academics Three Cheers for Red, White and Blue By Timothy L. Hulsey By Jim Bernhard 16 26 Business and Economics Flags of many countries contain only these three By John T. Harding colors. Why? And what do the colors mean? 27 Science and Technology By Mark H. Griep

Features 28 Book Review For Pure Spectacle and Strong Emotion, Race and the University: 19 A Memoir Nothing Beats Color War By George Henderson By Leslie Paris Reviewed by Harold E. Cheatham Many U.S. summer camps end their season on a 35 Poetic Pause venerable high note with a type of Olympics. “Living Canvas” By Autumn James 36 And One More Thing … with Bob Zany

Su m m e r 2011 1 President’s Message

By William A. Bloodworth, Jr. President Barack Obama pointed out that Board of Directors olor. HBCUs “continue to be important engines of society president It’s an interesting economic growth and community service, William A. Bloodworth, Jr., Ph.D. theme for this issue of and they are proven ladders of intergenera- Office of the President C Augusta State University Phi Kappa Phi Forum — and tional advancement for men and women of 2500 Walton Way in broad social terms, it’s a all ethnic, racial, and economic backgrounds, Augusta, Ga. 30904-2200 theme that affects all of us. especially African-Americans.” [email protected] We know that the According to the White House Initiative, society president-ELECT national self-image of color is now much 105 HBCUs serve more than 300,000 Diane G. Smathers, Ed.D. Emeritus College closer to our social reality than it once was. students in 20 states, the District of Columbia, E-304 Martin Hall I work at a university in the American South and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Ninety-one of Clemson University Clemson, S.C. 29634 whose students were once all white. Its these institutions grant baccalaureate degrees. [email protected] ethnic demographics now resemble those of I point to these facts because our honor society past president the surrounding community. Its student society also has an HBCU initiative. At its Robert B. Rogow, C.P.A., Ph.D. government leadership is black. Its fraterni- meeting in October 2010, the Board of Dean, College of Business and Technology Eastern Kentucky University ties, sororities, student clubs — and faculty Directors approved as one of three strategic Business & Technology Center 214 — represent a myriad of colors. initiatives an increase in the number of 521 Lancaster Ave. I don’t have the data to show exactly how Phi Kappa Phi chapters at HBCUs. Richmond, Ky. 40475 [email protected] The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi has Progress on this initiative will be neither followed the same path of color. But my 17 automatic nor easy. Colleges and universities VICE PRESIDENT FOR FINANCE Curtis D. Black, Ph.D. years of greeting initiates into Chapter 166 must petition the Society for approval to Department of Pharmacy Practice tell me that African-American students, in establish a chapter. It’s important that University of Toledo College of Pharmacy 3000 Arlington Ave., MS 1013 particular, have become an increasing source petitioning institutions show the presence of Toledo, Ohio 43614 of new Phi Kappa Phi members at Augusta members of Phi Kappa Phi on their faculties [email protected] State University. and demonstrate academic standards VICE PRESIDENT FOR CHAPTER RELATIONS This is good. appropriate for chapter approval. Timothy L. Hulsey, Ph.D. It’s also good that our honor society has But this initiative, like the one at the Dean, The Honors College Virginia Commonwealth University established chapters at historically black White House, is important. P.O. Box 843010 colleges and universities (HBCUs), starting We can be thankful that segregation by Richmond, Va. 23284-3010 with Jackson State University in 1976. Since color blights only the history of higher [email protected] then, Phi Kappa Phi has approved chapters at education and not its future — and that a VICE PRESIDENT FOR FELLOWSHIPS AND AWARDS Tennessee State University (1994), North multicolored America now marches across William J. McKinney, Ph.D. Kettler Hall 169 Carolina A & T University (2003), and commencement stages even at institutions Indiana University-Purdue University-Fort Wayne University of Maryland Eastern Shore (2010). whose faces were once only white. Still, as 2101 E. Coliseum Blvd. The value of such chapters derives from President Obama’s executive order notes, Fort Wayne, Ind. 46805 [email protected] the value of institutions that once were the HBCUs continue as “proven ladders” for only option for black students in many parts hundreds of thousands of students. VICE PRESIDENT FOR MARKETING AND MEMBER BENEFITS of the U.S. For this reason, in 1980, President Phi Kappa Phi chapters at more of H. Ray Sylvester, Ph.D. Jimmy Carter established a federal program those schools, of course, strengthen and University of the Pacific to support HBCUs. The next year, President support those ladders. Moreover, those Eberhardt School of Business 3601 Pacific Ave. Ronald Reagan expanded the effort by students who reach the top rungs and Stockton, Calif. 95211 establishing the White House Initiative on advance into life both as graduates of [email protected] Historically Black Colleges and Universities, HBCUs and members of an ever more VICE PRESIDENT AT LARGE which has been renewed and supported by colorful Phi Kappa Phi, strengthen and Yaw A. Asamoah, Ph.D. every president thereafter. In February 2010, support our honor society. ■ College of Humanities and Social Sciences Indiana University of Pennsylvania 201 McElhaney Hall 441 North Walk Indiana, Pa. 15705-1018 Editor’s Note [email protected] VICE PRESIDENT AT LARGE Judy A. Highfill By Peter Szatmary she meant race, say, or ecology. “I don’t 821 Craig Dr. ociety President-Elect know,” she replied with a smile. “That’s for Kirkwood, Mo. 63122-5712 Diane G. Smathers you to figure out.” [email protected] suggested the theme What Diane did know: that her epiphany VICE PRESIDENT FOR STUDENTS S Jeffry Harrison of “Color.” Her inspiration stemmed from the ornate carpet of the Kansas Senior business administration major for it makes a great story. City Airport Marriott, the hotel booked for Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville SSC 1280, Box 1160 At the 2010 Phi Kappa the convention. “It’s just so wild,” she said, Edwardsville, Ill. 62026-1160 Phi Convention last August “that ‘color’ popped in my head.” [email protected] in Kansas City, Mo., Diane attended a Diane is right that color affects us, VICE PRESIDENT FOR STUDENTS session I led called “Meet the Editor.” We directly and indirectly. At summer camp, a Rodney Hughes discussed everything from content to design formative experience for me was penning Doctoral student in higher education Pennsylvania State University to production of the magazine, and I solicited lyrics for songs for Color War. In graduate 400 Rackley Building feedback on strengths and challenges, and on school, I took a revelatory course from Maya University Park, Pa. 16802 potential contributors and topics. Angelou, who wrote the foreword to Dorothy [email protected] “I have an idea for you,” Diane said Height’s memoir. And today, “going green” executive director afterwards, approaching the lectern. is more than a buzzword for me. Perry A. Snyder, Ph.D. The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi “Color.” Ooh, I thought, and wondered if Color your life — how? ■ 7576 Goodwood Blvd. Baton Rouge, La. 70806 [email protected]

2 Su m m e r 2011 Letters to the Editor Camping Out Against Bullying

n the outstanding spring experience during a time of physical, at cabin meetings, or in social, and cognitive change, sometimes 2011 edition of Phi Kappa dangerously so. division gatherings to address Extreme reactions of victims to bullying Phi Forum, theme of date at least to 1983 when three adolescents the issue of bullying. committed suicide in Norway following I severe bullying. The Norwegian Ministry “Empathy,” clinical psycholo- of Education responded to national outrage The wounds of bullying at by calling on psychologist Dan Olweus, a gist Karen Waters covered a pioneer in the study of bullying, to produce camp can last a lifetime. a prevention program. In doing so, Olweus broad range of crucial issues provided a well-accepted definition of Indeed, several former bullying: verbal or physical actions that cause physical or psychological harm, are in her excellent article, repeated over time, and occur in a campers now in their 50s, relationship of unequal power. “Teenage Bullies: Might Not Not all victims of bullying commit whom Fried and I interviewed suicide, but most suffer lingering Right.” First among them was consequences such as battling low for our book, Banishing self-esteem, developing psychosomatic problems, or dropping out of school. why some adolescents turn Many carry the emotional or physical Bullying Behavior, said the scars to adulthood. into bullies. Indeed, bullying is a widespread scars still hadn’t healed. One phenomenon in American secondary schools. About one-third of 12- to 18- One dimension not addressed year-olds in 2007 said they were bullied interviewee revealed that during the academic year, the National by Waters is especially relevant Center for Education Statistics (NCES) tears ran down her cheeks found, in its most recent data available.3 this time of year: bullying that Furthermore, bullying or the claim of it is when attempting to write for on the rise: a 2005 NCES study indicated that 28 percent of middle and high school occurs at summer camps. Almost students reported being bullied on campus us about how her parents, whereas in 1999 only 5 percent did.4, 5 In 10 million children attend another study, of nearly 80,000 students, with the best of intentions, 31.5 percent declare involvement in upwards of 7,000 resident camps bullying: as bully (11.4 percent), victim wouldn’t let her come home (12.7 percent), or both (7.4 percent).6 And social networking sites seem to and 5,000 day camps in the U.S. be a growing medium for the bully at age 12 after repeatedly (“cyberbullying”).7 each year, according to the Teenage Bullies: Much of the media attention has being made fun of in the understandably been on the victims, especially those who committed suicide. American Camp Association. Might Not Right But the bullies themselves receive much showers because she had not less coverage. Perhaps it is the bullies And bullying surely has been a whose makeup must be fully understood physically matured as much before the real work of prevention can problem since their inception By Karen Waters volunteered at Ronald McDonald House take place. as most of her peers. She Charities, friends and family wound up Sixteen-year-old Christian Taylor hung gathering “at a church to remember Taylor Are bullies male or female? some 150 years ago. himself in his bedroom on Monday. His and to search for answers in his death.” 1 toughed it out but the damage family claims he was taunted and bullied That the boy, who also liked hard rock Bullies are much more often male than (Editor’s note: For a look at his (York County, Va.) high school in music and playing the guitar, took his own female.8-11 In an extensive study combining was done. the weeks before his suicide. However, young life was awful but, unfortunately, self-, peer-, and teacher-identified bullies, at Color War, a type of the family says he showed no signs of not unusual. A month before, The Christian boys were at least twice as likely as girls to Although we certainly being suicidal. … Science Monitor identified 10 previous teen be bullies or victims and three times as “They (bullies) said he should just go suicides associated with bullying in the last likely to be both, a bully-victim.12 Olympics, held at summer and sit in the corner and cut himself, just year.2 However, the preponderance of male don’t live in a bully-free terrible things no one should say,” says (a) The media has coined the term bullies may reflect definitions of bullying camps, see page 19.) close friend. … “bullycide” to describe the suicides of that overlook analogous behaviors by world, the goal for every “The comment made to my son was why individuals who kill themselves following females. “Direct” bullying (e.g., pushing, Most bullying occurs at don’t you just go and kill yourself?” said bullying. Suicide is an act linked to a hitting, kicking) typically denotes physical summer camp should be to (his stepfather). complex set of variables such as confrontation and applies more to boys. — CBS-6 TV, Richmond, Va. biologically based mental illness, substance “Indirect” bullying (e.g., withdrawing “free time” (unstructured abuse, and environmental factors (like affection, excluding others, spreading create a safe, welcome, hat sad and horrific story occurred in relationship breakups or school troubles). rumors) causes harm through the moments); when campers are June 2010. In trying to process the loss Although bullying alone cannot cause manipulation of a relationship and applies enjoyable, and invigorating 13 on their way to activities; in Fotolia T of the teen, a skateboarder who suicide, it adds to the stress adolescents more to girls. These oblique ways of Spring 2011 7 environment. With its the showers; and after “lights emphasis on growth and out,” while campers are going socialization, camp is an ideal to sleep and counselors are colleague and child advocate SuEllen setting to encourage respect socializing with peers. Also, in this Fried, would be an ideal tool for summer and community. The more this occurs, the digital era, campers get picked on camps. This interactive strategy helps less chance for bullying to rear its ugly, before, during, and after camp in chat children learn about the pain inflicted by scary head. ■ rooms and at other Internet venues via bullying and about how kindness and cyberbullying. empathy help in banishing bullying — Blanche Sosland More and more camps enforce strict behavior. Fried has worked successfully (University of Missouri-Kansas City) anti-bullying policies. And bullying with more than 90,000 students in 36 Professor Emerita of Education, Park University prevention has become an important states using it. We recommend adapting Co-author with SuEllen Fried of Banishing Bullying component of pre-camp staff professional the Student Empowerment Session as a Behavior, second edition to be published in the fall by development. The Student Empowerment Camper Empowerment Session, which Rowman & Littlefield Education Session, developed in 1993 by my can be implemented around the campfire, Email her at [email protected]

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*Letters become the property of this publication and cannot be returned to sender.

Coming Next Issue Correction The theme will be the 10th anniversary of 9/11. Potential topics for the fall 2011 The winter 2010 awards edition misidentified the institution that edition include an analysis of 9/11-related terrorism “old” and “new”; a discussion Lenore Shoults (Arkansas State University) is working with on her about whether there can be public commemoration without politics; an overview of Literacy Grant. She and her chapter collaborate with the Arkansas 9/11 literature; the economic impact of the tragedy; 9/11 and public mourning; and State University Museum on a Family Reading Castle for pre-K personal essays from members who worked at or near Ground Zero. through first-grade children and their families.

Su m m e r 2011 3 Coloring the Cosmos By Grace Wolf-Chase azing up at the heavens on a clear, moonless night, far away from city lights, Jose Francisco Salgado, an astronomer at the you can’t help but notice the splendor of the Milky Way, the band of faint light Adler Planetarium in that stretches across the sky. But you may also be struck by the apparent lack of Chicago, Ill., took this G photo of the center of our color in the myriad stars never seen by the urban viewer. Although it’s possible to galaxy in Cedar Flat, Calif., discern color in bright stars and planets, the dimmer ones appear white. In fact, most of on May 20, 2010. Below these dim stars only appear white due to the way the sensors in the human eye called it stands the Combined Array for Research 1 “rods” (which detect brightness) and “cones” (which detect color) operate. in Millimeter-wave Our views of the cosmos are, inevitably, shaped by what we can observe and perceive, Astronomy instrument of 23 radio telescopes. and are, inexorably, intertwined with the development of instruments that extend what limited human senses — in this case vision — enable us to detect. In this article, we’ll explore how we’ve come to understand the cosmos as more than the rainbow of colors the human eye can see. Through investigating how we “color the cosmos,” we’ll learn how colors translate into information that reveals that we live in a universe quite different from the static and unchanging one envisioned by our ancient ancestors. Adler Planetarium, Chicago, Ill. Chicago, Planetarium, Adler

4 Su m m e r 2011 This image of the center of our galaxy uses blue, green and red colors to represent different wavelengths of infrared light captured by a cutting-edge telescope. Other colors are formed where any of these three colors overlap.

Visible and invisible colors different objects reflect light; the actual such as where a particular element is The astronomer and musician Sir source of the light might be sunlight or present or the coldest objects may be Frederick William Herschel made a some other type of natural or artificial found. These representative colors translate dramatic discovery in 1800 when he set up light. The colors of paint used by an artist, information in invisible light into a picture an experiment to calculate how much heat for example, are largely created by the we can understand, much as text can be passed through different colored filters that way the materials in the paint absorb and translated from one language to another,4 he used to observe sunlight.2 Herschel reflect different colors of light. Only very or symbols might be used to represent directed the sunlight through a glass prism hot objects emit light we can see; how- letters in a cryptogram. to create a spectrum, the rainbow produced ever, all matter emits some type of light. when white light is divided into its Indeed, human beings are very “bright” Visualizing the Milky Way in infrared light component colors: red, orange, yellow, sources of infrared light, and even the All of the stars you can see in the sky green, blue, indigo, and violet. Measuring coldest things in space emit very low — including the closest star, our Sun — are the temperatures of each color produced, he energy (long wavelength) infrared light. part of a very large group (a few hundred noticed that the temperatures increased Reflected light and emitted light both billion stars) we call the Milky Way toward the red, and indeed peaked beyond carry information about the physical and Galaxy. Most of these stars lie in the bright the red, in the region we currently know as dynamical properties of their sources. band occasionally visible in the night sky infrared (or invisible radiation wavelengths, Extracting this information is the central and bearing the same name: the Milky Way. to be discussed below). Herschel’s focus of modern observational astronomy. If you view the Milky Way at a time when experiment marked the first demonstration it can be seen high above the horizon from that there were types of light that human Representing invisible a very dark location, you will notice dark eyes cannot see. colors in astronomy “patches” threading its glowing features. Today, we are familiar with many types All types of light bring us information My most memorable view of the Milky of light and their effects. For example, about the cosmos, but how do we mine this Way is from the Australian Outback, in the ultraviolet light from the Sun causes information from light that human eyes middle of a cold May night, when the sunburn; X-rays enable one to see inside cannot detect? First, we must find a way to constellation Sagittarius was overhead. The objects that are transparent to this type of represent invisible colors. In astronomy, as direction towards the middle of our galaxy, radiation; and radio waves carry signals well as others sciences, we often assign the Galactic Center, can be found in used by various types of communication colors to wavelengths of light that are either Sagittarius, presenting a view of contrasting media. All of these types of light are forms too short (as is the case for ultraviolet light bright “clouds” and prominent dark lanes of electromagnetic radiation, distinguish- and X-rays) or too long (as is the case for apparently devoid of stars. You can see the able from each other by different infrared light and radio waves) for human “bulge” of the Milky Way’s center just wavelengths. For instance, red light has a eyes to see. This is extremely challenging, above the radio telescopes to the right of longer wavelength than blue light, but in part because invisible light spans a much the center of the photograph (opposite shorter than infrared light. Shorter wave- larger range of wavelengths than visible page) taken by my colleague at the Adler length light contains more energy than light, and we have a limited number of Planetarium in Chicago, Ill., astronomer

NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Wisconsin longer wavelength light. Together, the colors from which to choose. Thus, colors Jose Francisco Salgado. Located on Cedar different types of light form the electro- get recycled to represent different types of Flat in California, the radio telescopes in magnetic spectrum. Human eyes can detect light in different types of astronomical this view are known as CARMA (Com- only a very small portion of this spectrum, images. No one image can use colors bined Array for Research in near the wavelength where our Sun’s light effectively to represent light across the Millimeter-wave Astronomy).5 peaks.3 entire electromagnetic spectrum! The dark lanes appear devoid of stars Of course, most of the colors we see Typically, chosen colors highlight until one takes an infrared “photo,” such as around us are produced by the way different features in an astronomical image this remarkable mosaic of the Galactic

Su m m e r 2011 5 Center, created from two large surveys performed by the NASA Spitzer Space Telescope: the Galactic Legacy Infrared Mid-Plane Survey Extraordinaire (GLIMPSE) and the Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer Galactic Plane Survey (MIPSGAL).6, 7 (See page 5.) A mosaic is a composite image assembled from smaller images. The scale of astronomical images and mosaics is typically specified in terms of angular size on the sky. For example, the diameter of the full moon measures about half of a degree, where there are 360 degrees in a circle around the sky. The scale of this infrared image is roughly four full moons in size (two degrees) from top to bottom, and 12 full moons in size (six degrees) from left to right. In the infrared image of the Galactic Center, the colors blue, green, and red represent different infrared “colors” associated with light of decreasing energy. In this case, blue, green, and red signify infrared light with wavelengths of 3.6, 8.0, and 24 microns, respectively. A micron is one millionth of a meter; in contrast, visible light wavelengths, from violet through red, range from about 0.4 to 0.7 microns. The myriad blue specks in this image depict the hottest objects, in this case stars. Notice how many there are! Most of these stars are hidden by veils of dust, which appear as An infrared light image of the view around the M17 nebula, at top, shows more of the region to the human dark lanes in visible light images. The eye than the visible light image at bottom. diffuse green and red areas highlight clouds of gas and dust (nebulae) that thread our The remaining dark patches in the infrared the infrared image comes from cooler galaxy. Much of the gas is comprised of image mark the locations of the coldest, molecular material. Some see a ghostly complex organic molecules known as densest nebulae — regions containing dragon in the dark feature to the right of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Other enough matter for gravity to pull some of brightest nebula in the infrared image. Note colors are formed where blue, green, and the nebular material together to form new how this region is entirely dark in the red overlap, indicating emission from a stars. Indeed, the bright, compact, red visible light image, except for stars in the combination of stars, gas, and dust. Many objects seen in some of these infrared dark foreground of the cold molecular material. of the nebulous regions in this infrared clouds mark the locations of dust cocoons image correspond to the dark patches in warmed by the light of newborn stars The Milky Way Project visible light photographs of the Milky Way, enshrouded in these dark nebulae. The Milky Way Project is part of a suite revealing that the vast regions between the The star-forming region known as M17 of citizen science undertakings, known stars are hardly empty. can also be found in the constellation collectively as the Zooniverse, that invite Although interstellar space is a vacuum Sagittarius. The designation “M17” means interested members of the public to explore by the standards of Earth’s atmosphere, the the 17th entry in the Messier Catalogue of diverse astronomical images11, 12 and help atoms, molecules, and miniscule dust nebulous objects compiled by the French unearth information out of astronomical particles (comparable in size to particles of astronomer Charles Messier in the 18th data. Zooniverse is produced, maintained, smoke on Earth, not to the “dust bunnies” century.8 A black-and-white photograph and and developed by the Citizen Science that collect under your bed) add up over the drawing of this region, as observed through Alliance, a collaboration that includes vast distances between stars that constitute a four-inch telescope, reveal a horseshoe- member institutions of planetariums, what we call the interstellar medium! The shaped nebula.9 In contrast, the “horseshoe” museums and universities in the U.S. and Milky Way Galaxy totals roughly 100,000 is merely the brightest feature seen in these U.K.13 Zooniverse comprises a web light years across, where one light year contemporary infrared and visible light audience of almost 400,000 participants. equals roughly six trillion miles. Dark images, which span a little more than a Ninth in the suite, the Milky Way Project patches are not empty space, but rather cold, degree from top to bottom, and a couple of opened to the public on Dec. 7, 2010. The “dense” nebulae that block light from objects degrees from left to right. motivation for citizen science projects behind and embedded within these nebulae. The infrared image (top of this page) is attempts to lessen the dichotomy between There are far fewer dark patches in an colorized in the same fashion as the infrared the wealth of information present in infrared image of the Milky Way than a image of the Galactic Center, while the contemporary astronomical images and the visible light image for two reasons: bottom image combines blue and red visible relative paucity of human eyes, since only infrared light penetrates many of the dense light from the Digitized Sky Survey,10 taken scientists and their students typically nebulae that block visible light; and many by the UK Schmidt Telescope. Whereas inspect these images. nebulae too cold to emit visible light can most of the diffuse red color in the bottom In its first iteration, the Milky Way be detected in infrared light (just as a image comes from hot atomic hydrogen gas Project features images created from the person in a pitch black environment can be that emits light in the red part of the GLIMPSE and MIPSGAL surveys that use detected with a thermal infrared camera). spectrum, most of the green nebulosity in the same three-color scheme as seen in the NASA/JPL-Caltech/M. Povich (Penn State Univ.) Univ.) State (Penn Povich NASA/JPL-Caltech/M.

6 Su m m e r 2011 The more detailed our observations become, the more essential it becomes to find creative new ways to use color (and other visualization tools) to extend our limited, albeit vital, human senses. This endeavor calls for a symbiosis between science and art. Every three years, the Inspiration of Astronomical Phenom- ena conference explores the ways in which astronomical phenomena affect humanity and human culture.18 These conferences provide a venue for collaboration between representatives from humanities, social and physical sciences communities. Such collaborations can be strengthened through citizen science, where people with diverse talents and backgrounds participate in the process and progress of science. It has been suggested that many of the wonders of modern technology have been inspired by science fiction such asStar The principal investigator of the NASA Spitzer Space Telescope GLIMPSE (Galactic Legacy Infrared Mid- Trek.19 As my own scientific career was Plane Survey Extraordinaire) program, Ed Churchwell, inspects features on the Galaxy Wall exhibit at the inspired in this fashion (and I confess to Adler Planetarium in December 2009. being one of many children who, along with many adults, wrote letters in 1968 to previous infrared images; however, the full seen. In astronomy, this is what we mean keep the original Star Trek television survey of images includes 60 degrees to by spatial resolution. In contrast, spectral program on the air for a third season upon either side of the Galactic Center, or resolution refers to the fine details that may threat of cancellation), I, for one, believe one-third of the way around the Milky be discerned in the colors of a spectrum. that the most creative new ideas for Way (a mosaic using over 800,000 When observations are available over a coloring the cosmos will be conceived individual images). A full-resolution poster range of different spatial and spectral through a marriage of “right brain” and of the combined images is featured at the resolutions, it is often possible to deter- “left brain” thinkers. ■ Adler Planetarium. mine both physical and dynamical If you look closely at the infrared characteristics of astronomical objects, Grace Wolf-Chase is an images of the Galactic Center and M17, such as what types of stars produce astronomer at the Adler you will notice many circular or arc-shaped bubbles, how far away the stars and Planetarium, in Chicago, features. Often, but not always, circles are bubbles are, and how bubbles sweep up Ill., and a senior research distinguished by red interiors and bright surrounding interstellar material. In some associate in the Department green rims. These features provide a focus cases, new star formation is triggered as of Astronomy and of study for the Milky Way Project and link bubbles sweep up and compress interstellar Astrophysics at University of to ways in which stars sculpt their environ- material. (Think of a snowplow that pushes Chicago. She specializes in the ments. Infrared astronomy has enabled snow into a compact ridge in front of the earliest stages of star formation and, using radio breakthrough discoveries that enhance our plow.) You can find examples of this by and infrared astronomy, has made important understanding of how stars affect their searching for smaller bubbles on the rims contributions to understanding the scope and environments and vice versa. Most of those of larger ones. effects of outflows generated by forming stars. In circles are thought to be spheres viewed in addition to pursuing research, publishing papers, two dimensions. They are bubbles gener- New nexus of science and art and presenting at conferences, Wolf-Chase ally produced as winds and radiation When our ancestors gazed up at the helps create exhibits and sky show productions, emanating from young, luminous stars tranquil night sky, they envisioned the develops educational programs, and mentors sweep up surrounding interstellar matter.14 heavens as static and unchanging. Today, student and postdoctoral research projects. In contrast, the remnants of stars that have technology has colored our views of the She also is part of a Web-based “citizen science” exploded as supernovae generally appear cosmos in ways our predecessors could initiative, the Milky Way Project, that mobilizes as diffuse red circles without rims. The not have imagined and has revealed that the public to participate in classifying features colors and shapes of these bubbles provide Earth and its inhabitants are part of an in large multi-wavelength images of our galaxy. information on their temperature and ever-changing universe. The representa- Wolf-Chase earned a bachelor’s degree in physics composition. The Milky Way Project tive color images we’ve examined here from Cornell University; a Ph.D. in astronomy invites citizen scientists to help classify along the plane of our Milky Way Galaxy from University of Arizona; a National Research bubbles and other features in the survey bring us much information about the way Council postdoctoral fellowship to study at the images for further study by scientists, stars in our galaxy are born, shine for NASA Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, including yours truly, a member of the millions or billions of years, and die. But Calif.; and a University of California President’s Craig Stillwell, Adler Planetarium, Chicago, Ill. science team. this is still only a small part of the picture Postdoctoral Fellowship at University of California, Follow-up studies will include high- that has emerged in the last few decades. Riverside. She is represented by Ovation resolution spectroscopy as well as imaging Different types of images revealed Agency, Inc.: Speakers on Issues That Matter. features at other wavelengths. A spectro- countless other galaxies, enabling us to Go online to www.adlerplanetarium.org scope is a device that creates a spectrum peer back in time to the very origin of these or ovationagency.com. Or email her at by splitting light into its component galaxies, and to the origin of the universe [email protected]. wavelengths. Generally, when we talk itself.15, 16 Other types of observations about the resolution of an image, we refer enabled the discovery of hundreds of For footnotes, go online to to the amount of fine detail that may be planets orbiting stars other than our Sun.17 www.phikappaphi.org/forum/summer2011.

Su m m e r 2011 7 President Barack Obama, first lady Michelle Obama, Vice President Joe Biden, and former Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi (near right corner) attend the funeral for Dorothy Height at Washington National Cathedral in Washington, D.C., on April 29, 2010.

Dorothy Irene Height A Life Well-Lived By Lea E. Williams see the drive for civil rights and women’s pril 29, 2010, was a typical spring rights not as a separate struggle, but as part day in Washington, D.C., but not of a larger movement to secure the rights of Afor the diverse crowd of mourners all humanity, regardless of gender, regard- at Washington National Cathedral. Prom- less of race, regardless of ethnicity” — that inent and everyday people packed the site hers was “a life lived righteously; a life that to celebrate the life of Dorothy Irene lifted other lives; a life that changed this Height, who had died nine days earlier at country for the better over the course of age 98. They came to memorialize Height nearly one century here on Earth.”3 and her devotion to causes of consequence Testimonials stitched the threads of for African Americans, women, and humane service woven throughout the rich especially the underprivileged. By tapestry of Height’s long life. The plethora presidential proclamation, U.S. flags flew of awards she had received were alluded to, at half-staff. including the Spingarn Medal (1993), given Tributes extolled Height’s ability to annually by the National Association for the galvanize individuals and build coalitions Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) for worthy purposes.1 Camille O. Cosby, for “distinguished merit and achievement Height participates in the debut of co-founder and president of the National among American Negroes”;4 the Presiden- Freedom Sisters, an exhibit featuring 20 Visionary Leadership Project, lauded Height tial Medal of Freedom (1994), America’s African-American women, including Height, for searching for common ground when highest civilian honor; the Congressional who have fought for civil rights for people of “fighting against our nation’s evil isms: Gold Medal (2004), the “highest expression color, in March 2008 at the Cincinnati Museum racism, sexism, classism and ageism.”2 In of national appreciation for distinguished Center. The photo on the background panel his eloquent eulogy, President Barack achievements and contributions;”5 and 36 displays a younger Height. Obama praised Height’s efforts “to make us honorary doctorates from universities Cincinnati Museum Center; top: official White House photo by Pete Souza by House photo White official top: Museum Center; Cincinnati

8 Su m m e r 2011 ranging from Howard to Harvard. hardship — without fear. Even above the integrated school system had prompted the At her death, Height left a world much Mason-Dixon Line public outspokenness family’s move to Rankin. changed from the one into which she was was ill-advised; the threat of reprisals Although Height excelled at academics, born on March 24, 1912, in Richmond, Va. lurked. It was in discussions around the when she graduated from high school at Her times mandated what she called deep dining room table that Height heard her the start of the Great Depression, her purpose.6 Nearing her 98th birthday, Height’s father and his acquaintances converse about family lacked the money to send her to answer to a reporter summed up the intensity current events. She digested a rich diet of college. Never one to be defeated by of her focus. When asked, “What is your social activism that had at its core a obstacles, Height sought ways to finance greatest accomplishment?”7 she responded: fundamental belief in taking personal her own education. Her command at “My greatest accomplishment is that I responsibility for one’s life and for the public speaking helped her win a national started on a journey, and I’m still on it. We’ll betterment of one’s community. oratorical contest sponsored by the see where I end up.” Height also observed the activism of her Independent Benevolent and Protective How did that journey begin? What did it mother, who was a member of the Pennsyl- Order of Elks of the World. The coveted entail? Where, in fact, did she end up? vania Federation of Colored Women’s first prize was a four-year college scholar- Clubs. Organizations like these began ship. She spoke about the Thirteenth, Parental influences forming in the late 19th century to counter Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to Like most of us, Height’s childhood negative stereotypes, decry lynching and the Constitution, known as the Recon- home life defined her values. Her educated Jim Crow laws, combat the woeful neglect struction Amendments, because they and hardworking parents, James and Fannie of black women’s health and well-being, respectively emancipated Negroes, granted Burroughs Height (both twice widowed and and support black women’s suffrage. them citizenship rights, and guaranteed with children from their previous mar- Daughter accompanied mother, somewhat their voting rights. riages), were middle-class Initially, Height had dreamed blacks, he a building and of becoming a psychiatrist, but painting contractor and she a medical school was out of the nurse. When they moved to question even with the Elks Rankin, Pa., a town outside scholarship; so she made a Pittsburgh, when Dorothy pragmatic decision to pursue a was four, Fannie Height had shorter course of study in to work as a domestic psychology and social work and because hospitals wouldn’t sought to enroll in Barnard hire a Negro even though College, a women’s college in they admitted black patients, New York City. But though something young Dorothy accepted, she was denied would never forget. admission because Barnard had As she stated in the already filled its yearly quota of dedication of Open Wide the two Negro students per class. Freedom Gate: A Memoir Showing the tenacity and (2003), her mother had great perseverance that were expectations8 and encouraged hallmarks of her approach to her daughter’s obvious talents Height, center, references a sign in front of the Mary McLeod Bethune Council challenges, she immediately and budding interests in House National Historic Site in Washington, D.C. The historic site was the first sought to enroll at New York whatever struck her fancy: headquarters of the National Council of Negro Women (NCNW), an organization University (NYU) and was music, sports, and especially Bethune founded in 1935. NCNW purchased the building in 1943. Bethune was welcomed because of her stellar public speaking. The child Height’s mentor, and Height served as the head of the NCNW for more than four record. Intellectually smart but participated in church- decades. Robert G. Stanton, civil rights leader and director of the National Park financially strapped, Height sponsored groups such as the Service from 1997 to 2001, is wearing the National Park Service uniform. finished her undergraduate Junior Missionary Society degree in psychology and social and the Rankin Christian Center and in reluctantly, to many state and national work in three years and used the final year community organizations like the Girl meetings, which were often held on of the Elks scholarship toward earning a Reserves of the YWCA. holiday weekends when the youth would master’s degree in educational psychology. A staunchly religious, politically have preferred to be at home playing with concerned, and community-minded home friends. But this activist circle made clear Character-forming tribulations life deeply etched the silhouette of Height’s to the maturing Height the power of social Through the mid-20th century, racial and personality. Attendance at Emmanuel uplift and early on initiated her into the gender discrimination were part and parcel Baptist Church was a weekly ritual for the sisterhood of civic engagement and of what was then called Negro life. Height family. In fact, her father was the Sunday charitable service. experienced both, but growing up, the school superintendent and her mother an discrimination was more often based on race active member of the Church Missionary Determined student than gender. (She’d battle sexism more as an Society. A spiritual grounding set Height’s Height came of age when African adult.) A few examples make the point. moral compass. Later in life she would turn Americans (plus others) were committed to When her high school principal and a to her faith as a source of strength and ending deeply rooted racial discrimination teacher graciously agreed to drive Height to guidance in difficult situations. and tearing down barriers to the liberties Harrisburg, Pa., for the state finals of the A home that welcomed newly relocated guaranteed to Americans in the Constitu- Western Pennsylvania High School black migrants from the South further tion but denied to blacks, often by Impromptu Speech Contest, a hotel refused shaped Height’s social consciousness. In discriminatory laws. She also was nurtured to honor their reservations because of the privacy of home, friends could talk by parents who preached the gospel of Height’s race. Resourceful and determined, candidly about politics and other hot-button education and sacrificed to ensure the best she suggested picking up food from a NPS photo issues that vexed the Negro community possible schooling for their children. In delicatessen and offered to dress in the — such as racial injustice and economic part, the prospect of a higher quality, ladies room at the hall where the contest Cincinnati Museum Center; top: official White House photo by Pete Souza by House photo White official top: Museum Center; Cincinnati

Su m m e r 2011 9 was being held. Maneuvering around those activist Eleanor Roosevelt, wife of York City seeking jobs during the 1939 roadblocks was triumph enough, but Height President Franklin D. Roosevelt, into a World’s Fair. And she testified against — the only black contestant and the only NCNW meeting at the YWCA. Impressed what blacks knew to be the Bronx slave black at the event save for a janitor with how Height handled the assignment, market that exploited Negro women who watching from the back of the room — went Bethune “invited Height to join NCNW in worked as domestics. on to win to thunderous applause from the her quest for women’s rights to full and Height worked at the YWCA from 1933 all-white audience. The elated party of three equal employment, pay and education,” to ’77 and volunteered at the NCNW for drove back to Rankin that evening. according to the NCNW website. years. She rose often and quickly at the Securing the four-year Elks scholarship Bethune became a mentor to Height. YWCA, and was on its board more than 30 a year or so later had not been easy, either. (Eleanor Roosevelt also shaped Height to years. In 1957 Height was elected the After winning the local and state oratorical a degree, selecting her in 1938 as one of fourth president of NCNW, serving in that contests, Height moved on to a tri-state 10 American youth to spend a weekend at role for more than four decades, until ’98. competition. Yet at that contest a young her historic home in Hyde Park, N.Y., to This is where she made her biggest impact. white man came forward work on a World Youth For instance, in 1964, after the passage of declaring that he was the Conference to be held at the Civil Rights Act, she co-organized with Pennsylvania winner, not nearby Vassar College in Polly Cowan, a white member of the Height. As flummoxed Poughkeepsie.) Bethune’s NCNW board, interracial and interdenomi- judges huddled to decide drawing Height into her national teams of women into what to do, Height stepped powerful inner circle set the “Wednesdays in Mississippi.” This away to telephone the Elks’ young woman on a course partnership with several liberal social commissioner of education of civic engagement that, action and religiously affiliated women’s in Washington, D.C. He sent like Bethune’s, had as groups in the North assisted “freedom back a message of rebuke on cornerstones the fight for schools” for blacks and voter registration her behalf that resulted in black civil rights and drives in the South. Every Wednesday the judges allowing both women’s rights. during Freedom Summer of 1964, a cadre contestants to speak, and Bethune’s belief in of black and white women traveled to the Height walked away with interracial cooperation and heart of the segregated South, as Height first place and later won the her task-oriented work ethic wrote in her memoir, “to quell violence, scholarship at the national shaped Height’s style of ease tensions, and inspire tolerance in competition. leadership. Bethune was racially torn communities.”9 Southern And at NYU when she Height’s book, published in known as “the first lady of women of goodwill, both black and white, and other black students were 2003, garnered much attention. the struggle” for women’s responded positively, and the project ostracized from the whites- rights and racial equality. continued the next summer. only sororities and social Following in her footsteps, Also, in 1970, the NCNW, under clubs, they responded by forming the Height fought against poverty in the rural, Height’s leadership, opened the Women’s Ramses Club, a place for them to gather segregated South, advocated for women’s Center for Education and Career Advance- and share in intellectual pursuits. (Height equality, and combated discrimination ment in the Wall Street area of New York would later serve as president of Delta based on race. City, offering classes for entry-level clerical Sigma Theta, a national sorority of Examples abound of Height’s workers seeking to improve their skills. predominately black, college-educated attempts to understand and meet the Plus, she drew attention to positive black women, from 1947 to ’56.) social, economic and political needs of family values through NCNW’s Black women and provide them with appropri- Family Reunion Celebration held in Lifelong servant-leader ate services. In the late 1930s at the Washington, D.C. The annual event, which In November 1937, educator and Harlem and Phyllis Wheatley branches observed its 25th anniversary in 2010, activist Mary McLeod Bethune, founder of of the YWCA, she advocated for the attracts up to 250,000 people, according to the National Council of Negro Women women residents and for vulnerable the NCNW website. (NCNW) two years earlier, took notice of women living in other quarters who Height, then 25 and assistant executive could not afford the nominal YWCA Shrewd principles director of the Harlem YWCA, a position residence fee. Height also converted the Like other black women activists in the she took after graduate school. This Harlem YWCA clubroom into an civil rights movement, Height was not proved a turning point for Height. She was emergency dormitory to accommodate asked to speak at important public events, to escort then-first lady and humanitarian young women who had flocked to New even when NCNW president. Most Inset: PublicAffairs Books; top photos: NPS photos top photos: Books; Inset: PublicAffairs

10 Su m m e r 2011 From left to right: Height, fourth from the left, leads attendees in the traditional singing at the wreath-laying ceremony during the Mary McLeod Bethune Birthday Celebration on July 10, 1992, at the Mary McLeod Bethune Memorial in Lincoln Park, Washington, D.C. The memorial depicts Bethune passing on her legacy to an African-American boy and girl. Created by the NCNW under Height, fully funded through donations, and dedicated on July 10, 1974, it was the first memorial to an African American or a woman on federal land in the nation’s capital. Height, in blue, and presidential candidate Bill Clinton, behind her, listen to Rev. Jesse Jackson speak at the NCNW’s annual Black Family Reunion Celebration on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., in September 1992. Height, holding the microphone, speaks in March 2008 at the Cincinnati Museum Center at the opening of Freedom Sisters. Also part of the event, from left to right: activist Myrlie Evers-Williams, poet Sonia Sanchez and journalist Charlayne Hunter-Gault.

noticeably, at the 1963 March on Washing- children. The message of the march aligned unheralded men and women who don’t ton, Height was seated on the dais, but did with Height’s belief that political advocacy always make it into the history books but not address the gathering. Center stage for social justice begins with the aggrieved who steadily insisted on their dignity, on was reserved for and dominated by male group speaking out for itself, a lesson their manhood and womanhood. She wasn’t leaders of major civil rights organizations, learned from her parents and from Bethune. interested in credit. What she cared about such as Martin Luther King, Jr., of the Cowan told Height afterward that she was was the cause. The cause of justice. The Southern Christian Leadership Confer- right to speak. And the NCNW bought the cause of equality. The cause of opportunity. ence, who delivered his “I Have a Dream” building it had been eyeing for less than Freedom’s cause.” speech at the landmark assemblage; A. half of the $20 million list price. Height, he said, “was a drum major for Philip Randolph, founder and president of justice. A drum major for equality. A the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, Abiding lessons drum major for freedom. A drum major the first black labor union; Roy Wilkins, Height’s journey teaches us much for service.” ■ NAACP executive secretary; and Whitney about civic leadership. Guided by an M. Young, Jr., executive director of the enduring faith, mentored by heroic Lea E. Williams (North National Urban League. Ironically, women women, and exposed to a diverse circle of Carolina Agricultural & leaders often understood male chauvinism thoughtful individuals, Height sought to Technical State University), and viewed it through the lens of the live purposefully and compassionately. Associate Vice Chancellor for emasculation black males had suffered She was committed to people often Academic Affairs/Institutional since slavery. lacking political clout and financial Planning, Assessment and Notwithstanding this, Height strategi- resources to support causes and effect Research at North Carolina cally circumvented gender ostracism by change, especially since elected officials Agricultural & Technical State building networks through women’s tended not to have these issues on their University, has pursued African American and organizations like the YWCA and NCNW, radar or woefully neglected them. women’s studies from numerous vantage points. and she came to know U.S. presidents, Sometimes from behind the proscenium She worked at the United Negro College Fund business leaders, entertainment icons, and arch, women’s organizations like those for 11 years early in her career, concluding as other power brokers. No wonder Cosby that Height threw her support behind vice president of educational services, and was remarked at Height’s funeral that “her clear served as incubators for programs for the founding executive director of the National determination and strong positive self- underserved. Her fertile mind and keen African-American Women’s Leadership Institute, perception did not allow several men, who intellect confronted goals that may have Inc. As an independent scholar, she is author acted out egregious sexist behaviors, to appeared beyond reach; yet “Queen Esther of Servants of the People: The 1960s Legacy of push her to the background.”10 to this Moses Generation,” as President African American Leadership, whose second Inversely, Height was invited to speak Obama said in his eulogy,11 pushed herself edition Palgrave Macmillan published in 2009, at the Million Man March on Washington and others to achieve them. plus more than two dozen articles on education, in 1995 — led by Louis Farrakhan, the These are a few of the leadership lessons often minority-themed. Williams has won the Nation of Islam head whose anti-Semitic to be learned from Height: Paducah (Ky.) Black Historian Achievement statements had caused alarm among Jewish Award in Education and the Hilda A. Davis Award leaders and others abhorring racist rants. • Discern one’s purpose in life and for Educational Leadership from the National Jewish supporters of the NCNW, among pursue it with passion. Association for Women in Education. Relevant them Cowan, counseled Height against • Mentor capable, smart young people to community service includes serving on the speaking at the event. And the march was build future generations of leaders. boards of the Greensboro Historical Museum to take place when the NCNW was trying • Cultivate diverse coalitions and and the Community Foundation of Greater to raise funds to purchase new headquar- wide-ranging networks to develop Greensboro. She earned degrees from Kentucky ters at 633 Pennsylvania Avenue in spheres of influence. State University (B.A. in elementary education), Washington, D.C., and to negotiate a fair • Bridge racial, gender and political University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (M.S. in price for the building. Any adverse divides. curriculum and instruction), and Columbia publicity could have easily sabotaged the University (M.A. in educational systems and Ed.D. delicate discussions. Height, who never married, “went about in higher and adult education). Go online to Cincinnati Center Museum Nevertheless, Height spoke at the rally her work quietly, without fanfare, without www.leaewilliams.com or email her at because she supported its aims to draw self-promotion,” Obama reminded the [email protected]. black men into solidarity against what was audience at the memorial service for her.12 destroying black communities and, “She understood that the movement For footnotes, go online to consequently, damaging black women and gathered strength from the bottom up, those www.phikappaphi.org/forum/summer2011.

Su m m e r 2011 11 Gaian Earth Religion and the Modern God of Nature By Bron Taylor

Arnel Reynon photo Illustration, stock.xchng 12 Su m m e r 2011 rofound changes are under way in that these activists generally perceived Dark green religion religion and ethics. Scientific nature as sacred and imbued with intrinsic Dark green religion (which some call Punderstanding regarding the evolution value (namely, value regardless of whether dark green spirituality) involves percep- of the universe and the biosphere is humans found a species or ecosystem tions that nature is sacred and has intrinsic competing with and in some cases sup- useful to them) and that these movements value; beliefs that everything is intercon- planting ancient worldviews based on were significantly influencing environmen- nected and mutually dependent; and deep beliefs in invisible divine beings. Evolu- tal politics and growing globally. feelings of belonging to nature. Dark green tionary theory even offers plausible From there I branched out and looked at religion is usually rooted in, or at least explanations for traditional religious environmental movements around the coheres with, an evolutionary understand- beliefs; typical among these are that: (1) world, such as Kenya’s Green Belt “tree ing that all life shares a common ancestor, survival favors precautionary alertness to planting” Movement (which eventually led and it generally leads to kinship ethics predatory agents in nature and does not to its founder, Wangari Maathai, winning because all life is, therefore, literally penalize the perception of danger when it the Nobel Peace Prize), indigenous peoples related. Participants in dark green religion does not exist, eventually leading to the in the Amazon resisting deforestation, and feel ethical responsibilities to, and empathy perception of (divine) beings who are not, peasant fishers fighting to protect their for, all living things, and this is often linked in fact, visible; (2) religion is a group marine ecosystems and livelihoods from to an understanding that like us, all other adaptation that promotes solidarity and huge, corporate owned, fishing fleets. life forms evolved through what Darwin cooperation, and, thereby, survival.1 Through this research, I discovered and aptly called the struggle for existence. Such Naturalistic understandings of the published articles and books documenting perceptions generally lead people to see cosmos, biosphere, and earlier forms of interesting continuities within a broad and more continuities than differences between religious belief do not, however, defeat the increasingly global environmental milieu, their own species and other ones, and this human quest for a meaningful and moral where diverse individuals and groups in turn tends to evoke humility about one’s existence. For many, they provide both encounter and influence one another as they place in the grand scheme of things. ethical guidance and spiritual meaning. struggle to understand and respond to an In Dark Green Religion I explore two Indeed, as I argue in my book Dark Green increasingly alarming and obvious global main forms of dark green spirituality, Religion: Nature Spirituality and the environmental crisis. animistic and Gaian, both of which can Planetary Future (University of California Participants in this milieu include have two main types: conventionally Press, 2010), nature-based spiritualities are environmentalists and scientists, politicians religious forms that posit the concept of becoming an increasingly important global and diplomats, artists, writers, and film- nonmaterial divine beings, and naturalis- social force. Since some will consider this a makers, business people, professors, and tic forms that privilege scientific controversial thesis, for in many regions museum curators, as well as mountaineers, understandings and include no such religious fundamentalism and conventional surfers (aquatic, not cyber), gardeners, and otherworldly beliefs. religions appear to be strong, let me briefly many others. Among these far-flung Spiritual Animism involves perceptions explain my path to this perspective. individuals and groups I continued to see, that there are divine intelligences in nature. For more than two decades I have despite significant differences, sufficient The most obvious examples are from certain studied environmental mobilization around continuities to group them under the label aboriginal peoples, whose religious beliefs the world, focusing on the perceptual, “dark green religion.” And not only do they and practices can be oriented to creating affective, ethical, and religious variables share an affinity for dark green religion, proper relationships with such intelligences, contributing to it. My earliest case studies they also effectively promote it within their whether to avoid danger or receive blessings, explored radical environmental movements own spheres of influence. There is even or otherwise to maintain harmony with the birthed in North America, such as Green- tantalizing evidence that such spiritualities natural world they depend upon. But such peace and Earth First!, both of which might “go viral,” which in contemporary perception is not limited deployed civil disobedience, with Earth parlance means spreading so rapidly to them; such beliefs First! even engaging in sabotage, in order that they could become a social and practices are to halt practices considered environmen- contagion, leading to a a common tally destructive. During this research, I fundamental shift in drew on my own ethnographic fieldwork as human perception well as on historical research and learned and behavior.

Su m m e r 2011 13 aspect of folk religions around the world and varieties of ‘life’ that live and breathe had inspired his activism and education. an explicit aspect of some forms of contem- on it. SANYO sees the earth as a single Because he had grown up in a heavily porary Paganism. Naturalistic Animism, in living organism, where all life and urbanized and polluted environment, he contrast, draws more on the personal nature co-exist interdependently, and is added, he never would have found his experiences that some humans have with striving to create the products needed to environmentalist path without the show. animals as well as on scientific explorations help us live in harmony with the planet. Environmentalist and media mogul Ted of animal consciousness and behavior. Turner, who founded Cable News Network, Naturalistic animists (such as evolutionist This was a clear expression of Organi- among other stations, created Captain Planet. Charles Darwin and primatologist Jane cism. SANYO even proclaimed that Produced between 1990 and ’96, the Goodall) perceive that trans-species humankind must learn to “symbiotically program seemed to draw from Lovelock’s communication, if not communion, is co-evolve with all life,” pursing environ- Gaia hypothesis, as explained in the “series possible, or at least aver that we can develop mentally sustainable solutions to ensure mythology” on the program’s website: empathic relationships with animals by “positive co-existence with Gaia.” studying their behavior and consciousness. SANYO drew on the “Gaia hypothesis,” Gaia, the spirit of Earth, awakens from The Gaian forms include Pantheistic and a controversial but increasingly well- a century-long sleep to the pillaging of Panentheistic spiritualities, which under- regarded scientific theory about the the planet by a largely oblivious stand nature to be divine in some way. biosphere’s environmental systems humanity. Fearing for the future, she (With Pantheism, the world or universe is articulated in the early 1970s by the sends magic rings to five youngsters conceived of as divine but there is no atmospheric scientist James Lovelock.2 from around the globe. … As the personal, superordinate intelligence Lovelock contended that the biosphere youngsters place the rings on their involved, as there is in Panentheism.) They should be understood as a self-regulating fingers, they are magically transported also, generally, embrace organicist organism that maintains the conditions to Gaia’s home, Hope Island, an understandings of the biosphere. (Organi- necessary for the planet’s diverse species. uncharted, unpolluted tropical isle far cism historically refers to notions that the SANYO’s website reference in the ad was from civilization. There, Gaia teaches universe and biosphere function in ways hyperlinked to an explanation that Lovelock them the secrets of nature. As they learn that resemble the interrelated functions in named this living organism, the Earth, after of their personal power, each identifies an organism’s body.) Naturalistic Gaian the Earth goddess in Greek mythology. To with one of the four ancient elements: worldviews do not involve beliefs that the be clear, Lovelock’s writings maintain that Earth, Fire, Water, Wind and a very world or universe is divine, so some would he chose the word Gaia as an evocative special new power, Heart, which say they are religion-resembling, quasi- metaphor for the biosphere’s self-regulating symbolizes the compassion needed to religious, or even secular. systems, not as an expression of pantheistic save the Earth. Through the magic faith, or of any other conventionally rings, the Planeteers learn to direct their Gaia as modern nature god religious belief in divine beings or forces. powers in their mission to save Earth. Although I cannot repeat the evidence SANYO’s Gaia website sounded as … When the Planeteers join their provided in my book, or at my website, though it were making the very argument I powers together, beams shoot from their brontaylor.com, which supplies additional was then working up in my book manu- rings … and … a new hero literally evidence including in music, art, and movies, script: “‘Gaia’ is a word rapidly taking hold bursts from the earth … Captain Planet! I will provide a few exemplary stories. in the 21st century, which describes the The environmental superhero … In April 2008, I attended a conference on world as a single living organism, where all demonstrates that the whole is, indeed, global environmental governance at life and nature co-exist interdependently.” greater than the sum of its parts. University of Frieburg, Germany, in a town Shortly after this came a firm commitment, in the Black Forest known worldwide for its “from now on, SANYO will view the Earth In each episode Gaia’s allies overcome avid support of what today we might call as an interdependent organic body and refer environmental threats and solve environ- the sustainability revolution. While enjoying to it as Gaia.” This, it seemed to me, was an mental problems. The message also is that a walkabout I noticed the April 28, 2008, exceptionally clear confession of Gaian the beneficent goddess of the Earth needs Time magazine cover entitled, in both Earth religion. those who belong to her to unite to protect English and German editions, “How to Win But it was far from the only one I have life from villains with names like Looten the War on Global Warming.” On the inside found. A few years ago, in a presentation Plunder and Verminous Skumm. front cover was an advertise- about the globalization of The most powerful recent example of ment by a Japanese electronics For more on “going green,” nature spirituality at Hamilton dark green spirituality is the 2009 film company, proclaiming: see pages 25, 26, and 27. College in Upstate New York, I Avatar, the highest-grossing movie of all focused on how Gaian time. Writer/director James Cameron sets SANYO is at the forefront spirituality was expressed and this environmentalist epic in a distant galaxy of making clean energy an everyday promoted through some TV and film: the on the terrible (given its predatory creatures) reality. Rare is the corporation that work of the marine explorer Jacques-Yves but beautiful and awe-inspiring moon devotes its resources to making the Cousteau in his Undersea World of Jacques Pandora, where invading humans seeking world — and the future — a better Cousteau television series during the 1960s resources they have depleted on Earth come place. But, with its Think Gaia corpo- and ’70s; David Attenborough’s nature in conflict with Na’vi, the blue colored, rate philosophy, SANYO leads the way documentaries, including the landmark Life human-resembling, indigenous inhabitants.3 with a unique vision for dealing with on Earth (1979), The Living Planet (1984), The Gaia-like metaphor for the sacred, energy and environmental issues. and The Trials of Life (1990); Walt Disney interconnected, bio-neurological system on productions such as True-Life Adventures Pandora is the goddess Eywa, at least The ad then referenced a “think Gaia” (1948), and Bambi (1942), The Jungle Book according to the Na’vi, whose spirituality website (since discontinued) with links to a (1967), and The Lion King (1994). After has both animistic and Gaian dimensions in more detailed text, translated into dozens of my presentation, a young environmental a way that resemble indigenous groups on languages. The ad provocatively continued: studies major from Queens, N.Y., told me planet Earth and that are characteristic of that the 1990s animated eco-television dark green religion. The Na’vi are in deep ‘GAIA’ is a term that encompasses the program Captain Planet and the Planeteers communicative relationship with other Blue Planet, ‘Earth,’ and the infinite (which I had also mentioned in my talk) species on the planet and understand its

14 Su m m e r 2011 living systems as deeply interconnected and how the world came to be, that is convinc- plausible and drift away from them; this has mutually dependent. The film’s allegory of ing to the majority of scientifically-literate certainly been my experience.8 the interconnectedness of life within the people: This is the evolutionary cos- What my book shows is that the global earth’s environmental systems is conveyed mogony and it is generally fused to earth spread of naturalistic worldviews does not through the Na’vi understanding of Eywa’s system sciences and an ecological mean, however, that people will become deep bond with all life. It’s also conveyed understanding of the interdependence of entirely secular; many such people gravitate through the human scientist Grace Augus- life. Contrary to the claims of religious toward dark green and naturalistic nature tine, who excitedly uses systems science to figures and some philosophers that one spiritualities. This is, I contend, because the describe her own understanding of the cannot derive ethics from nature, many human quest for meaning will not abate, Pandoran life network. thinkers (including Harvard biologist E.O. even when conventional religions retreat. Whether Eywa is a Wilson, environmental historian Instead, new forms have been emerging and personal and compassionate Donald Worster, and philosopher and strengthening that reverence the sources of divine being, or more akin to our existence, our planetary home, and the impersonal energetic the diverse forms of life with which interconnections in environ- we share the biosphere. Since the mental systems, is in the eye reasons for these developments are not of the beholders on Pandora going away, neither will this process, as well as for film buffs.4 which I think will prove to be a Augustine seems to reflect long-term trend. this ambiguity. For most of Personally, I do not think this is the film she views the life something to fear. A worldview that is network on Pandora as an rooted in an ecological understanding environmental system without taking of interconnectedness, that under- seriously the Na’vi view of the same scores our deep kinship with other system as a kind of pantheistic goddess. organisms and the mutual depen- But as she dies, and begins to experience dence of all life, and that provides a The 2009 hit movie Avatar, written and directed by James her absorption into Eywa, she exclaims sense of belonging to the biosphere Cameron (top), depicts an alien race called the Na’vi, who are that Eywa is real. Perhaps this signifies could erode the ideologies and spiritually and physically intertwined with their planet’s life force. that Eywa is a personal god, in a religions that divide us. With such a conventional way, but without a doubt, worldview, we might just figure out Eywa is a god all living things are part of neuroscientist Sam Harris) contend on the how to create human social and economic and to whom all life belongs. contrary that there is no place but nature to systems that do not degrade the ecosystems find our moral bearings.6 We who are upon which they depend and in which they A dark green religious future? empathetic and rational creatures can feel are enmeshed. When such a worldview is in I have only been able to provide a few and think our way toward a respect for all place, we might just begin to learn our examples of the evidence upon which I living things, arrive at an ethics of earthly manners.9 ■ base my contention that dark green religion biodiversity conservation, and build is gaining cultural traction and may sustainable societies by recognizing in a Bron Taylor, Professor profoundly influence the planetary and rational way that only as we work with of Religion and Nature religious future. But my hypothesis is based nature can we ensure that all forms of life at University of Florida, on a great deal of evidence, including an will flourish. This is an entirely naturalistic specializes in environmental analysis of historical sources and recent way of grounding ethics. and social ethics/religion. trends, including the rise of nature-related It is also true that an evolutionary- His most recent book is romanticism; the globalization of environ- ecological worldview, and corresponding Dark Green Religion: Nature mental protection movements and nature conservationist ethics, can be, and some- Spirituality and the Planetary spiritualities; and the impact of, and on, times are being, fused with longstanding Future (University of California Press, 2010). Taylor educational institutions and cultural religious worldviews. The Clergy Letters also edited the Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature productions. It is also based on careful Project, for instance, promotes reconciliation (Continuum, 2005) and Ecological Resistance consideration of whether the world’s between religion and science; the Forum on Movements: The Global Emergence of Radical and traditional and predominant religions, with Religion and Ecology helps the world’s Popular Environmentalism (SUNY Press, 1995). He their beliefs in invisible divine forces, are predominant religions find in their own is the founding editor of the Journal for the Study likely to exercise more or less influence in traditions, as well as the ecological sciences, of Religion, Nature and Culture and an affiliated coming decades or centuries.5 a ground for environmental concern and scholar with the Center for Development and the My conviction is that naturalistic, dark action; and the Earth Charter Initiative Environment at University of Oslo. In addition to green spiritualities will continue their brings people together as a global society to publishing scholarly articles, book chapters, and ascendency, first and foremost, because save the earth’s precious ecosystems.7 encyclopedia entries, Taylor writes opinion pieces Avatar they are sensory and thus sensible. By this I Such a sensibility provides a strong basis for newspapers and blogs for The Huffington

photo: MovieWeb.com; James Cameron photo: image.net mean they are based on the senses and, for cooperation between people who want Post. He earned degrees from California State thus, rely on experiences that people can to protect evolutionary processes and the University-Chico (B.A. in psychology, B.A. in have today, rather than on experiences, rich diversity of life they have produced. religious studies), Fuller Theological Seminary beliefs, and perceptions that emerged long Yet it is also the case that for many, an (M.A. in religious studies), and University of ago. Dark green spiritualities also appeal to evolutionary-ecological worldview provides Southern California (Ph.D. in social ethics/ sensible, science-embracing modern people a satisfying meaning system independent of religion). Taylor is represented by Ovation Agency, who understand that today we know many supernatural beliefs. Indeed, there is Inc.: Speakers on Issues That Matter. Go online to things about the universe and the biosphere considerable evidence that over time those www.brontaylor.com or ovationagency.com or that were unknown when most of the who embrace such naturalistic worldviews email him at [email protected]. world’s religions were born. and try to graft them onto the world’s Indeed, for the first time in human longstanding religious traditions find For footnotes, go online to history, there is a cosmogony, a story about conventionally religious understandings less www.phikappaphi.org/forum/summer2011.

Su m m e r 2011 15 ThreeThree CheersCheers forfor Red,Red, WhiteWhite andand BlueBlue

By Jim Bernhard Forever” and showman George ed, white and blue have M. Cohan’s 1906 “You’re A been iconic colors for the Grand Old Flag” contained RUnited States of America at rousing calls to the colors. Others least since 1777. That is the year the followed suit across musical Second Continental Congress chose genres over the decades. For them for the new nation’s flag, instance, in 2002 country singer resolving that “the flag of the United Toby Keith turned patriotism into States be thirteen stripes, alternate something defiant post 9/11 in red and white; that the union be “Courtesy of the Red, White, and thirteen stars, white in a blue field, Blue (The Angry American).” representing a new Constellation.” Delegates gave no indication that Unfurling other tricolored flags those colors held any special signifi- Conveying national identity cance (though they did stipulate the through red, white and blue isn’t number 13 to signify the original Clockwise from top: George exclusively an American practice. The colonies). There must, however, have Washington had his views on colors were used, for example, in the been some unexpressed associations, for five the meaning of red, white and British monarch’s flag in the early 1600s, years later the Congress of the Confedera- blue found in the U.S. flag and after Scotland’s King James VI assumed tion chose the same colors for the Great Seal composer John Philip Sousa the English throne as James I. The colors of the United States. In his report about the and entertainer George M. derived from the red cross of St. George, Seal, Charles Thomson, secretary of Cohan wrote music honoring adopted as an English symbol by King Congress, said that white represented purity the American flag. Richard the Lionheart in the 12th century and innocence; red, hardiness and valor; and after he is said to have seen it in a vision blue, vigilance, perseverance, and justice. and blue with loyalty. during the Third Crusade; and from the Many unofficial views about the colors’ Those colors caught on. In 1843 the white cross of St. Andrew, which was used meaning sprang up over the years. George patriotic song “Columbia, the Gem of the in Scotland against a blue background after Washington reportedly assumed red Ocean,” credited to David T. Shaw, urged King Angus reported a similar saintly symbolized England (via its St. George “three cheers for the red, white, and blue.” vision in 832 A.D. while fighting the Cross); white, secession from the mother Uncle Sam, in his blue coat and red-and- Northumbrians. country; and blue, the sky from which the white striped pants, became the nation’s The French in 1794 adopted the tricolor flag’s stars were taken. John Jay Daly’s symbol around the middle of the 19th of equal blue, white and red vertical fields 1918 poem, “A Toast to the Flag,” equates century. Conductor and composer John from left to right. The Marquis de Lafay- red with heroes’ blood, white with purity, Philip Sousa’s 1896 “Stars and Stripes ette, who had served as a major general Library of Congress public domain Library of Congress

Red, White and Blue around the World Americans may like to think of red, white and blue as exclusive symbols of the nation’s exceptionalism. (In fact, the state flags of Arkansas, Hawaii, Mississippi, Ohio, Tennessee, and Texas use these colors and no others. The Australia (1904): Design and Chile (1817): Blue symbolizes Cuba (1902): The government Czechoslovakia (1920) and same goes for the territory of Puerto Rico.) But colors are based on the British the sky; white, the snow-covered explanation is that the blue Czech Republic (1993): Red they appear in the national emblems of many Union Jack, reflecting British Andes; and red, the blood spilled stripes refer to the three old and white are traditional other countries, too. Following are nations whose colonization of Australia in the to achieve independence. divisions (Central, Occidental, pan-Slavic colors, drawn from flags embody only these three colors; the date of 18th century. The current version and Oriental) of the island; the various coats of arms and from the flag’s adoption; and the meaning of red, of the flag was adopted in 1954. white suggests the strength of Russia’s use of these colors. They white and blue. Note: the list is not meant to be the ideal of independence; and were on the historical Bohemian exhaustive; still more countries also raise red, the red triangle stands for flag, to which blue was added to white and blue flags, such as Cambodia, equality, fraternity, freedom, and represent Moravia. Luxembourg, and Samoa. the bloodshed in the struggle for independence. — Jim Bernhard

16 Su m m e r 2011 ThreeThree CheersCheers forfor Red,Red, WhiteWhite andand BlueBlue under Washington in the American The reasons colors reinforce color distinctions were limited to black and Revolutionary War, is credited with white, or, more precisely, dark and light. introducing the three colors in a cockade nationalism trace back to After black and white, the third color that French Revolutionaries wore on their named in virtually every language was red. hats in 1789. One interpretation associated historical precedent, linguistic In most societies, the basic oppositional the colors with the traditional motto of the development, symbolic colors became black and red. Perceptions French Revolution: liberty (white), equality of these colors were typically followed by (blue), and fraternity (red). perceptions — and pure chance. green, yellow, and then blue. Brent Berlin Those colors also had historical and Paul Kay, in Basic Color Terms: Their meaning for the French. Red and blue were Universality and Evolution (1991), identify the traditional colors of the city of Paris; nobility and sincerity; blue, truthfulness, 11 distinctive colors, with the others, in blue was identified with the fourth century commitment, and purity; red, bravery, historical order of perception being brown, French bishop, St. Martin of Tours, and red valor, and love. Tradition further associates purple, pink, orange, and gray. with the patron saint of Paris, St. Denis, red with Russians, blue with Ukrainians, Guy Deutscher, in Through the Language who was beheaded in the third century and and white with Belarusians. The three Glass (2010), cites the work of William according to legend picked up his head and colors also relate to the Virgin Mary, Gladstone, the British prime minister and walked some distance carrying it in his protectress of Russia in Orthodox tradition. also a Greek scholar, who noted that there is hands. White had traditionally been the Another version says white represents no term for “blue” in classical Greek texts color of the monarchy of France. God; blue, tsars; and red, peasants. Others — and theorized that full-color vision had Russia based its 1991 flag (equal like to think red represents Russia’s bloody not developed in humans by the time of horizontal blocks of white, blue, and red past; blue, its clouded present; and white, Homer and Hesiod, around the 8th century from top to bottom) on the merchant flag its bright future. B.C. Gladstone observed, “Homer had adopted in 1705 by Tsar Peter the Great before him the most perfect example of blue. and used from 1883 to 1914 as the Russian Coloring in the derivations Yet he never once so describes the sky. His state flag. Other short-lived iterations Red, white and blue are popular as sky is starry, or broad, or great, or iron, or occurred as well. political and patriotic symbols in many copper; but it is never blue.” Red, white, and blue were Russian other parts of the world. (See below “Red, The same absence of blue in ancient symbols since 1667 with various meanings White, and Blue around the World.”) The Indian, Hebrew, and Parthian texts was ascribed to them. On the coat of arms of reasons colors reinforce nationalism trace noted by Lazarus Geiger, in his Contribu- the Duchy of Moscow, the Roman soldier back to historical precedent, linguistic tions to the History of the Development of and Christian martyr St. George is development, symbolic perceptions — and the Human Race (1880). At these early portrayed against a red background, his pure chance. stages of history, said Geiger, “notwith- armor and horse are white, and his cape is Largely from the study of ancient standing a thousand obvious and often blue. From ancient times white suggested languages, ethnologists believe the earliest urgently pressing occasions that presented

Iceland (1915): Blue (perhaps Laos (1975): Red connotes Liberia (1827 and 1847 Nepal (1962): Red (crimson) is Netherlands (1937): Its flag is New Zealand (1902): Colors are for sky and sea) and white blood shed in the fight for present form): Red designates the national color; white, the based on the tricolor carried in based on the British Union Jack, (perhaps for ice and snow) are freedom; blue, wealth; white, the valor; white, purity; blue, fidelity. moon and the sun (signifying battle against the Spanish in the reflecting British colonization of traditional Icelandic colors, with full moon over the Mekong River Although these symbols are that the country will last as long 16th century by Prince William of New Zealand that began in the red showing a historical and unity under communist uniquely Liberian, the flag itself as them); blue, simply a border Orange. Originally it was an 18th century and culminated with connection to Norway, which government. is based on U. S. flag; Liberia was with no specific symbolism. orange-white-blue banner, but New Zealand’s becoming a British controlled Iceland from 1262 settled in the 1820s by freed red replaced orange in the 17th crown colony in 1841, a until 1380. slaves from America. century; there is no specific color self-governing colony in 1856, symbolism. and a dominion in 1907.

Su m m e r 2011 17 themselves, the colour blue is not men- generally associated with radical, revolu- been associated with happiness, optimism, tioned at all.” tionary, and anarchic causes. The Oxford peace, serenity, loyalty, and fidelity. In Blue in early texts is often conflated English Dictionary cites this 1849 usage: Christianity it is the color of the Virgin with yellow and green — sky, sea, and “Germany is itself red with Socialism.” It Mary. Goethe, in his Theory of Colors grass may all be was thus a small step (1810), thought that blue’s psychological described the same way for the Bolsheviks of effect was cold, gloomy, and melancholy Why does American political terminology color — and linguists states red and blue? For the answer, go online to the 1917 Russian (as opposed to red’s gravity, dignity, and sometimes use the www.phikappaphi.org/forum/summer2011. Revolution to adopt grace). In politics blue has traditionally word grue to denote red as their symbolic been used in opposition to the red of this variable color. color. communism or the black of anarchism; For Homer, kyanos (cyan) meant dark Other associations with red have blue is the color of the Conservative Party or black and only much later in history included fire, lust, guilt, sex, sin, anger, in Britain and Canada. took on its current meaning of blue or love, courage, and sacrifice — all tempestu- Color has been one important way greenish-blue. Greeks and Romans both ous human emotions. groups of people expressed their identity and confounded blue with violet, gray, and White and blue have more sedate distinguished themselves from other groups. brown. Romans had the word caeruleus, associations. The frequency of red-white-blue suggests which first meant black, then gray, and From the Old English hwit, meaning not only that these colors are a pleasing finally blue, like the sky, as cerulean means “bright,” white was easily contrasted with aesthetic combination, but also that they are today. Red and white, or sometimes red black, and by association symbolized powerful symbols evoking primal human and black or black and white, thus were the other oppositions: light vs. dark, good vs. emotions. But the values they represent are earliest oppositional colors, with blue evil, day vs. night. It was an early symbol not always the same; like some politicians, gradually supplanting black. of moral purity, in medieval liturgical colors can mean different things at different Etymological evidence also helps vestments and bridal gowns, for example, times and places. ■ explain why specific colors become and the color signified royalty, especially associated with political and national that of the Bourbon dynasty in France. Jim Bernhard is the author causes. The English word red derives White also is associated with nonvio- of, most recently, Words ultimately from a Sanskrit word, rudhirá, lence, as in the white dove and the white Gone Wild: Fun and Games for which means “blood.” The same etymo- flag of truce (or surrender). The white flag Language Lovers (Skyhorse logical connection is true in Hebrew, in was used in this way as far back as the Publishing Co., 2010). which dom means “blood” and adom is Chinese Han Dynasty in the first century His other books include “the color of blood, or red.” From this A.D. and the Roman Empire in the Porcupine, Picayune & Post: early association, red came to symbolize second century. How Newspapers Get Their violent political activity involving the Blue took a curious etymological path, Names (University of Missouri Press, 2007). He spilling of blood. via various cognates, including the also has constructed crossword puzzles for Indeed, as early as the 9th century, Proto-Indo-European bhel (light-colored, The New York Times, Los Angeles Times syndicate, proto-communist Khurramites in the blond, yellow, or burnt); Greek phalos and other publications. A playwright, lyricist, actor, Middle East used red as their symbol for (white); Old Norse bla (livid, or black- drama critic, theater historian, and television host, revolution. In the Middle Ages red liturgical and-blue); Old French blo (pale, Bernhard has held administrative and creative garments suggested the blood of martyrs. discolored, gray); North Icelandic bla- positions at numerous leading theater and From 1602, says Douglas Harper in the maður (swarthy black); Middle High performing arts companies in Houston. He earned Online Etymology Dictionary, the red flag German bla (yellow); and Germanic blau a B.A. in history from Rice University and an M.A. in flew as a symbol of defiance in battle. (which originally meant black). English literature from University of Birmingham French Revolutionaries in 1793 wore as Apparently early words for blue could (England), where he studied as a Marshall Scholar. their symbol of liberty the bonnet rouge, a mean any color you wished, as long as it Email him at [email protected]. soft, conical red cap believed to have been wasn’t red. worn by ancient Phrygian slaves after they The symbolic meaning of blue has For sources, go online to were freed. By the 19th century, red was varied as widely as its etymology. It has www.phikappaphi.org/forum/summer2011.

North Korea (1948): Blue Norway (1821): Red and white Panama (1903 and 1925 Slovakia (1992): Red and white Thailand (1917): Early flags United Kingdom (1606, the stripes stand for the people’s came from the Danish flag and present form): White stands for are traditional pan-Slavic colors featured a white elephant, a sign colors first used in the desire for peace; red is the blue from the Swedish, since all the long-expected peace through drawn from various coats of arms of royalty, with a red background. monarch’s flag; and 1801, revolutionary spirit of socialism; three nations were united from the union of two political parties: and from Russia’s use of these A 1917 version was a red field the flag’s present form as and white, a traditional Korean the 14th to the 16th centuries. The Liberal (red) and Conservative colors; blue represents Slovakian with two white bands. On Sept. 28, the Union Jack): Red comes color, represents purity of the color combination also appealed (blue). Blue and red were also people. These colors were used in 1917, the center red bar was from the English cross of St. ideals of national sovereignty. to the Norwegian Parliament associated with, respectively, the the flag of Czechoslovakia, from changed to blue to show solidarity George (1277) and white and because it reflected liberty, as in Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, which the Czech Republic and with the Allies during World War I. blue come from the Scottish the flags of France, the U.S., the which flank Panama. Slovakia were formed. Red stands for blood spilled for cross of St. Andrew (1165). U.K., and the Netherlands. independence; white suggests purity, especially a la Buddhism; blue is also the national color and indicative of the Thai monarchy.

18 Su m m e r 2011 For Pure Spectacle and Strong Emotion, Nothing Beats

ColoBy Leslier Paris War One of the greatest traditions at this camp, and one of the most indescribable, is Color War. To most people, it may not sound like much, but it is one of the most intense and emotional experiences of my entire life. So intense that it gets to the point where opponents don’t talk to each other. Friendship turns to extreme animosity. … [Yet] Color War is a beautiful thing. It tears people and friendships apart for five straight days. Then reunites them even stronger than before. — Co n n e c t i c u t h i g h s c h o o l s e n i o r a n d l o n g t i m e c a m p e r a t Ca m p Co b b o s s e e , i n Ma i n e , 20101

rom the late 19th century onward, adults who and cabin or tent cleaning; water sports such as planned summer sleepaway camps felt that swimming, canoeing, and sailing; land sports such as Fcamps should be fun, but purposefully so. baseball, basketball, volleyball, tennis, and riding; Envisioning camps as spaces of play, nature apprecia- creative pursuits such as arts and crafts; and evening tion, community, improved health, and learning (all activities such as plays, movies, dances, and camp- under adult oversight), camp leaders kept children fires. “Rest hour” after lunch, when campers could busy from reveille or morning bell until taps or “last nap, write letters, or read or play quietly, represented call” at night. Daily activities included flag-raising a rare moment of calm.

The Blue Phoenix squared off against the Gray Raiders at Color War last August at Camp Cobbossee, in Monmouth, Maine. Color War is a tradition at the boys’ camp, which was founded in 1902, and more than 150 campers participate in the five-day event during each of Camp Cobbossee’s four-week summer sessions. Gray defeated blue in the August 2010 contest. In this photo, the gray team rallies. Held aloft is a ceremonial hatchet, a hallowed symbol of Color War.

Su m m e r 2011 19 Yet what if this schedule, though varied, came to seem routine? The great majority of early private camps ran for eight or nine weeks. Two months could feel like a long time for campers, some of whom grew restless or disenchanted. Camp directors, therefore, planned special events through- out the summer, such as circuses and moonlight swims. They also created end-of-season rites of passage. For example, Ernest Balch, director of New Hampshire’s 1880s Camp Chocorua, took campers on a “long Walk” near the end of August. The boys, many age 8 to 12, “tramped” and camped out every night for about a week.2 These extended camping trips took advantage of campers’ increased stamina, skill in hiking, and improved knowledge of the woods, and gave campers the sense of moving toward an exciting conclusion to the camp season. In the early 20th century, the industry rapidly expanded from hundreds to many thousands of camps, becoming appreciably more diverse in its leaders and clients (although individual camps generally remained homogenous). While all camp Above: Tug of war remains a worthy contest of Color War. Below left: A defensive player makes a stop for directors lauded outdoors life, many did not the blue team in flag football. Below right: Camper lieutenants, elected by their teammates, salute the emphasize long camping trips and sought flag; it’s an honor to be chosen to raise and lower the flag each day. Bottom: The Gray Raiders celebrate special end-of-season events closer at hand. winning Color War. By the 1910s, Color War, a competition between two teams wearing different colors as their uniform, began to fill that gap. Teams competed for points for three to five days in diverse events, and the team with the highest overall score won. At Schroon Lake (N.Y.) Camp in the late 1910s, for instance, “Red and Gray week” at the end of August included contests in track and field, checkers, swimming, and “Indian leg wrestling.”3 At many camps, each team composed an original song to perform in a heavily-weighted ceremonial contest that served as the final Color War event. Color War was possibly an elaboration of a war game, Capture the Flag, popular at many Northeastern boys’ camps by the 1910s, in which teams named after colors (often blue and gray for the Union and Confederate Armies of the American Civil War) tried to enter one another’s territory while remaining unseen.4 The idea of teams named for colors may also have been borrowed from schools.5 Whatever its origins, by the 1920s Color War had become the most important special event of the season at many camps. In 1924, when a New York Times reporter overheard “sunburned children” returning to the city at the end of the summer discussing “how the Blues had beaten the Grays,” the newspaper’s casual reference to Color War was a sign of its rapid ascendance.6 Blending pageantry and athletics, Color War was, for many staff and campers, the culminating event of the season: a deeply emotional experience inspiring intense devotion to their team. The event was Evan Fuchs. Courtesy of Camp Cobbossee for Boys, Monmouth, Maine. Boys, for CourtesyCobbossee of Camp Fuchs. Evan

20 Su m m e r 2011 inherently unsettling and exciting in equal find one’s hatchet first was supposed to be it Color War, call it the World Series, most measures, and the transition to the Color an omen of victory.7 everyone still wants to win big.”9 War “break” (or launch) was often purpose- Color War gave all children the chance Color War, while controversial in some fully jarring to heighten anticipation. By to contribute to their team. Some girls and camping circles, has remained popular for the 1950s, it was tradition at many camps boys were more athletic, popular, creative almost a century because so many campers that the “break” occur without warning, or enthusiastic than others. In Color War, enjoy its pageantry, competition, and often after days of rumors and fake-outs some might succeed at field sports or intensity. Children arrive at camp already (for example, that this year, there would be swimming, but others helped their teams by used to working toward individual and no Color War). Suddenly, campers might winning a game of checkers, catching a collective glory. At camp, those who witness a confusing or shocking incident fish, whistling after eating a cracker, complete difficult hikes, swim across the such as a staged fight between counselors writing a song, or painting a banner. lake, take on lead roles in musicals, learn or the seeming arrest of a beloved staff Cheering for one’s team was especially the names of a certain number of plants, or member. This was then score the pivotal run in an revealed as the Color War inter-camp softball game “break,” its disruptive are often rewarded with beginnings a sign of the end-of-season badges, larger disruption of camp plaques and induction to come. into honor societies. Color War represented Campers love feeling that a change in daily routine, they are part of a long but it was more funda- tradition out of which not mentally a shift in only their individual community alliances. On success but collective ordinary days, campers memory is forged. convened as a camp at Because Color War has meals, campfires, and been enshrined as a other community events, culminating event, it has but they tended to sit with become central to their age group, and they campers’ sense of the shared tents or cabins and camp experience: first, moved from activity to hearing about Color War activity with their Burying the symbolic hatchets at the end of Color War is an important ritual of closure. all summer, then follow- closest-age peers. At coed ing each team’s score as camps, cabin life and most activities were important and points-worthy; there was a the two sides contend for supremacy, and also segregated by gender. Color War way for everyone to contribute, if only finally reminiscing about the experience temporarily reconfigured these constituen- through fevered enthusiasm. Color War afterwards (lately, on Facebook pages cies, drawing all campers together into also provided campers a means to measure devoted to particular camps). factions, dividing individual tents or cabins their own progress and contributions over Ultimately, Color War is about feelings: into two, and forging new allegiances the summer, making new athletic and the suspense, the hoping, the sobbing, the between campers and staff on the respec- creative skills “useful” for the team. In cheering, the singing. For many campers, tive teams. Children who had spent the these ways, Color War represented the this is what makes camp camp: not sports season learning their specific place in camp culmination of camp, a coda to a summer or living in cabins in the woods, but the were now, if only for a few days, part of of productive, goal-oriented leisure. primal feeling of belonging to a community something different. Theoretically, Color War divisions were striving toward collective goals. ■ No wonder that new campers looked temporary, dissipating when team hatchets forward to the opening ceremonies, at were (symbolically or literally) reburied in Leslie Paris, Associate which they discovered which team they the ground, and ending in reconciliation. Professor of History at would represent, and that older campers Camp leaders made sure to remind University of British Columbia, hoped they might be selected as captains to participants that the camp was still a specializes in the history of help counselors lead their team. At Brant “family” and that campers had to be kind American childhood and youth. Lake (N.Y.) Camp, for example, the 1925 to one another regardless of their team. She has written widely on Color War began about two weeks before Sportsmanship earned points, too. How- summer camps, including her everyone would go home. On “Tap Day,” ever, when campers weren’t competing, book Children’s Nature: The Rise staff set up a pole, half gray and half green, they were cheering on teammates or of the American Summer Camp (New York University with bands around it for scoring. Those rehearsing for other events; Color War Press, 2008). Paris also has published on topics who had attended Brant Lake in prior years lasted all day long. Unsurprisingly, even such as age as a category of historical analysis; lined up on their respective side of the pole. Color War enthusiasts noted that the dolls and dollhouses; and the children’s album and The teams had been decided in advance by festivities left some children enervated and book Free to Be ... You and Me. Most recently, she counselors and other staff to insure relative others unable to let go of team rivalries. co-edited the two-volume Girls’ History and Culture equality overall; now, as new boys passed Starting in the 1930s, some camps began to Reader (University of Illinois Press, 2011). Paris is by the rival captains, each was tapped by turn away from Color War, describing it as currently writing a history of American childhood one side or the other. (As at many camps, too competitive and likely to leave half the in the 1970s. She earned an undergraduate degree returning Brant Lake campers remained camp feeling dissatisfied.8 Still, camps that in history from Brown University and a doctorate members of their specific team from year to rejected Color War on these grounds often in American culture from University of Michigan. year.) Once the teams were set, two buried established ceremony and intra-camp Email her at [email protected]. hatchets were unearthed, remnants of the competition in other ways. As a New York Times reporter noted at an Upstate New York For more photos, and for footnotes, go online to previous year’s Color War’s closing www.phikappaphi.org/forum/summer2011. ceremonies. The digging was spirited; to girls’ camp in 1995, “call it Team Week, call

Su m m e r 2011 21 Sports and Exercise Negro Leagues: Black Diamonds By Angela Lumpkin operations. Teams refused to play league rue or false? games in lieu of more lucrative barnstorm- Jackie Robinson was the best ing matches. Players jumped between Tplayer in the Negro Leagues (NL) teams in the U.S. — and Central and South when, as a Kansas City Monarch, he signed America. Teams failed to pay players and with the Brooklyn Dodgers of Major dropped out of leagues, sometimes without League Baseball (MLB) in 1945. completing the season. Most teams False. Catcher Josh Gibson was depended on white booking agents for use considered the top slugger, Satchel Paige of ballparks. Umpires favored home teams the greatest pitcher, and center fielders or were otherwise inadequate. Because Oscar Charleston the defensive stalwart and team owners sometimes served as heads of Cool Papa Bell the fleetest of foot. Other leagues, conflicts of interest arose. NL standouts surpassed Robinson, too. Still, the NL gave players the opportu- Still, enduring racial slurs, intentional nity to develop and display their skills, spiking, crushing ostracism, and death readying them for the threats, Robinson, a second baseman most integration of MLB that of his career, broke the MLB color barrier Robinson would inaugu- with his debut with the Dodgers on rate. But controversy April 15, 1947. He championed integration tinged the gradual signing through stellar performance on the field of NL players by MLB and exemplary conduct off of it. Honors teams. Some MLB included Rookie of the Year, Most Valuable general managers Player, and induction into the National negotiated with NL Baseball Hall of Fame. But the NL’s many players (as occurred with incarnations paved the way. Above: Negro Leagues pitcher and Robinson) rather than Exclusion of African Americans from executive Rube Foster poses in an with NL owners who white amateur and professional baseball undated photo. Right: Josh Gibson, worried about losing their resulted in the development of black teams seen in this undated photo, was investment in athletes and and leagues by the mid-1880s. Migration of often referred to as the Babe Ruth had no binding contracts blacks to urban areas due to deteriorating of the Negro Leagues. with them. Yet fearing social and economic conditions elsewhere, repercussions from black and to work opportunities associated with death of the vanguard Foster in 1930 and constituents who urged World War I, drew fans — and impresarios. the disbanding of key leagues, only the integration of baseball, NL owners For instance, pitcher and businessman Rube NSL completed the 1932 season. believed they lacked leverage to demand Foster formed the Negro National League Numerous individuals and leagues compensation. Their teams wound up (NNL) in 1920 and featured his Chicago sought to recapture black patronage after depleted of resources: players and money. American Giants; businessman and the Depression: nightclub owner, bootleg- Most MLB clubs eventually paid numbers banker Thomas Wilson organized ger, and numbers operator Gus Greenlee, nominal transfer fees, enabling NL teams the Negro Southern League (NSL) the same owner of the Pittsburgh Crawfords; his to remain marginally solvent for a few year and owned the Nashville Elite Giants; cross-state rival, the upstanding entrepre- more years. But black fans increasingly and postal worker Edward Bolden in neur and one-time outfielder and manager, rooted for MLB teams with black players. Philadelphia started the Eastern Colored Cum Posey, owner of the Homestead (Pa.) The Boston Red Sox were the final MLB League in 1922 and owned the Hilldale Grays; a second NNL (driven by Greenlee); team to integrate, calling up infielder Daisies and, later, the Philadelphia Stars. and the competing NAL. An annual Pumpsie Green from the minors on (The famed Monarchs were an excep- East-West all-star game packed Comiskey July 21, 1959, at least one year prior tion because owner J. L. Wilkinson, a Park in Chicago by showcasing marquee (sources vary) to the folding of the NAL, baseball entrepreneur by vocation, was names, including first baseman Buck the last of its kind. ■ white. The Monarchs were a charter Leonard and pitcher Smokey Joe Williams, member of the NNL and, beginning in and generated the most revenues and Angela Lumpkin (University 1937, a member of the Negro American coverage from the white press. of Kansas chapter vice League (NAL). The Monarchs won more But the NL remained financially fragile president and member of the titles and sent more players to the MLB until increased prosperity for blacks began Phi Kappa Phi budget advisory than any other NL team.) in the early 1940s through employment and review committee) is a The NL became the top entertainment opportunities in war industries. African professor in the Department attraction for urban blacks in the 1920s. Americans again spent discretionary of Health, Sport, and Exercise Teams depended almost entirely on ticket income to watch players who had proven in Sciences at University of sales to pay players, rent ballparks, cover barnstorming and all-star contests that their Kansas and author of 22 books and more than 50 travel expenses, etc., and most funds came skills were comparable or superior to white scholarly publications on these subjects. Go online from exhibition games, not regular-season MLB counterparts. to her homepage at http://web.ku.edu/~alumpkin/ play. But barnstorming and all-star teams Yet despite reaping more revenues, NL or email her at [email protected]. often faced hostility when trying to owners did not operate more efficiently or purchase food and had to sleep in buses and build their own ballparks, and organiza- For sources, go online to www.phikappaphi.org/forum/summer2011. cars while traversing the country. After the tional and administrative problems plagued National Baseball Hall of Fame Library, Cooperstown, N.Y. Cooperstown, Library, Baseball Hall of Fame National

22 Su m m e r 2011 Arts and Entertainment Color in Black and White By (William) Arnold Johnston undergraduate degree in business from and Deborah Ann Percy Syracuse University and an M.B.A from riter’s writer John D. MacDonald Harvard.) And just as generations of won extravagant praise from readers have made the pilgrimage to Wdiverse authors for creating London in search of Holmes’ nonexistent colorful characters set against a vivid flat on Baker Street, McGee’s Slip F-18 backdrop of local color. Stephen King in marina in Fort Lauderdale remains a tourist his On Writing called MacDonald “the attraction — and was dedicated as a Florida great entertainer of our age, and a mesmer- literary landmark on Feb. 21, 1987. izing storyteller,” and Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., MacDonald’s appeal reaches beyond noted in a blurb for One Fearful Yellow Eye fans of genre writing, though. Admirers in (1966), “To diggers a thousand years from academe founded a newsletter entitled now, the works of John D. MacDonald The JDM Bibliophile, and in 1978 the late would be a treasure on the order of the English professor Ed Hirshberg organized tomb of Tutankhamen.” the first of several JDM conferences at MacDonald died 25 years ago this University of South Florida. coming December at age 70 (July 24, MacDonald was devoted to saving 1916-Dec. 28, 1986). Sheer productivity is Florida’s environment and natural beauty reason enough to unearth his oeuvre of 78 from what he saw as the untrammeled books: 67 novels plus short fiction, nonfic- rapacity of land developers and their tion, and edited anthologies. So are his many enablers, and this theme runs through Prolific writer John D. MacDonald earned a wide honors including the American Book Award most McGee books. It’s also the focus of readership and critical acclaim for his colorful prose. and the Grand Master Award from the his most widely read non-McGee novel, Mystery Writers of America. A Flash of Green (1962), about a reporter (William) Arnold MacDonald was best known for 21 who, initially seduced by the prospect of Johnston (Western novels featuring the colorful private eye easy money, eventually thwarts the Michigan University), Travis McGee. In fact, each installment unscrupulous developer whose scheme Emeritus Chair and uses a color in its title, from The Deep threatens further ruin to Florida’s ecosys- Professor of English Blue Good-by (1964), the debut, to tem. The title refers to the “flash of green” at Western Michigan The Lonely Silver Rain (1985), the finale. Floridians insist appears momentarily on University, and his MacDonald’s publisher suggested this the horizon just after sunset. Ed Harris wife Deborah Ann conceit when commissioning the series to played the reporter in Victor Nunez’s Percy, a former educator-administrator at public

From of Special and Area the John D. Studies George Collection, A. Smathers Libraries, Department collection, University of Florida, MacDonald Gainesville help readers keep track of the many 1984 film adaptation. middle and high schools in Kalamazoo, Mich., are McGee books. MacDonald’s Executioners (1958) full-time writers and frequent collaborators. Their McGee lives aboard a houseboat, became the 1962 movie Cape Fear. books include his The Witching Voice: A Novel from The Busted Flush — won with that hand in Directed by J. Lee Thompson, it starred the Life of Robert Burns, her collection of short a poker game — at the Bahia Mar Marina Robert Mitchum as vengeful Max Cady, a fiction, Cool Front: Stories from Lake Michigan, their in Fort Lauderdale, Fla. Narrating his paroled convict who terrorizes an attorney anthology, The Art of the One-Act, their collection of adventures in first-person, he describes (Gregory Peck) who helped land Cady in one-acts, Duets: Love Is Strange, and their play, Beyond himself in Bright Orange for the Shroud jail and the lawyer’s wife (Polly Bergen) Sex. Their translation (with Dona Roşu) of Romanian (1965), the sixth saga, as “a roamer, a and daughter. In 1991 director Martin playwright Hristache Popescu’s Epilogue will appear salvage expert, a gregarious loner, a Scorsese remade the film with Robert De soon. Email them at [email protected] or seeker of a thousand tarnished grails, Niro as Cady and Nick Nolte and Jessica [email protected]. finding too many excuses for all the Lange as the menaced couple, with cameos dragons along the way.” by Peck and Mitchum. McGee gets the better of equally MacDonald — present for the 1962 colorful villains, like The Deep Blue filming — spoke admiringly of Good-by’s Junior Allen, “a smiling, Mitchum to one of your columnists at freckle-face stranger” who proves to be a a screening of the movie during the rapist and killer of, how to put it, inaugural JDM conference. Mitchum exceptional depravity. The atmosphere “had the reputation of regarding a role for the shenanigans abounds with local as merely a job of work,” MacDonald color, too, as in The Dreadful Lemon Sky said. “But he arrived early on location (1975), book No. 16, in which McGee and shopped until he found a hat he describes a small town as “instant regarded as exactly right for Cady. His Florida, tacky and stifling and full of ugly professionalism was consummate.” and spurious energies.” So was MacDonald’s. His work is Just as Sherlock Holmes is aided by worth seeking out by those who have sidekick Dr. John Watson, McGee works never read it or those who have let it with a “bear of a man” known only as slip their minds. And Oliver Stone Meyer, whose expertise as an economist hopes to direct The Deep Blue Good-by frequently helps McGee recover the spoils with Leonardo DiCaprio as McGee. of various thefts and swindles for his What a franchise that colorful lot clients. (MacDonald earned an would make! ■

Su m m e r 2011 23 Workplace and Employment

groomed and dark-suited salesmen, according to, for instance, Ryan Mathews and Watts Wacker’s 2008 book, What’s Your Story? Storytelling to Move Markets, Audiences, People, and Brands. To this day, when you think of IBM, the color blue is synonymous with its brand. Basic brown tones project honesty and integrity, and traditional green hues indicate balance and poise, according to Vega in The Image of Success. They’re also safe choices for first or second interviews, she writes. Many job seekers select black for their primary interview. But because black commands authority, Vega recommends staying away from it during the first round of interviews: too powerful, too early. Save black for the final interview, at which you most likely will meet with senior management. Red, a bold choice, could be appropriate for a sales position and signal aggressive- ness. Muted red is better than dynamic red, however, Vega advises. And I say, leave Dressing the Part pink at home until you get the job; though popular, it’s risky. Make colors work for you, not against you, when applying for jobs or promotions, Means Coloring It In Vega concludes, especially in a competitive market. It’s imperative to show off your By Kimberly Thompson accessories and appearance,” Lizandra style but shrewdly. (So if you’re targeting a icture this: You secure an interview to Vega, an executive recruiter and image field where creativity and imagination are land a job or win a promotion. To consultant, writes in her 2010 book, expected, make artful choices, and the color Pprepare, you update your resumé one The Image of Success. “Visual cues are very of your outfit can help distinguish you.) more time to reflect trends in career important.” I attend job fairs often, and in an instant counseling. You revise your cover letter Just ask potential employers who turned I can tell those who take the search again so that it reinforces how you can help down a candidate at a recent job fair that I seriously. How? The most obvious way is the potential employer meet its current attended in Houston. He wore a fuchsia their outfit.■ needs. And you do more research on the pink suit. If his goal was to stand out, he business in order to speak insightfully on did — awkwardly. Experts like Vega point Kimberly Thompson, a up-to-the-minute developments. out that pink is often typecast as feminine National Board Certified You’re ready, right? Not quite yet. and that it expresses romance, friendship, Counselor and Licensed What are you going to wear? And, more gentleness, and softness. And in most Professional Counselor, has to the point for this “Color”-themed edition businesses, a suit in that color simply isn’t provided career transition of the magazine, what colors are you going appropriate, leading to questions about the workshops and career to wear? You certainly have the right to candidate’s judgment. The job seeker blew counseling for more than choose whatever colors you want. However, his chances by turning that fuchsia pink suit 20 years. She has coached they influence the statement you’re making into a giant red flag. all levels of management in both the public about yourself and suggest how you might, Lynda Goldman, author of 31 business and private sectors, developed numerous or might not, fit into the company. Whether and communication books, states in career transition programs, and consulted with it’s fair or not, the reality is that the colors How to Make a Million Dollar First employers on establishing career services for you wear help create an impression. Impression from 2004 that “navy blue is employees. Thompson has written widely on Said another way, how you represent the best color for a suit to wear to a job issues dealing with job loss and contributes a yourself to prospective employers is interview, because it inspires confidence.” weekly column and blog called “Career Rescue” personal and impersonal, subjective and In fact, you are more likely to get the job for the “Jobs” section of the Houston Chronicle; objective, and if you are serious about your when you wear navy blue than if you wear go online to blogs.chron.com/careerrescue/. career, you need to take into account the any other color, she adds. Even if the job Purchase her “Career Rescue” app at iTunes. She nonverbal cues that color sends. Granted, you are applying for is not a suit-and-tie received a M.Ed. in counseling from University of color might seem too simplistic or even one, blue stands for loyalty, Goldman Missouri and a B.S.W. in social work from Harding irrelevant in this era of relaxed dress codes explains, a trait employers value. University. Based in Houston, Thompson is a at work. But color affects employers more Perhaps this stems from the corporate member of the American Counseling Association, than you would imagine because it conveys culture Charles R. Flint began in 1911, when National Career Development Association, Career a symbolic message and produces an he formed the forerunner to IBM. When Planning & Adult Development Network, and emotional reaction. Flint recruited Thomas J. Watson, Sr., as American Association of Christian Counselors. “A professional image can easily be general manager, they set in motion generous Email her at [email protected]; put projected by the choice of clothes, incentives and an insistence on well- Phi Kappa Phi Forum in the subject line. Arnel Reynon, Shutterstock photo illustration photo Arnel Reynon, Shutterstock

24 Su m m e r 2011 Education and Academics Green Education: Action Aligned with Analysis By Timothy L. Hulsey or floods) is low on average in places “Sustainable espite record global temperatures, such as the United States, in development is rapidly retreating Arctic ice, and part because small infused through- Dclimate-related disasters, we continue probability events out our to live beyond our ecological means. The tend to be curriculum and “natural debt crisis,” as Time magazine’s underestimated in our academic Bryan Walsh called it in February, is a crisis decisions based programs. …”6 of consumption.1 And, since it is humans on personal Berea College in who are doing the consuming, it is humans experience, unless Kentucky has who must change their habits. they have recently created a program in At the website of Climate Central, a occurred, in which sustainability and nonprofit climate news and research case they are vastly environmental studies in organization based in Princeton, N.J., overestimated. which students examine climate scientist Alyson Kenward noted in “the capacity of a society to February that “recent human activity, The report continues: meet current needs without beginning about 250 years ago, is having degrading the ecological, such a significant environmental impact on Many people are taking action in social, and economic systems on the Earth’s climate, geography, and response to the risks of climate which the society will rely for biological composition that we have change, but many others are unaware meeting future needs.”7 And at actually entered into a new period of of the problem, unsure of the facts or Arizona State University, students geologic time.”2 The Nobel Prize-winning what to do, do not trust experts or may enroll in the nation’s first School atmospheric chemist Paul Crutzen dubbed believe their conclusions, think the of Sustainability, which offers “trans- this new age the “Anthropocene” era. It is problem is elsewhere, are fixed in disciplinary degree programs that advance defined by “our own massive impact on the their ways, believe that others should practical solutions to environmental, planet,” explained Elizabeth Kolbert, in a act, or believe that their actions will economic and social challenges.”8 March article in National Geographic. make no difference or are unimportant These and related efforts may help “That mark,” Kolbert warned, “will endure compared to those of others. They change both beliefs and actions. As in the geologic record long after our cities may be engaged in token actions or someone once said, being good requires have crumbled.”3 actions they believe are helpful but doing good. As such, relations in the In his series of Reith Lectures for BBC objectively are not. ecosphere are not just with the environment radio in 2009, Harvard political philosopher but with present and future generations as Michael Sandel argued that changing Environmental concerns, including but well. To create the conditions that support patterns of energy use — the core dilemma not limited to climate change, are usually these activities is an urgent challenge for us in confronting global climate change considered policy issues; the vast scope of now and in the years ahead. ■ — cannot succeed solely through govern- the problem pushes it beyond the role of the mental interventions like carbon taxes and individual, requiring redress by govern- Timothy L. Hulsey (Society emissions trading schemes. Rather, “real ments and multinational corporations. What Vice President for Chapter change will depend on changing people’s the likes of Sandel and the APA point out, Relations) is Associate attitudes toward nature, and rethinking our however, is that individual beliefs about, Professor of Psychology and responsibilities toward the planet we share. and actions toward, the environment must Dean of the Honors College This is a moral and spiritual project, not form the core of any successful movement at Virginia Commonwealth only an economic one.”4 toward sustainable living. University. He co-authored Of course, living sustainably requires At the core of sustainable living, then, the 2004 book Moral Cruelty individual beliefs and actions to change. lies the problem of belief. If people believe (University Press of America), and articles he wrote Psychology & Global Climate Change, a that the concern is not theirs, that their or co-wrote have appeared in industry publications 2009 report5 by the American Psychologi- actions are unimportant, or that others will including the American Journal of Psychiatry and cal Association (APA), underscores the address these problems, people are unlikely Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. opportunities and challenges of changing to make significant changes in how they Hulsey earned psychology degrees from Texas personal beliefs about the environmental live, even if encouraged to do so by A & M University-Corpus Christi (bachelor’s), Trinity effects of human behaviors: government policies. If, however, we University (master’s), and University of Tennessee conceptualize sustainable living as a type of (doctoral) and served as a pre- and post-doctoral Long-term climate [change] is a moral living, we may ask people to live fellow at Dartmouth Medical School. Earlier in phenomenon not easily detected by according to their beliefs, rather than to his career, he taught and directed the university personal experience, yet one that governmental edicts. honors program at Texas State University. Email invites personal observation and Efforts to address sustainable living and him at [email protected]. evaluation. Concern about adverse personal responsibility are springing up on stock.xchng consequences of climate change (e.g., college campuses across the U.S. Califor- For footnotes, go online to extreme weather events like droughts nia State University-Chico asserts, www.phikappaphi.org/forum/summer2011.

Su m m e r 2011 25 Business and Economics TheG reening of Business By John T. Harding oing green can be profitable if society controls the expense Ginvolved in the process. Although some might wonder whether the benefits outweigh the costs, the larger issue is this: Can we afford not to go green? Numerous sources confirm the impor- tance of green business. In just one recent Left: Pollution harms the environment and example, the United Nations Environment costs businesses money. Top: Solar energy Programme’s Green Economy Report from helps the environment and can help the February declares: bottom line of businesses.

Moving towards a green economy 85 percent boost in new orders for renew- has the potential to achieve sustain- able energy equipment during the 2010 able development and eradicate third quarter. poverty on an unprecedented scale, The basic economic formula of with speed and effectiveness. This capitalism is Profit equals Revenue minus potential derives from two concurrent business by 300 percent in eight years, said Cost. Profitability rises by increasing changes. First, there is a changed Matthew Banks of the World Wildlife revenue and/or decreasing costs. Industrial playing field in which our world and Fund’s Climate Savers program in a report ecology — a concern for the environment the risks we face have materially by Margo Kelly of CBC/Radio-Canada, the — can increase profit not only by raising changed. These changes require a country’s national public broadcaster, on revenue, but also by cutting costs. Prevent- fundamental rethinking of our March 10, 2008. “They’re saving on ing pollution eliminates the later cost of approach to the economy. Second, average about $40 million a year,” Banks cleaning it up, so it is more profitable not there is a growing recognition that said. “So, the rhetoric that this is going to to pollute. The result can also generate the natural environment forms the hurt economies, that it’s going to bankrupt more revenue from more efficient opera- basis of our physical assets and must companies, is simply not the case.” tion. And industrial ecology fosters the be managed as a source of growth, Also, the Philadelphia Eagles of the creation and growth of renewable and prosperity, and well-being. National Football League are adding wind alternative energies. turbines and solar panels to the top of their It’s still a new field, however. Yale Historically, society ignored environ- stadium, the team announced last Novem- University has a Center for Industrial mental issues. Industries believed, for ber, for an estimated savings of $60 million Ecology but it focuses more on ecology as instance, that pollution was something in energy costs over 20 years. “Team an industry rather than on the interplay of people simply had to live with and wasn’t officials say the combination of energy industry and the environment. And important enough to deal with. Industries sources will make the stadium self- Montclair State University offers a doctoral dumped byproducts of production into sufficient and even allow the Eagles to sell program in Environmental Management, rivers and streams (or buried them in some of its power back to the electric grid,” but it, too, stresses environmental issues, landfills or clogged the air with them) and reported The Associated Press. The project prompting Phillip LeBel, emeritus profes- didn’t know or care about what happened is expected to be finished in September. sor of economics at the school, to lament downstream, literally or figuratively. Native Plus, a village in Italy built four wind the “astonishing lack of economics peoples often relocated when this became a turbines on a nearby hillside, and by 2010 background for students in the program.” ■ problem. Today, this is not an option; was generating 30 percent more electricity society cannot walk away from the damage. than it used. Sale of the excess capacity John T. Harding (Montclair As environmental activists raised earned the village more than $200,000, State University) retired in awareness of the dangers brought on by which was spent on school renovation, 1997 from The Star-Ledger pollution and global warming, and as earthquake protection and additional street daily newspaper in Newark, lawsuits and government regulations began cleaning, Elisabeth Rosenthal of The New N.J., after 27 years as a to cost corporations money, prevention and York Times wrote on Sept. 28, 2010. business and economics control became the less expensive alterna- What’s more, T-Mobile, a wireless writer, copy editor, and wire tives. If a business or utility can reduce telecommunications provider, is building editor, among other roles. such costs, it can increase profits. cellular towers in Bucks County, Pa., with He also was an adjunct instructor in economics, solar panels as a power source; the new journalism, and English at Montclair State Eco-friendly corporate initiatives towers will consume 8 kilowatts of power, University from 1997 to 2007 and in journalism at Multinational healthcare manufacturer less than half the 20 kilowatts for a Rutgers University from 1997 to 2000. Educated at Johnson & Johnson serves as a prime conventional tower. Further, Siemens, a Montclair State, he holds a B.A. in linguistics and example. It cut greenhouse gas emissions German engineering conglomerate, English and an M.A. in economics. Email him at by seven percent and grew its overall reported a 48 percent sales increase and an [email protected]. stock.xchng

26 Su m m e r 2011 Science and Technology Seeing Red about Losing the Green War By Mark H. Griep Estimates like these suggest excellent research and development in “biomedical ast year, China overtook the U.S. for — and imperative — opportunities. research, information technology, and the first time in the application of The Green War that the U.S. is involved especially clean energy technology — an Lrenewable energies. China invested in actually began decades ago, not against investment that will strengthen our security, almost $16 billion more than its economic China, but against countries in what’s now protect our planet, and create countless new rival in 2009 and pushed past it by a small called the European Union. Germany, for jobs for our people.” but meaningful fraction in total power instance, boasts the world’s two largest The Green War being waged is, for the supplied by green energy at more than four photovoltaic companies (solar energy) and U.S., about regaining its sense of direction percent, according to Global Clean Power: supplies 29 percent of its total power as a nation and ensuring its position at the A $2.3 Trillion Opportunity, a 2010 report consumption through renewable energies, forefront of global stewardship. The by the Pew Charitable Trusts. In fact, China states Global Clean Power, while the U.S. realization that the U.S. is falling behind on “led the world in attracting clean energy is at four percent. And Denmark’s concen- this front should be a call to arms to shift investment,” the report continued, “and tration on wind power in the early 1980s American efforts into full gear. It’s in ranked at or near the top of all G-20 now allows it not only to generate upwards America’s blood to want to be first and countries [major advanced and emerging of 20 percent of its electricity through wind serve as a role model. Being the world economies] in nearly every measurement of farms (see, for example, “Analysis of Wind leader in alternative energy development clean energy growth.” Power in the Danish Electricity Supply in goes far beyond bragging rights; it reaches China has focused on alternative energies 2005 and 2006” by Techconsult) but also to deep into the roots of the American dream. ■ not only to help sustain its rapidly growing control more than 40 percent of the world’s needs, but also to become the world’s primary wind turbine market, the Danish Energy Mark H. Griep (Michigan supplier of green technologies. For example, Authority tabulated in 2005 in its publica- Technological University) as of 2009, China was the world’s largest tion “Offshore Wind Power.” China and is a U.S. Army Research wind power market, installing facilities Denmark’s grip on the wind industry Lab National Research throughout the country and doubling wind is nearly a stranglehold. Council Resident Associate energy capacity over the past four years, Does it matter who wins the based in Aberdeen Proving according to Renewable Energy and Energy Green War? Yes and no. Unlike Ground, Md. He specializes Efficiency in China: Current Status and actual battle, this Green War doesn’t in carbon, biological and Prospects for 2020, a report issued last run the risk of bloodshed or annihila- energy applications of nanotechnology and has October by the independent research group tion. The casualties, such as they are, published numerous papers and made many Worldwatch Institute. Similar trends hold true are economic and environmental presentations about these fields. Griep earned for solar water heating: China now holds — and containable. In fact, in the grand a B.S. in biomedical engineering and a Ph.D. 90 percent of the world market. scheme of things, the Green War has no in mechanical engineering from Michigan Losing this “Green War” to China poses real losers if the widespread application Technological University. He was a 2009 a problem for the U.S., if it remains of alternative energies continues to such a Fulbright Scholar at the Research Center determined to spearhead global efforts at degree that it “defeats” global warming and for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, responsible energy consumption. The overreliance on oil consumption. The whole Taipei, Taiwan, and won a 2009 Love pending decline in oil availability and the world wins in that scenario. of Learning Award from Phi Kappa concordant need to combat climate change History teaches numerous lessons Phi to help underwrite an could be driving economic forces for the about the ability of the U.S. to innovate education program in country that best maneuvers them. Indeed, at an astonishing pace when threatened. nanotechnology for the U.S. Energy Information Administra- The fight against the Axis powers during rural youth in tion, the statistical and analytical agency WWII led to advancement of nuclear Taiwan. Last within the Department of Energy, forecasted technology at an unprecedented pace. And December, last July in International Energy a vast array of technologies developed Griep was part of a team that won Outlook 2010 that world energy during the Space Race in the Cold War the Paul A. Siple Memorial Award, consumption will increase 49 with the Soviet Union. In fact, President given out biennially for the top percent by 2035, with renewable Barack Obama, in his 2011 State of work presented at the Army Science energies slated to make up 23 the Union address, referenced the Conference. Email him at percent of the electricity generation. “Sputnik moment” when urging for [email protected].

What country leads the world in renewable energies? The answer in part is blowing in the wind. stock.xchng

Su m m e r 2011 27 Book Review Higher Education: A Black-and-White Matter

By Harold E. Cheatham Department commandment: speak no evil eorge Henderson’s Race and the of the Athletics Department, its coaches, or University: A Memoir explicates players.” The athletes withstood anticipated Gin lucid and captivating fashion charges of traitorous behavior and fears of the enigma of being black in particular reprisals for their conspiracy, Henderson white spaces during the civil rights observes, and their boycott became “a movement. In his 31st book, Henderson, seminal moment in what would later Professor Emeritus of Human Relations crystallize into a black student revolt.” at University of Oklahoma (OU), also his On the lighter side, he also taught students Phi Kappa Phi chapter, turns a personal to kiss and make up when they behaved as narrative and school timeline into a fair young adults now and then are wont to and measured example of the pursuit of behave. And veterans of the 1960s student social justice during a tumultuous period movement (and “suspects” simply for being in the nation’s evolution. more than 30 years of age) will be amused by Henderson drew from a deep reservoir Henderson’s recounting of a student who of courage. To call this trait admirable and “dissed” him over a political point, only to inspiring tells only half the story; given the have local police arouse the professor from times, courage was not only practical but that night’s sleep to vouch for the student’s essential armamentaria. He had endured fitness to be released from custody (for discrimination on numerous fronts during disorderly conduct) — and that with but an his youth. Yet after studying at major oblique apology from the student. Northern universities, and ultimately If Race and the University is but one earning a doctorate in sociology from writer’s account, complemented by Wayne State University, Henderson affirming reminiscences of three former deflected his trusted advisor’s counsel that students, it is also more than academic. he not subject himself as a young professor This painstakingly documented reckoning to racial animus and certain distress By George Henderson by Henderson provides readers with awaiting him in the segregated South. Foreword by David W. Levy illuminating perspective on an era that Rather, in 1967, with a faculty appoint- Contributions by Sterlin N. helped redefine OU and the nation. The ment at OU, Henderson and his wife Adams, Sandra D. Rouce, and book is a gift to OU. Through its depic- Barbara became the first black property Ida Elizabeth Mack Wilson tion of faith and resolve, obstacles and owners in Norman. And over his long 272 pages. University of achievements, the memoir is also a gift to tenure at OU, from 1967 to 2006, he Oklahoma Press all of us. ■ became the first black professor in the state (September 2010) to hold an endowed professorship (receiv- $24.95 hardcover Harold E. Cheatham ing four total), created and chaired the (Clemson University former school’s human relations department, and chapter president) is Emeritus served as the first black dean of a degree- president (68-70) by supporting Henderson’s Dean of the College of Health, granting college (liberal studies) on developing academic coursework that met Education, and Human campus. But the awe accorded to Hender- the demands of students and the rigors of the Development and Emeritus son for perseverance and resilience in his academy, and that were foundational to Professor of Counseling quest for self-actualization and commit- OU’s current Black Studies program. and Education Leadership ment to the greater good extends beyond a Henderson demonstrates a uniqueness in at Clemson University. He specializes in the compilation of accomplishments. En route his capacity to assist students in grounding psychosocial development of black college to deserved honors, he displayed unusual their efforts in the march for progress. students; multicultural counseling and theory; skill in meeting the political and personal Working with student activists, he synthe- and cultural pluralism. His many publications as needs and temperaments of his employer sized a range of ideas and philosophies writer and editor include The American Civil Rights and his students. including those of Mahatma Gandhi, Movement: A Documentary History (Manchester Henderson benefited from superiors and community organizer Saul Alinsky, Martin University Press, 2009) and Black Families: colleagues who supported his work on Luther King, Jr., Malcolm X, and postcolo- Interdisciplinary Perspectives (Rutgers University desegregation. In the South — or anywhere, nial revolutionary Frantz Fanon to help the Press, 1990). Cheatham earlier held teaching and for that matter — during the 1960s and 70s next generation “interpret the culturally administrative positions at Pennsylvania State days of “rebelling against white privilege, relevant meanings,” Henderson explains, University (Penn State), the U.S. Coast Guard black separatism, and campus-wide even when “arguments for the differences Academy, and Case Western Reserve University indifference to bigotry,” as Henderson puts between these strategies were not absolute, (Case Western). A Fulbright Scholar, National it, one was fortunate to find allies in a setting even if the rhetoric was.” Board Certified Counselor, and former president seemingly populated principally by Of particular note, as collegiate athletic of the American College Personnel Association, adversaries and bystanders. After all, job departments contemporaneously faced Cheatham earned a bachelor’s degree in security — and personal safety — were at challenges and charges of racism and psychology from Penn State and advanced stake, even though OU’s first black student inequity, Henderson was successful in 1968 degrees in counseling/higher education was enrolled in 1948. Henderson writes in mentoring black student athletes’ administration from Colgate University (master’s) poignantly of his comrade J. Herbert protests against discrimination and and Case Western (doctorate). Go online to Hollomon, Jr., who endangered and exploitation. Under his tutelage, this www.hehd.clemson.edu/cheatham/honors.php ultimately shortened his tenure as OU resistance “broke an OU Athletic or email him at [email protected].

28 Su m m e r 2011 Phi Kappa Phi Bookshelf Compiled by Editor Peter Szatmary

Cornbread Nation 5 Edited by Fred W. Sauceman General editor, John T. Edge 328 pp. Illustrated. University of Georgia Press (April 2010). $19.95 paperback.

ubtitled The Best of Southern Food Writing, this smorgasbord from some 70 contributors ranges from Jeffrey Gettleman on humble paddlefish caviar to Martha Hall Foose on Delta hot Stamales. Luminaries like Barbara Kingsolver, Roy Blount Jr., and Donna Tartt are sampled. Other entries in this anthology of essays, stories, journalism, and poetry savor country ham in Kentucky and chicken mull in Georgia. Sixteen recipes include stir-fried collards and sweet-potato cobbler. Who better to edit this volume than Southern food and culture writer Fred W. Sauceman, Associate Professor of Appalachian Studies and longtime administrator at East Tennessee State University, his Phi Kappa Phi chapter? “I hope those who read this collection will come away with the knowledge that fascinating regional and local variations still exist on the Southern table, despite the relentless encroachment of chain eateries and the societal pressures that force us to compromise the quality of our food,” Sauceman wrote in an email.

The Way of Kinship Translated and edited by Alexander Vaschenko and Claude Clayton Smith Foreword by N. Scott Momaday 280 pp. Illustrated. University of Minnesota Press (December 2010). $19.95 paperback.

hi Kappa Phi members pride themselves on being worldly. The Way of Kinship: An Anthology of Native Siberian Literature offers readers the first compendium of its kind in English, press Pmaterials state. The “treasures” of fiction, poetry, drama, and creative nonfiction, declares writer N. Scott Momaday in the foreword, “while altogether modern in one sense, are based on literature, albeit oral, that has existed for thousands of years.” Authors include Yeremei Aipin, Galina Keptuke, Maria Vagatova, and Yuri Vaella. Translators and editors Alexander Vaschenko, Chair of Comparative Studies in Literature and Culture at Moscow State University, and Claude Clayton Smith, Professor Emeritus of English at Ohio Northern University, his Phi Kappa Phi chapter, selected writers from seven ethnic groups and from regions extending from the Ob River to the Chukotka Peninsula. The pieces “give us a way, a sacred way, into a world that we ought to know for its own sake,” Momaday observes.

Individual and Family Stress and Crises By Janice Gauthier Weber 272 pp. SAGE Publications (December 2010). $44.95 paperback.

argeted for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students, Individual and Family Stress and Crises is “the first comprehensive text on stress and crisis management specifically tailored to Tcourses focusing on the family,” press materials announce. Author Janice Gauthier Weber, Associate Professor of Child and Family Studies at University of Louisiana-Lafayette, her Phi Kappa Phi chapter, blends theory, history, research, vignettes, case studies, tables and figures, intervention techniques, exercises, and hands-on applications in what’s called an “innovative” work; it puts into perspective the relationships among the dynamics. Sample chapter titles: “The Profile of Trouble, the Truncated Roller Coaster Profile of Adjustment, and the Family Ecosystemic Model of Stress”; “The Typology Model of Family Adjustment and Adaptation”; and “The Family Distress Model and the Contextual Model of Family Stress.” Professors and advanced students “in courses such as Family Crisis, Family Stress and Coping, and Dysfunctions in Marriage and Family will find this book invaluable,” press materials assert.

Phi Kappa Phi Bookshelf Phi Kappa Phi Bookshelf Submission Guidelines The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi If you are an author and would like your work to be considered for inclusion in the 7576 Goodwood Blvd. Phi Kappa Phi Bookshelf, send two copies of the book, a color headshot of yourself, Baton Rouge, LA 70806 contact information, (address, phone numbers, email), and a one-page synopsis to: [email protected]

*All submitted books will be added to the Phi Kappa Phi library housed at the Society headquarters.

Su m m e r 2011 29 Society Developments

The Greey Legacy To date, 10 outstanding young Phi Kappa Phi members have earned the Kathleen M. Greey Fellowship for their first year of full-time graduate or professional study. Here is a list of the winners by year, their Phi Kappa Phi chapters, undergraduate majors, and use of the Greey Fellowship. Kelsey Moran, 2010: Kansas State University, political science/ international studies major. Georgetown University, law, beginning fall 2012. Jon Chachula, 2009: United States Military Academy, international relations/Spanish major. King’s College, Cambridge, Master of Philosophy in International Relations.

Kathleen Andrew Jick, 2008: California State Greey, 1968 University-Los Angeles, business administration major. University of California, Berkeley, law. Todd Kumler, The Visionary Philanthropy 2007: Illinois Wesleyan University, of Kathleen M. Greey economics/ By Perry A. Snyder Travel was among Greey’s lifelong mathematics major. he was a true philanthropist who interests, and she planned extensive Columbia Univer- gave generously of her time and adventures upon her retirement. It was in sity, Ph.D. in ‘Searnings, a trait that was instilled China that she contracted meningitis, which Economics. in her by her parents.” claimed her life on Dec. 27, 2000. Paul Julian, 2006: University of That is how the late Kathleen M. Leaders fulfill their commitments to Tennessee, philosophy major. Harvard Greey was described by her cousin, others in a variety of ways. Greey did so University, Ph.D. in Philosophy. Charlotte G. Christy. through giving generously of her time, “Her donations spanned from talent and treasure. In her last will Steven Heffner, 2005: Appalachian family to church to other and testament, she provided for the State University, computer science organizations she came in Phi Kappa Phi Foundation, Inc. major. Wake Forest University School contact with on her road In 2001, Phi Kappa Phi’s of Medicine, M.D. through life,” Christy added. Board of Directors named a Phi Kappa Phi was one of Fellowship in her memory as one Amanda Sigler, 2004: University of those organizations. Greey way to express its gratitude to Tulsa, English major. University of was “a proud member and her. Upon learning of the honor, Virginia, English literature. gave freely of her time to it,” Christy observed, “It is wonderful Christy recalled. Indeed, when that Kathy will live on in spirit Michael Tan, 2003: California State a chapter was established at through this endowed fellowship.” University-Los Angeles, business Portland State University in 1980, Planned gifts such as Greey’s make administration/CIS major. California Greey was founding secretary, a post she it possible for The Honor Society of State University-Los Angeles, law. held for most of the years prior to her Phi Kappa Phi to fulfill its mission. Future retirement in 2000. generations of the “best and brightest” will Kay Kirkpatrick, 2002: Montana State A librarian by profession, Greey was be her beneficiaries and legacies.■ University, mathematics major. admired and respected by her colleagues. University of California, Berkeley, “Never aggressive or confrontational, To learn how to endow a Fellowship or mathematics. Kathy always took a calm, reasoned other Phi Kappa Phi awards, email Perry Kale Bodily, 2001: University of Utah, approach that — together with her winning Snyder, Phi Kappa Phi Executive Director, at biology/neuroscience major. Mayo smile — was impossible to resist,” said [email protected] or call him at Medical School, M.D. Tom Pfingsten, former director of the (800) 804-9880 ext. 21. Deanna Landry, Branford P. Millar Library at the school. Executive Assistant, contributed to this story. — Perry A. Snyder

30 Su m m e r 2011 Chapter Update

The 2010-12 Council of Students started setting some of its agenda at the 2010 Phi Kappa Phi Convention in Kansas City, Mo., last August. Clockwise from center, Shipra De, Western Region (wearing glasses and with back to camera); Ehsan Ejaz, Western Region; Mustafa Saadi, North Central Region; Jeffry Harrison, North Central Region, and Vice President for Students; Bridgette Cram, Southeast Region; Samantha Perez, South Central Region; Jennifer Worley, South Central Region; and Rodney Hughes, Northeast Region, and Vice President for Students. Not pictured: Kathryn Cava, Southeast Region, and Heather Bartholomew, Northeast Region. Council of Students to Make Road Map for Peer Involvement and Leadership By Jeffry Harrison explained, so ideas and concerns overlap manual and a transition guide for the and Rodney Hughes and diverge. Examples of brainstorming so student vice presidents at the chapter hi Kappa Phi’s Council of Students far include how to encourage sustained level,” he said. “We are confident that it advisory panel recently began involvement, raise membership numbers, will help improve the transition process and Pdrafting a best practices handbook for hold memorable initiations, and promote ultimately enhance successor leadership.” chapter student vice presidents. The goals chapter visibility. The Council of Students holds online for the forthcoming publication are Input like this should prove beneficial as conferences once a month with Carlson to developing a sustainable structure for the advisory panel lays foundations as a discuss issues, suggest collaborations, share future Council of Students rosters to build body, said Jim Carlson, a Phi Kappa Phi tips, and solve problems. The group also upon; augmenting student participation in Chapter Relations Director who serves as prepares for board meetings that the authors Phi Kappa Phi at a local level; and staff liaison to the Council of Students. The of this article attend as voting members strengthening communication between 10-member group is a relatively new entity, who were elected by their peers. It was at student Society members and their Council having convened for the first time at the the March online meeting that the concept of Students regional representatives. 2010 Phi Kappa Phi Convention in Kansas for a best practices handbook was

Traci Navarre, Benefits and Member Phi Director of Marketing Phi Kappa “We are creating a comprehensive City, Mo., last August. The handbook helps conceived. guide,” said Heather Bartholomew, a define some expectations and opportunities The handbook should help “facilitate Council of Students member pursuing a for chapter student vice presidents and for student involvement,” a phrase that became master of public policy at University of Council of Students regional representa- one of the five guiding principles for the Maryland, College Park. “It will include tives, Carlson said. 2010-12 biennium that the Board of ways to increase chapter involvement. It The input also reinforces interrelated Directors adopted last October. will help facilitate transition between mandates of the Council of Students: Student vice presidents at chapters will Phi Kappa Phi student vice presidents over making sure the voice of student members receive the best practices handbook by the their terms. And it will provide greater is heard more and expanding their role in start of the fall semester. ■ information about how the Council of the Society. By providing directions, the Students is a true resource for members.” handbook will become a type of road map Jeffry Harrison is a senior business As a preliminary step, Bartholomew for future student vice presidents at administration major at Southern Illinois made a Google Doc (an online interactive chapters and for Council of Students University-Edwardsville, and Rodney Hughes document) for student regional representa- regional representatives, Carlson said. is a doctoral student in higher education at tives to contribute to and reference. Not all “We anticipate constructing a document Pennsylvania State University. Email them at Phi Kappa Phi chapters are the same, she that will function equally as an instruction [email protected] and [email protected].

Su m m e r 2011 31 Member Spotlight A ‘Great Mind’ Wins Jeopardy! Editor’s note: According to Society logic, Scott Harris qualified as a “Great Mind,” part of a Phi Kappa Phi marketing campaign, upon his chapter initiation at University of North Texas, from which he earned a master’s degree in library and information science this spring. Another sanctioned example of his erudition occurred last October when Harris won a game of Jeopardy!, the long-running quiz show on syndicated television — and $19,201. The episode aired on Jan. 20. The next day viewers saw the defeat of the returning champion, who is the librarian at Imagine School in the Valle, a charter elementary and middle school in Las Vegas, Nev. But he triumphantly used the prize money — $21,201 before taxes for the two-game total — to pay off credit card bills, buy home electronics, and plan a trip to Washington, D.C., for himself; his wife, a marriage and family therapist; and their two sons, age 6 and 1. Here’s an edited account from Harris, whose 1990 under- graduate degree in film studies is from University of Utah, about how his “Great Mind” brought him a lucrative, if momen- tary, claim to fame. Email him at Phi Kappa Phi member Scott Harris smiles after winning a game of Jeopardy! — and $19,201 — last October. [email protected]. Top: Harris poses with Jeopardy! host Alex Trebek.

hree years ago, this trivia buff since for contestants, generally speaking. My Jeopardy!,” in which dollar amounts middle school set a goal not just to wife and I dropped the kids off with my increase twofold, I got on a roll early in Tappear on Jeopardy! but to win. I took parents and she quizzed me on the drive to categories such as “Siblings of Song” and the online qualifying test of 50 clues in 50 Culver City. Upon arrival, I was taken to “Penguins” and later boosted my bank on categories once a year (per the rules) for two the green room while my wife joined the a “Daily Double.” When this round ended years, but no luck. In early 2010 I passed it studio audience of 100 or so. I led with $13,600. Julie had $9,600 and and was invited to try out that April in Producers went over rules and intro- Jeff, $8,000. Culver City, Calif., where the show is taped. duced contestants, who ran through a mock In “Final Jeopardy!,” in which contes- I hugged my family goodbye and bout onstage and then waited in a seques- tants can bet any amount from their total, practiced the game during the five-hour tered part of the audience for show time. the category was “World Leaders” and the drive. Invitees pay their own way, dress as (Contestants aren’t permitted to confer with question was, “At his 1994 inaugural, he if on the show, take another similar written their personal cheering section until after called for ‘a rainbow nation at peace with test, and then play a brief mock game. their final game.) itself and the world.’” I calculated that I Between 25 and 30 aspirants gathered at a “Stay loose, Scott. Stay loose,” I said to should wager $5,601, one dollar more than hotel near the studio for the two-hour myself when it was my turn. (Five shows, a if Julie were to answer correctly and had process. I didn’t win or lose the audition week’s worth, are taped in one day.) I bet all. Then I wrote, confidently, “Who is game since scores weren’t tabulated; began to sweat under the hot lights as I Mandela?” as in Nelson. deportment and appearance were judged. sized up the competition: the one-game I pretended to be nervous. But when I heard nothing for months and figured I returning champion, Jeff, an accountant; Trebek confirmed that Jeff, who also had blew it. But last September I got the call to and Julie, a systems engineer. written “Mandela,” was right (finishing appear on the show in six weeks. The theme music began, announcer with $9,601), I knew I had won. The theme from the movie Rocky played Johnny Gilbert said my name, and host “Scott Harris, we come to you,” Trebek in my head as I trained, doing crosswords, Alex Trebek came out. The game unfolds said, after going to Julie, whose correct studying trivia books, scouring newspapers. more or less like on TV, in real time of answer equated to $16,100 total. “You are I watched Jeopardy! while standing behind about 30 minutes (except more time is not looking happy, young man. But you my La-Z-Boy as if it were a podium and allotted to figure out the wager for the came up with the correct response. Did using a pen with a clicker for the buzzer. all-important final clue). you risk enough? $5,601. That’s enough. I couldn’t sleep the night before taping. I started off slowly in categories $19,201. And you get to wrap up the week Then I remembered a documentary about including “Faith in America” and “Colleges as the Jeopardy! champion. You come baseball great Ted Williams, the last to hit and Universities.” I got some questions back tomorrow to defend.” .400 for the season. An umpire told him that, right, others wrong, and I got beat to the My fake frown turned into a real smile. given his preparation, all Williams needed to buzzer. At the end of the first round I was in But not for long. Twenty minutes later, accomplish this feat was to “stay loose.” third with $2,200. Julie led with $4,800. “tomorrow” began: the attempted defense The show does not pay travel expenses During the second round, “Double of my title. ■ Scott Harris

32 Su m m e r 2011 Member News Compiled by Editor Peter Szatmary

Annice Brave (Southern Joel DiGirolamo (Kansas His day job is global environmental affairs Illinois University-Edwards- State University) published director for one of the world’s largest ville), who teaches 11th- and Leading Team Alpha (202 container shipping companies. 12th-grade English and pages; PranaPower, October journalism at Alton (Ill.) 2010; $24.95 hardcover). It Melissa McQuade (Kutztown University), a High School, was named teaches principles in senior elementary education major, was named 2011 Illinois Teacher of the leadership through a novel to the first team of the 2010-11 Academic Year. Besting seven other about a manager of a All-District II women’s basketball team by the finalists, she represented Illinois at a NASA Space software business who must rise to a new College Sports Information Directors of Camp in Huntsville, Ala., as a result. Brave also challenge in a competitive market. The author, America. She also was named a second-team was one of four finalists for 2011 National who earlier published the award-winning Yoga Academic All-American. The guard/forward is Teacher of the Year; the winner is released from in No Time at All, has more than 30 years of the school’s all-time leading scorer and teaching for a year to travel as a spokesperson experience at Fortune 500 companies. Go online rebounder. She made the dean’s list through- for the profession and the program, which to www.leadingteamalpha.nu. out her education, was a three-time began in 1952. Brave has been teaching for Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference scholar- 23 years, the last 15 at Alton. She chairs the Jay Fernandez (Florida athlete, and served as vice president of her English department, advises the school Atlantic University) was university’s student-athlete advisory commit- newspaper, helped start a student radio named director of the North tee during her junior year. program, and was the first teacher in her Myrtle Beach (S.C.) Public district to receive National Board Certification. Safety Department, which William D. Peace, Jr. includes police and fire/ (Purdue University) Katherine Cottle rescue personnel. He published Supply Chain (University of Maryland, previously served as chief of Management: The Real College Park) published the Deerfield Beach District of the Broward WOW Factor (242 pages; Halfway: A Journal through County (Fla.) Sheriff’s Office and has 25 years of Lulu.com, February 2011; Pregnancy (219 pages; experience in public safety. $39.95 paperback and PDF Apprentice House, download). He draws on September 2010; $16.95 Amanda Fickey (University of Kentucky student more than three decades of experience in paperback). “I wrote Halfway, vice president) won a Dissertation Enhancement supply chain management for Procter & Gamble, which explores the year I experienced a Award from University of Kentucky, valued at from which he’s now retired. “Supply chain miscarriage and a full-term pregnancy, because $3,000, and a research grant for the second time management is vitally important in today’s I felt there wasn’t a creative narrative that from the Kentucky Oral History Commission, global competitive business environment, and articulated the unfiltered and honest feelings worth $2,500. A student of geography, she moving product more efficiently through all of a regular woman dealing with the internal studies alternative economic practices and stages of manufacturing, ordering, and and external challenges of pregnancy,” Cottle regional economic development. Fickey also distribution provides companies with a distinct explained in an email. “The book parallels the received an award for best student paper at the advantage in the marketplace,” Peace wrote in halfway experiences of drug addiction, recovery, 2011 Appalachian Studies Association an email. “My book delves into the critical and terminal illness, as the lives of the people Conference at Eastern Kentucky University. elements needed to succeed in business, grow around me mirror my own transitional volume, improve profits, and delight customers journey.” Cottle, a doctoral student in English Carlette Hardin (Austin around the world.” Go online to at Morgan State University, won the Peay State University) www.omconsultingsite.com. summer 2010 Phi Kappa Phi Forum poetry was named dean of the contest. Go online to apprenticehouse.com or College of Education Anene Tressler (University www.katherinecottle.com. at Austin Peay State of Missouri-St. Louis) University. She had published her first novel, Antionette Dickens been interim dean. Dancing with Gravity (University of Missouri-St. (273 pages; Blank Slate Louis) won the inaugural Ellen E. Haulman (Auburn University) was Press, March 2011; Katherine Dunham appointed director of instruction and special $24.95 hard cover, Internship from the services for the Alabama Commission on $14.95 paperback, Regional Arts Commission Higher Education. She has worked for the $9.99 ebook, $26.99 audio book). “Every hero’s in St. Louis, Mo. state agency for 20 years in various capacities journey involves a coming of age story,” press The $2,500 internship including coordinator for the electronic materials state. “This one is about a 48-year-old — named after the legendary dancer/ campus and liaison to the Southern Regional priest … whose already beleaguered life begins choreographer, author, educator, and activist Education Board. to unravel after he is tapped to minister to a (1909-2006) — supports African-American small South American circus bequeathed to an students, recent graduates, working profession- Kevin Krick (University of order of aging nuns.” The author, who co-owns als, and artists interested in arts management. Delaware) was elected Blackbird Creative, a small company in St. Louis, Dickens, pursuing a master’s degree in chairman of the Marin Mo., specializing in corporate writing, wrote in communications and a graduate certificate in County (Calif.) Republican an email that the book “offers an exploration nonprofit leadership at University of Central Committee for a of the depths of human nature with a Missouri-St. Louis, her undergraduate alma two-year term. Prior, he had haunting examination of lost, unrecognized mater, will work on the commission’s grants been elected vice chair. Krick and courageous love.” Go online to process and develop a diversity project for hopes to build on the base of blankslatepress.com or minority students. the 29,300 registered Republicans in the county. anenewrites.wordpress.com. ■

Su m m e r 2011 33 x

In Memoriam Compiled by Editor Peter Szatmary

Daniel Edwards Brabham volunteering with the Kiwanis, going to Las Vegas, be director of student services at OU Lancaster (Louisiana State University), 69, and taking cruises. Preceded in death by a and director of lifelong learning at OU in led a Renaissance life. His grandson and a sister, he passed away on Athens. She also was a licensed counselor with career ranged from operator July 30, 2010; survivors include his wife of 33 the American Counseling Association. In her with Shell Chemicals to high years, son and daughter-in-law, daughter and spare time she participated in numerous civic school chemistry and math companion, five grandchildren, and mother. causes. “When I visited her a few years ago, she teacher to linebacker with the proudly had her Phi Kappa Phi Forums stacked Houston Oilers (five years) and Ed Dyas (Auburn University), and looked forward to them,” wrote Molly the Cincinnati Bengals (one year). He was an 71, exemplified the student- Stauffer, a former Phi Kappa Phi chapter Academic All-American as a fullback and attended athlete. On the field, he starred relations director, about her distant relation University of Arkansas and Louisiana State for Auburn University as and “great lady.” Preceded in death in 1996 by University. Brabham also was a veteran of the Air fullback, linebacker and kicker, her husband of 57 years, and by a son and Force Reserve. He enjoyed genealogy, hand- starting as a freshman on the grandson, Menson passed away on Dec. 2, 2010. grabbing for catfish, aviation (possessing a pilot’s undefeated 1958 team and Other survivors include four sons and daugh- license), and writing poetry; Brabham additionally earning first-team All- ters-in-law, two daughters and sons-in-law, was a self-taught guitarist and piano player. The American status in 1960. Off the field, he was an another daughter-in-law, 14 grandchildren and Prairieville, La., resident died on Jan. 23; survivors Academic All Conference pick three times and 10 great-grandchildren. include his wife, two sons and daughters-in-law, won school awards as the outstanding senior daughter and son-in-law, and four grandchildren, student-athlete and the football player with the Arnold W. Preussner (Truman among others. highest grade point average over four years. State University former Captain of the 1960 Scholastic All-American team, chapter president), 64, had Thomas R. Burtis (Texas Tech Dyas was a pre-med major who passed up the wide interests. The Professor University), 92, loved his chance to play professional football to attend Emeritus of English at Truman country so much that he medical school. He became an orthopedic State University was an expert enlisted in the National Guard surgeon in Mobile, Ala., but remained close to the in Shakespeare and Jonson in 1935 while a student at sport he loved by being head of physicians for the and a fan of Woody Allen and Decatur (Texas) High School. Senior Bowl. In 1994, Dyas received Auburn’s screwball comedies. He taught in England Burtis joined the Army Walter Gilbert Award, bestowed annually to a through his school’s London program and immediately upon graduation, former student-athlete for excellence after stateside transformed his love of athletics into a serving as an enlisted man for six years and as a graduating from the school; in 2006 he was given popular Sport and Society course. Preussner warrant officer for 21 years, before retiring in its Lifetime Achievement Award. Dyas was played softball — when not playing piano or 1962; he worked in recruitment and personnel, inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame, the guitar across the genres. Born in Chicago, he among other assignments. As a civilian, Burtis Alabama Sports Hall of Fame, and the Mobile (Ala.) published many scholarly articles and surely earned bachelor’s and master’s degrees from Sports Hall of Fame. He died of cancer on Jan. 23; would have liked to write a book on his beloved Texas Tech University and studied for a doctorate survivors include his wife and four children. Cubs. Preussner earned degrees from Luther in psychology until health reasons forced him to College (B.A.) and University of Colorado at stop short of completing his dissertation. He was Wayne M. Higley (University of Nebraska at Boulder (M.A. and Ph.D.) and earlier taught at former vice president and longtime executive Omaha), 78, taught accounting at University of Yankton College, Washburn University, and committee member of the Lubbock (Texas) Nebraska at Omaha (UNO) for more than two University of Kansas. The Army veteran died of chapter of the NAACP and former president of decades and, most recently, at Buena Vista cancer at his home on June 2, 2010; survivors the Lubbock Ecumenical Council on Social University for another 20-plus years, receiving include his wife and daughter, among other kin. Concerns. Burtis was active in numerous other awards at both. The 1949 Iowa City (Iowa) High public service organizations, from the League of School class valedictorian earned degrees from Craig Evan Wollner (Portland State University), Women Voters to the Arms Control Association. University of Iowa (B.A.), UNO (B.S.), and University 67, was Associate Dean of the College of Urban Preceded in death by a son, Burtis passed away of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (M.S. and Ph.D.). and Public Affairs and Professor of Public on Dec. 22, 2010. Survivors include his wife of 62 The certified public accountant enjoyed golf, Administration at Portland State University years, daughter and son-in-law, and 13 grandchil- which he had played at the collegiate level, plus (PSU) at the time of his death. His research dren, among many others. curling, bridge, cribbage, and Scrabble. Higley produced seven books, authored or edited, and was a past president of the Storm Lake (Iowa) many articles on subjects ranging from housing Dana Gerard Cable (Hood College former Rotary Club and for many years served on the discrimination to labor unions. He also was chapter president), 66, surely had the right Storm Lake Community Chest board of directors. founding editor of Metroscape, a PSU journal outlook on the end of life since the Hood College An Army veteran, he died on Feb. 28, 2010; published by the Institute of Portland professor, licensed psychologist, and grief survivors include his companion, former wife, two Metropolitan Studies. Wollner served as counselor was a leader in the fields of gerontology sons and a daughter and their spouses, and three president of the school’s chapter of the and thanatology. His publications included the grandchildren, among others. American Association of University Professors book, Death and Dying: The Universal Experiences, and of the board of the Oregon Jewish and he served on the editorial boards of the Elizabeth Carroll Menson Museum, among many other campus and civic American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care and (Ohio University), 91, roles. He earned history degrees from PSU (B.A. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying. Cable also epitomized lifelong learning. and M.A.) and University of New Mexico (Ph.D.). chaired the board of the Hospice of Frederick She earned an undergradu- Wollner died on Nov. 20, 2010, in the company County (Md.) and was on the board of the ate degree from Columbia of family; survivors include his wife of two Association for Death Education and Counseling, University as a young woman decades and a stepson, plus others. ■ receiving the organization’s clinical practice and then, at age 59, after award. He earned degrees from West Virginia raising seven children, a For more obituaries, go online to Wesleyan College (B.A.) and West Virginia doctorate in counseling and higher education www.phikappaphi.org/forum/summer 2011. University (Ph.D.). In his spare time, Cable loved from Ohio University (OU). Menson went on to

34 Su m m e r 2011 Poetic Pause Living Canvas Carved ironwood fists paint the delicate canvas with deliberate strokes. Hues of purplish blue, tints of white-rusted gold, shades of youthful viridity, all blending on the broken surface of this layered masterpiece. The artist slaves for his art, starves for recognition, thrives in morbidity and thumbs the rules of convention. In muted moonlight he works. Glossy pages, gaussianed to perfection, are models for his portrait. Timepiece figures with alluring bedroom eyes, painted plump pouting lips, lust tainted innocence; nothing this primed canvas has or can achieve. Red spills and splatters on the walls, salt-tear texturing fails to inspire, and the frame is fractured from a “fall.” With every stroke the portrait withers and dies. Cosmetics cannot hide the nights of pain- seared sleep. Scraps of salvaged solace, from better days, drape over the fresh fresco, but even these comforts are not without pain as she is called Beloved. By Autumn James Painting a Disturbing Portrait You Can’t Look Away From ome submissions for this edition’s other — punish the woman for not having fourth, Road Scatter, will be theme of “Color” touched on the those “plump pouting lips,” that “lust / published in 2012 by Persea enduring poetic keynotes of love and tainted innocence”? Books. She also edited Deep S Travel: Contemporary American loss, of art and nature, and of mortality and Poetry cannot celebrate the beauty in our the spirit. Others broached social issues lives without also exposing what would Poets Abroad (2007), an regarding race and gender. masquerade under its name. James here anthology that earned a 2008 The winning entry, “Living Canvas,” by beautifully paints a portrait of an ugliness Independent Publisher Book Autumn James, brings together many of we must acknowledge to truly call ourselves Award Gold Medal. Recipient these motifs in a “portrait,” at once striking human. Even “scraps of salvaged solace,” of a 2011 creative writing fellowship in poetry from and oblique, of an intimate abuse relegated the poet observes, “are not without pain.” the National Endowment for the Arts, Meek has also to “muted moonlight.” published poems in The American Poetry Review, The very density of the poet’s language — Sandra Meek, poetry editor Agni, The Kenyon Review, Poetry, Conjunctions, and suggests how easy it is for us not to see the The Iowa Review, among other journals, and she has domestic victim. While the metaphors of Autumn James is a senior twice been named Georgia Author of the Year. Meek painter, subject, and canvas begin the poem English major, focusing on is a cofounding editor of Ninebark Press, director of and propel it forward, not until the final six fiction writing, at Washburn the Georgia Poetry Circuit, and Professor of English, lines do we understand the full extent of the University, her Phi Kappa Phi Rhetoric, and Writing at Berry College. troubling objectification that has been chapter. A few of her other created. The “portrait withers and dies” as passions are graphic design Editor’s note: The poetry contest is the woman, “fractured” at the hands of the and baking. She and her open only to active Society members, male “artist” who “thrives in / morbidity,” husband, Chris, who works for published or unpublished. Submissions is overwritten by a name which is not a the United States Coast Guard and is a part-time — one per entrant per issue — should be up name: “Beloved.” student at Washburn pursuing business and to 40 lines long and must reflect the theme The female here is palimpsest, violently technology administration, share a 330-square of the edition. One original, previously overlaid by the disappointments of her foot apartment in Topeka, Kan., with their ferret, unpublished poem is selected for the printed male partner with his “carved ironwood Keo. Email her at [email protected]. version. Runners-up may appear online. The fists.” As “red spills and splatters,” the fall theme is the 10th anniversary of 9/11. poem implicitly asks us: Will we avert our Sandra Meek (Colorado State University) is author Entry deadline is midnight, June 5, only by eyes by imagining that “broken surface” as of three books of poems, Nomadic Foundations email at [email protected]. For stock.xchng a “layered masterpiece,” like the “artist” (2002), Burn (2005), and Biogeography (2008), complete rules and details, go online to does? Will we punish the real for not being winner of the Dorset Prize from Tupelo Press. Her www.phikappaphi.org/poetry.

Su m m e r 2011 35 And One More Thing … with Bob Zany

warned, “This film contains adult content and may not be suitable for all audiences.” The poster also invited fans to “Join Bob Zany after the show at Crappy’s Sports Bar.” If they can handle the poster, I thought, they can handle the movie. Before the movie debuted, I sent copies to my personal focus group of a couple dozen friends, colleagues and family members. Nobody, not even my mother-in-law, who uses the phrase “Aitch-ee-double-two-picks” instead of “hell” in conversations, said it was “too dirty.” But the movie does contain uncensored interviews with more than 40 comedians, and comedians tend to reserve their best — and most off-color — mate- rial for each other. Actor/comedian Paul Provenza directed the 2005 film The Aristocrats, featuring 100 comedians who put their spin on what Comedians such is, since vaudeville, considered the dirtiest as Red Skelton and joke ever written. (The punch line is the Sarah Silverman title.) I asked comedy coach Neil Leiber- have worked “blue.” man, who advises clients never to say anything onstage that you can’t say on network television, about its enduring popularity. His answer was simple: “Every comedian appreciates a beautifully crafted filthy joke.” I agree, and admit to having my own stash of “beautifully crafted” jokes. But I save them for very specific occasions, and very small crowds. The Thin Blue Line Like when driving with two other comics from Sioux Falls, S.D., to By Bob Zany and birth control, respectively. Meanwhile, I Bismarck, N.D., last December. Three ewis Black. Jack Black. Betty White. argued with the censors on The Gong Show hours into the trip, white-out conditions Phil Silvers. Sarah Silverman. Red against substituting “maiden” for “virgin” in shut down the interstate. Getting LSkelton. Red Buttons. There is plenty a joke but lost. Wish I’d had the chance to stranded in a blizzard on the way to a gig of color in comedy, but probably the most compare war stories with James. is to comedians like what rain delays are controversial is “working blue,” the phrase Over the years, I have compiled enough to Major League Baseball players, and assigned to comedians known for profane or material, and versions of that material, to the jokes turned raunchy, fast. In the indecent material. be as clean or blue as my audience — and middle of the exchange, my wife called, Redd Foxx, my childhood idol, and Ron the person who hired me — want. A few and I think my travel mates were White, my cigar-chomping comrade, also months ago, I performed for the Cattle- surprised when I put her on speaker- come to mind. Foxx’s material was so dirty men’s Association in Dakota City, Iowa. As phone. “She’ll love it,” I assured them. my parents wouldn’t even let me look at his always, I asked the booking agent about “She did stand-up for 10 years. And album covers. White is considered edgy but language restrictions. “You have all the besides, she’s on Bluetooth.” ■ prides himself on not being dirty for dirty’s freedom in the world,” he promised. “Go sake. Foxx dealt with stricter conventions crazy.” But as soon as I walked onstage, I Comedian Bob Zany’s “Zany than White has to but White is still saw, front row center, a guy in his forties Report” is featured weekly considered one of the more provocative with a toddler on his lap, so I abandoned on the nationally syndicated co-stars of the Blue Collar Comedy Tour. the “go crazy” latitude and shifted into “Bob & Tom” radio show. He The definition of working blue will PG-13 territory. As if any of this would tours with the Bob & Tom probably never change, but what is consid- matter to a two-year-old. Less than All-Stars at concert venues ered profane or indecent, in this age of 10 minutes into my show, the guy got up and produces stand-up shows Comedy Central’s blush-busting celebrity and left with the toddler. Turned out the for casinos and resorts across roasts, free-for-all satellite radio and bleepless exit had more to do with the kid’s diaper the country. Zany has made more than 800 internet videos, continues to evolve. than my act, but I must say I prefer to do an national television appearances and treasures his I started my comedy career at age 15 in adult show for an adult audience. 17-year association with The Jerry Lewis Muscular 1977, the same year that Rev. Donald E. In February, the Orpheum Theatre in Dystrophy Association Labor Day Telethon in front Wildmon began his “Crusade for Censor- Galesburg, Ill., hosted the first public of and behind the camera. A Los Angeles native, ship.” The United Methodist pastor and screening of Close but No Cigar, Jay he lives in the San Fernando Valley with his wife, self-described “outraged private citizen” Kanzler’s documentary about my career. As Erin, and their certified pre-owned adopted dogs, organized a boycott against sex, violence I stood in the lobby greeting guests and Henry, part rottweiler and Doberman pinscher, and profanity on television; producers of posing for photos, a woman asked me if the and Frankie, dalmation and pointer. Go online to Welcome Back, Kotter, Soap, and James at 15 movie would be appropriate for her teenage www. bobzany.com or www.facebook.com/bob.zany fought for the right to reference sex, drugs daughter. The mom pointed to a poster that or email him at [email protected]. Arnel Reynon

36 Su m m e r 2011 OFFICIAL GEAR Order by Phone 1.800.804.9880 EXT. 10 For the full catalog, go online to www.PhiKappaPhi.org MEMBER BENEFITS The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi o ers numerous benets to assist our members throughout their academic, professional and private lives, including scholarships and awards; career advancement, training and networking opportunities; mentor match pairings; and discounts from corporate partners. Whether you are a student, professional or retiree, you can take advantage of these o erings through your active membership and participation in Phi Kappa Phi!

SCHOLARSHIPS & AWARDS Anorak Phi Kappa Phi Tie Women’s T-shirt Fellowships Hooded pullover zips from chest Men’s dress tie is adorned with Pre-shrunk 100% cotton T-shirt $330,000 awarded annually to members entering their to chin and features the Greek the gold Phi Kappa Phi key. features the Phi Kappa Phi logo rst year of graduate or professional study. Society letters in brilliant white O ered in both navy blue and embroidered in the upper left. embroidery on navy background. burgundy. Women’s sizes S-XL $17 Study Abroad Grants Shell is 100% nylon; lining is $45,000 awarded annually to undergraduates seeking to 100% cotton. $29.50 Item #APP05 (Pink) further their academic experiences abroad. Available in unisex sizes S-XL Item #ACC26 (Burgundy) Item #APP06 (Navy) Literacy Grants Item #APP07 (Gray) Item #APP74 $49 Item #ACC27 (Navy $25,000 awarded annually to chapters or individual Item #APP08 (Pale blue) members to fund new or ongoing literacy initiatives. Love of Learning Awards RECOGNITION ITEMS $40,000 awarded annually to members seeking funding for career development and/or postbaccalaureate studies. Phi Kappa Phi Scholar & Artist Be recognized on graduation day with $2,000 awarded biennially to a Phi Kappa Phi Scholar your Phi Kappa Phi stole, honor cords ($1,000) and a Phi Kappa Phi Artist ($1,000) who and medallion. demonstrate the ideals of the Society through their activities, achievements and scholarship. Honor Cord Braided navy and gold cords, ending Chapter Awards in fringed tassels. More than $300,000 in various scholarships and awards Item #REC10 $10 distributed annually by Phi Kappa Phi chapters. Stole DISCOUNTS & PRIVILEGES Framed Certi cate Gold satin with navy Greek letters. Apple Dell Matted Decorative Frame Item #REC20 $24 Item #REC50 $50 AT&T Wireless GEICO Insurance Matted Decorative Frame with Medallion Avis, Budget, Enterprise LifeLock Two-inch detailed Society badge & National Car Rental Medallion Marsh Health Insurance Item #REC30 $90 hangs from royal blue ribbon. Bank of America The Princeton Review *Phone orders only. Allow 8 weeks processing time. Item #S5 $11 Becker Professional Stalla System Education T-Mobile Beyond Credentials License Plate Frame Greek Letter Charms Women for Hire Network Carey & Embarque Die-cast chrome features Vertical Greek letter charms in Transportation Greek letter monogram on sterling silver and 10K gold. top and Phi Kappa Phi on navy blue background. Item #JE24 (Sterling silver) $28 For more information about member bene ts, go online to www.PhiKappaPhi.org Item #ACC21 $15 Item #JE25 (10K gold) $47 The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi includes more than 300 chapters at colleges and universities, mostly in the U.S. One million members and counting have ties to these chapters since the all-discipline honor society was founded at the University of Maine in 1897. Here is a list of current active chapters: Alfred University, Alfred N.Y. McKendree University, Lebanon, Ill. University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill. Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Mich. McNeese State University, Lake Charles, La. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Ill. Appalachian State University, Boone, N.C. Mercer University, Macon, Ga. University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan. Arcadia University, Glenside, Pa. Miami University, Oxford, Ohio University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky. Arizona State University, Tempe, Ariz. Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich. University of Louisiana-Lafayette, Lafayette, La. Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Ark. Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Mich. University of Louisiana-Monroe, Monroe, La. Armstrong Atlantic State University, Savannah, Ga. Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tenn. University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky. Auburn University, Auburn, Ala. Millersville University, Millersville, Pa. University of Maine, Orono, Maine Auburn University-Montgomery, Montgomery, Ala. Millikin University, Decatur, Ill. University of Maryland, Baltimore Campuses, Baltimore, Md. Augusta State University, Augusta, Ga. Minnesota State University-Mankato, Mankato, Minn. University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Md. Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, Tenn. Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Miss. University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Md. Ball State University, Muncie, Ind. Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, Miss. University of Maryland University College, Adelphi, Md. Berea College, Berea, Ky. Missouri State University, Springfield, Mo. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass. Berry College, Mount Berry, Ga. Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Mo. University of Memphis, Memphis, Tenn. Black Hills State University, Spearfish, S.D. Montana State University, Bozeman, Mont. University of Miami, Coral Gables, Fla. Bloomsburg University, Bloomsburg, Pa. Montclair State University, Montclair, N.J. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. Boise State University, Boise, Idaho Morehead State University, Morehead, Ky. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn. Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio Murray State University, Murray, Ky. University of Mississippi, Oxford, Miss. Bradley University, Peoria, Ill. Muskingum University, New Concord, Ohio University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Mo. Brenau University, Gainesville, Ga. Nebraska Wesleyan University, Lincoln, Neb. University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo. Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, N.M. University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Mo. Brigham Young University-Hawaii, Laie, Hawaii, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, N.M. University of Montana, Missoula, Mont. Butler University, Indianapolis, Ind. Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, La. University of Montevallo, Montevallo, Ala. California State University-Chico, Chico, Calif. North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State University, Greensboro, N.C. University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, Neb. California State University-Dominguez Hills, Carson, Calif. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C. University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Neb. California State University-Fresno, Fresno, Calif. North Dakota State University, Fargo, N.D. University of Nevada-Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nev. California State University-Fullerton, Fullerton, Calif. North Georgia College & State University, Dahlonega, Ga. University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, Nev. California State University-Long Beach, Long Beach, Calif. Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Ariz. University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, N.M. California State University-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif. Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Ill. University of New Orleans, New Orleans, La. California State University-Northridge, Northridge, Calif. Northwestern State University, Natchitoches, La. University of North Alabama, Florence, Ala. California State University-Sacramento, Sacramento, Calif. Ohio Northern University, Ada, Ohio University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, N.C. California State University-San Bernardino, San Bernardino, Calif. The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio University of North Carolina-Wilmington, Wilmington, N.C. California State University-Stanislaus, Turlock, Calif. Ohio University, Athens, Ohio University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Fla. Cameron University, Lawton, Okla. Oklahoma City University, Oklahoma City, Okla. University of North Texas, Denton, Texas Campbell University, Buies Creek, N.C. Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Okla. University of Oklahoma, Norman, Okla. Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa. Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Va. University of the Pacific, Stockton, Calif. Carroll University, Waukesha, Wis. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Ore. University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Wash. Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa. University of Pittsburgh at Greensburg, Greensburg, Pa. The Citadel, Charleston, S.C. Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kan. University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown, Johnstown, Pa. Clarion University, Clarion, Pa. Plattsburgh State University, Plattsburgh, N.Y. University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico Clarkson University, Potsdam, N.Y. Plymouth State University, Plymouth, N.H. University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, Wash. Clemson University, Clemson, S.C. Portland State University, Portland, Ore. University of Rhode Island, Kingston, R.I. Coe College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind. University of South Alabama, Mobile, Ala. College of Charleston, Charleston, S.C. Radford University, Radford, Va. University of South Carolina Upstate, Spartanburg, S.C. The College of New Jersey, Ewing, N.J. Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, N.Y. University of South Florida, Tampa, Fla. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo. Sage Colleges, Troy, N.Y. University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif. Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, Colo. Salem State University, Salem, Mass. University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine Columbus State University, Columbus, Ga. Salisbury University, Salisbury, Md. University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Miss. Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. Samford University, Birmingham, Ala. University of Tampa, Tampa, Fla. Dakota Wesleyan University, Mitchell, S.D. San Diego State University, San Diego, Calif. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn. Delta State University, Cleveland, Miss. San Jose State University, San Jose, Calif. University of Tennessee at Martin, Martin, Tenn. DePaul University, Chicago, Ill. Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, W.Va. University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pa. Shippensburg University, Shippensburg, Pa. University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas East Carolina University, Greenville, N.C. Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pa. University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tenn. South Dakota State University, Brookings, S.D. University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Ky. Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, Mo. University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Mich. Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, La. University of Texas-Pan American, Edinburg, Texas Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, N.M. Southern Illinois University-Carbondale, Carbondale, Ill. University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, Texas Eastern Oregon University, La Grande, Ore. Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville, Edwardsville, Ill. University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio Eastern Washington University, Cheney, Wash. Southern Oregon University, Ashland, Ore. University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Okla. Elmhurst College, Elmhurst, Ill. State University of New York-Binghamton, Binghamton, N.Y. University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah Elon University, Elon, N.C. State University of New York-Cortland, Cortland, N.Y. University of West Alabama, Livingston, Ala. Emporia State University, Emporia, Kan. State University of New York-Oswego, Oswego, N.Y. University of West Florida, Pensacola, Fla. Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Fla. State University of New York-Potsdam, Potsdam, N.Y. University of West Georgia, Carrollton, Ga. Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Fla. Syracuse University, Syracuse, N.Y. University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wis. Florida International University, Miami, Fla. Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tenn. University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, Green Bay, Wis. Florida Southern College, Lakeland, Fla. Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, Tenn. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis. Florida State University, Tallahassee, Fla. Texas A & M International University, Laredo, Texas University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wis. Fontbonne University, St. Louis, Mo. Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas University of Wisconsin-Platteville, Platteville, Wis. Fordham University, Bronx, N.Y. Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wis. Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kan. Texas Woman’s University, Denton, Texas University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Stevens Point, Wis. Fort Lewis College, Durango, Colo. Troy University, Troy, Ala. University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, Whitewater, Wis. Francis Marion University, Florence, S.C. Truman State University, Kirksville, Mo. University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyo. George Mason University, Fairfax, Va. United States Military Academy, West Point, N.Y. Utah State University, Logan, Utah Georgetown College, Georgetown, Ky. United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md. Utah Valley University, Orem, Utah Georgia College & State University, Milledgeville, Ga. University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Ala. Valdosta State University, Valdosta, Ga. Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Ga. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala. Villanova University, Villanova, Pa. Georgia State University, Atlanta, Ga. University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Ala. Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va. Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Mich. University of Alaska-Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, Va. Hood College, Frederick, Md. University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Va. Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. Washburn University, Topeka, Kan. Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, Ill. University of Arkansas-Fayetteville, Fayetteville, Ark. Wayne State College, Wayne, Neb. Indiana State University, Terre Haute, Ind. University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, Ark. Weber State University, Ogden, Utah Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pa. University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, Conn. Wesleyan College, Macon, Ga. Indiana University-Purdue University-Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Ind. University of California-Davis, Davis. Calif. West Virginia University, Morgantown, W.Va. Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa University of Central Florida, Orlando, Fla. West Virginia Wesleyan College, Buckhannon, W.Va. Ithaca College, Ithaca, N.Y. University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg, Mo. Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, N.C. Jackson State University, Jackson, Miss. University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn. Western Illinois University, Macomb, Ill. Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville, Ala. University of Delaware, Newark, Del. Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Ky. Jacksonville University, Jacksonville, Fla. University of Evansville, Evansville, Ind. Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Mich. James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va. University of Findlay, Findlay, Ohio Western Oregon University, Monmouth, Ore. Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kan. University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla. Western Washington University, Bellingham, Wash. Kean University, Union, N.J. University of Georgia, Athens, Ga. Westfield State University, Westfield, Mass. Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Ga. University of Houston, Houston, Texas Westmont College, Santa Barbara, Calif. Kutztown University, Kutztown, Pa. University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, Texas Widener University, Chester, Pa. Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas University of Houston-Downtown, Houston, Texas Winthrop University, Rock Hill, S.C. Lock Haven University, Lock Haven, Pa. University of Houston-Victoria, Victoria, Texas Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio Longwood University, Farmville, Va. University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho Youngstown State University, Youngstown, Ohio Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La. Louisiana State University-Shreveport, Shreveport, La. Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, La. Lycoming College, Williamsport, Pa. For more information about chapters and to learn about how to start a chapter, Lynchburg College, Lynchburg, Va. go online to www.phikappaphi.org/chapters. Marshall University, Huntington, W.Va.