Fall 2009 2009

HIGHER EDUCATION Enlightening Problems: The failure to share academic expectations and civic responsibilities hurts students, schools, and society. Business Fluctuations: The recession cuts into college sports and alters campus enrollment. Collision Courses: An earthquake shakes up a university. Helicopter parents shake things up too.

Apex Award Winner Chapter Update: for Publication Excellence Distinguished Member Shirley C. Sorensen, 85, retires as executive secretary of the for Magazine & Journal University of Maryland chapter after more Writing for the than two decades of service. Spring 2009 Edition About Us Phi Kappa Phi Forum mission statement Phi Kappa Phi Forum, a multidisciplinary quarterly that enlightens, challenges and entertains its diverse readers, The fi rst organizational meeting of what came serves as a general-interest

Archival photo. Archival publication as well as a platform for to be known as The Honor Society The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi. of Phi Kappa Phi took place in Coburn Hall (shown at left) at the University of Maine in Phi Kappa K Phi Forum F Orono, Maine, in 1897. The Phi Kappa Phi name (Issn 1538-5914) is published quarterly by was adopted on June 12, 1900. Although the The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi, national headquarters have been located in 7576 Goodwood Blvd., Baton Rouge, La. 70806. Printed at R.R. Donnelley, 1160 N. Main, Baton Rouge, La., since 1978, the vast majority Pontiac, Ill. 61764. of the Society’s historical documents are still kept at the founding institution. ©The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi, 2009. All rights reserved. Nonmember subscriptions $30 per year, domestic; $45 outside the U.S. Single copies $10 each; $3.25 each for active, dues- paying members. Periodicals postage paid Baton Rouge, La., and additional mailing offi ces.

AAN Note on content hi K appa P hi F orrumm is the multidisciplinary through exclusive interviews. Q & As have The views expressed in this publication quarterly magazine of The Honor Society run the gamut from public servants such as are not necessarily those of the staff of Phi Kappa Phi. Each issue of the award- Lynne Cheney, former chair of the National of Phi Kappa Phi Forum, the Society winning journal reaches more than 100,000 Endowment for the Humanities, to famous staff , or the Board of Directors of active members as well as government offi cials, artists such as playwright August Wilson to The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi. scholars, educators, university administrators, literary critics such as Stanley Fish. Submissionsbii public and private libraries, leaders of charitable (For other signifi cant contributors, go to Material intended for publication and learned organizations, corporate executives www.PhiKappaPhi.org/Web/Publications/ should be addressed to Peter Szatmary, Editor, Phi Kappa Phi Forum, and many other types of subscribers. Forum/about_forum.html.) The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi It is the fl agship publication of Phi Kappa Phi, The spring, summer and fall issues further 7576 Goodwood Blvd. the nation’s oldest, largest and most selective contain columns on fi elds such as education Baton Rouge, La. 70806. all-discipline honor society, with chapters and academics, science and technology, and ReprintRi permission ii on more than 300 college and university arts and entertainment in addition to book Written permission to reprint articles campuses across the country. Phi Kappa Phi reviews, poetry and cartoons. Plus, these issues may be obtained by mail or fax. was founded in 1897 at the University of Maine compile member news, chapter updates and Mail to Permissions Department, and upwards of one million members spanning Society developments, along with letters to the Phi Kappa Phi Forum, 7576 Goodwood Blvd., Baton Rouge, La. 70806. Fax to (225) 388-4900. the academic disciplines have been initiated editor, the Phi Kappa Phi bookshelf and general Copying for other than personal or internal since the Society’s inception. Notable alumni announcements of interest to keep readers reference use without permission of include former U.S. President Jimmy Carter, abreast of Society programs and activities. Phi Kappa Phi Forum is prohibited. former NASA astronaut Wendy Lawrence, Through words and images, Web links and Phi Kappa Phi Forum staff The Ohio State University head football coach multimedia components, the magazine intends to Editor: Peter Szatmary Jim Tressel, writer John Grisham, YouTube appeal to the diverse membership of Phi Kappa Phi (800) 804-9880 ext. 42 co-founder/CEO Chad Hurley and poet Rita by providing thoughtful, instructive, helpful — [email protected] Dove. The Society began publishing what’s and sometimes provocative — material in smart, Graphic Designers: Kellye Sanford now called Phi Kappa Phi Forum in 1915. engaging ways. and Jon Seal Proofreader: Martha Allan Spring, summer and fall issues Winter issue (freelance) Editorial Consultant: Traci Navarre Director of Marketing and Member Benefi ts The spring, summer and fall issues (usually The winter issue (mailed late November) (800) 804-9880 ext. 22 mailed late February, late May and late August, celebrates those who win monetary awards [email protected] respectively) feature a variety of timely, relevant from Phi Kappa Phi. The Society distributes articles from infl uential scholars, educators, more than $800,000 annually through graduate ChangeCh of f address dd To request a change or correction writers and other authorities, oftentimes active and undergraduate scholarships, member and to your mailing address, please send Phi Kappa Phi members, who offer variations chapter awards, and grants for local and national your new address along with your on an overall theme. literacy initiatives, and Phi Kappa Phi Forum old address. Include your name, phone numbers (cell, home, work), Notables to have contributed pieces include applauds the recipients in this edition, listing email address, member status and Ronald Reagan, fortieth President of the United them all and spotlighting a few. member number. States; Myrlie Evers-Williams, civil rights (For more information about Phi Kappa Phi Note: Your member number is the fi rst trailblazer; Warren Burger, the fi fteenth Chief monetary awards, go to www.phikappaphi.org/ multi-digit number from the left directly Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court; Molefi Kete Web/Scholarships/.) above your name on your mailing label. Asante, African-American studies groundbreaker; As an arm of the Society, Phi Kappa Phi Send to: Change of Address Sally Ride, former NASA astronaut; Ernest Forum helps uphold the institution’s mission: The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi Gaines, fi ction writer; and Geoffrey Gilmore, “To recognize and promote academic 7575 Goodwood Blvd. former director of the Sundance Film Festival. excellence in all fields of higher education Baton Rouge, La. 70806 Phi Kappa Phi Forum also encourages and to engage the community of scholars in Postmaster movers and shakers to speak for themselves service to others.” Send address changes to: The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi www.PhiKappaPhi.org 7576 Goodwood Blvd. Baton Rouge, La. 70806 II Fall 2009 Contents Fall 2009, Vol. 89, No. 3

This Issue: P Higher Education 2 President’s Page By Robert B. Rogow College and university students, professors and administrators confront numerous Editor’s Note challenges from pedagogy to economics and from natural disasters to intrusive parents. By Peter Szatmary 3 Society Information The Climate Outside the Classroom 27 Society Developments Earns a Failing Grade 28 Member Spotlight 4 By Mark Bauerlein 29 Member News Students and professors fail to communicate about goals. 31 In Memoriam Engagement in Civic Education 33 Phi Kappa Phi Bookshelf Remains Weak 34 Chapter Update 8 By Bruce L. R. Smith and A. Lee Fritschler The governance of ethics at schools continues to fall short. C 21 Ethics Seismic Shifts and Other Visible Tremors By Mary Ann Manos By Lallie Fay Scott 22 Science and Technology 11 A visiting geography professor offers By Jason Caudill snapshots of the 2008 earthquake in China. 23 Education and Academics Recession Emerges as Formidable By Helen Janc Malone Foe for College Sports 24 Business and Economics By Jurgen Brauer 14 By Tim DeSchriver The name of the game is cost-effectiveness and survival. 25 Workplace and Employment By Kimberly Thompson Calculated Decisions Factor into the 26 Arts and Entertainment Economics of a College Education By Sybil Huskey By Dean E. Nelson 17 When coffers run low, a degree becomes F even more of a business decision. 32 Book Review: The Unforgiving Minute: Teach Your Children Well A Soldier’s Education By Morten Ender By William A. Bloodworth, Jr. 20 Society President-Elect and university president 35 Poetic Pause: recalls an instructive childhood infl uence. “Now That You’re Graduating What Do You Plan to Do with Your Life?” RELATED STORIES, ONLINE ONLY: By Mariana L. Seda 36 Picture This ... The Contributions of Research to Teaching in Higher Education By Bruce A. Thyer with Matthew Henry Hall Faculty research contributes to instruction and other responsibilities collectively known as teaching. Go online to http://www.phikappaphi.org/web/Publications/Forum/fall09/research.html. On the cover: The 1894-vintage Old Main administration building at the University “The Graduation Play” By Deborah Ann Percy and (William) Arnold Johnston of Wisconsin-Stevens Point is shown in this A bank executive and lawyer spar while attending their unseen son’s college commencement in undated photo. By Douglas Moore, University Relations & Communications, this one-act play about familial pride and tension. Go online to http://www.phikappaphi.org/web/ University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point. © Publications/Forum/fall09/graduationplay.html. University of Wisconsin Board of Regents.

Fall 2009 P President’s Page But of late during my many years as professor By Robert B. Rogow and administrator, I have observed a shift away H. Ellsworth Steele, president from the “giving back” component of the tripartite of the Auburn University Phi goals for higher-education faculty: teaching, Board of Directors Kappa Phi chapter in the late 1970s, research and service. Today, faculty tend to SOCIETY PRESIDENT inspired numerous members to focus on classroom excellence and scholarly serve the Society in leadership contributions to obtain tenure, promotion, raises, Robert B. Rogow, CPA, PhD and self-fulfi llment rather than work with honor Eastern Kentucky University roles. I fondly recall what the then- College of Business and Technology associate dean of Auburn’s School of Business (now societies, student and professional organizations, Business & Technology Center 214 called the College of Business, at which Steele is a and other groups on- and off-campus. 521 Lancaster Ave. professor emeritus) said in 1980 to convince me to While in a certain sense I understand this Richmond, Ky. 40475 become chapter marshal, the offi cer who arranged disinterest in altruism, it troubles me nonetheless. At for initiation banquets. several institutions, the administration of Phi Kappa SOCIETY PRESIDENT-ELECT Steele, always the gentlemen scholar, said Phi chapters is often assumed by professional staff. A William A. Bloodworth, Jr., PhD that the chapter marshal was more important than lack of faculty willing to volunteer to lead may cause Offi ce of the President might otherwise seem since this “entry-level” strong, active chapters to become inactive or have Augusta State University offi cer oversaw preparations for the hundreds who their charters withdrawn. Thus, academically gifted 2500 Walton Way attended the celebrations. That made sense. All jobs and service-orientated students are deprived of the Augusta, Ga. 30904-2200 are important, after all. I previously had been college honor and opportunities they deserve. representative to the chapter and a member of the Some contributors to the fall 2009 edition of SOCIETY NATIONAL VICE PRESIDENT fellowship committee. Through this new assignment, Phi Kappa Phi Forum, whose theme is higher Diane G. Smathers, EdD Steele continued, I would serve on the chapter’s education, feel the same. One article that explores Emeritus College executive committee, learning about operations and the divide between expectations of educators E-304 Martin Hall and students alludes to honor societies like Clemson University interacting with more colleagues. Clemson, S.C. 29634 As a relatively new department head in Phi Kappa Phi as a key to enhancing not only accounting and fi nance, I felt honored to be the learning experience but also the greater good. SOCIETY PAST PRESIDENT approached by such a distinguished colleague who Another article analyzes the dearth of civics in Paul J. Ferlazzo, PhD led by example. Ever loyal and dedicated, Steele higher education, a troubling fi nding for honor Northern Arizona University served with distinction in every role he undertook, societies and society-at-large. And a photo essay Dept. of English, Box 6032 from policy decisions to grunt work, from assisting visualizes the importance of service in higher Flagstaff , Ariz. 86011 in the school’s accreditation efforts to attending education, in this case in the aftermath of the relatively inconsequential meetings. 2008 earthquake in China. VICE PRESIDENT, SOUTH CENTRAL REGION From Steele’s invitation onward, I became Part of Phi Kappa Phi’s mission reads “to engage Gilbert Fowler, PhD enamored with the Society and its mandate to the community of scholars in service to others.” Arkansas State University support academic excellence through fellowships, We’re all scholars, whether academics, students The Honors College grants, awards and other recognitions and to or the vast majority of active Society members no PO Box 2259 encourage campus and community involvement. longer affi liated with the academy. State University, Ark. 72467-2259 When I became president of the Auburn chapter Dedication and commitment — and rededication and later served on Society committees, my and recommitment — to service by campus faculty, VICE PRESIDENT, SOUTHEAST REGION passion about Phi Kappa Phi only increased. It is student scholars, Society members and people Ray J. Davis, PhD through service — what Steele calls being a good worldwide are essential. Service to humanity has Honors Program long been exemplifi ed by my friend and mentor H. 310 Gibbs Hall citizen — to the organization that I continue to be North Carolina A&T State University inspired by Society offi cers, awards recipients, Ellsworth Steele. May we all follow his example or Greensboro, N.C. 27411 and members who volunteer to help Phi Kappa the example of some other selfl ess individual who Phi and others. sets the bar for reaching out to others. VICE PRESIDENT, NORTHEAST REGION Yaw A. Asamoah, PhD Editor’s Note Indiana University of Pennsylvania China in 2008 during the devastating earthquake 201 McElhaney Hall By Peter Szatmary that struck some 66 miles from the school. 441 North Walk A colleague suggested devoting Society President-Elect William A. Bloodworth, Indiana, Pa. 15705-1087 the fall magazine to higher Jr., recalls how his middle-school years at a rural VICE PRESIDENT, NORTH CENTRAL REGION education. Good idea. The Texas school helped him become a university academic year traditionally begins president. There’s a poem about what to do right Rick Shale, PhD in autumn. Plus, the ivory tower after earning a degree. Columnist Mary Ann Youngstown State University is certainly being shaken in the Manos takes umbrage at helicopter parents and One University Plaza recession. And though most of the 100,000- their “adult children.” And book reviewer Morten Youngstown, Ohio 44555 plus active Society members are no longer on Ender, who teaches at the United States Military campus, the overwhelming majority of initiates Academy, assesses The Unforgiving Minute: A VICE PRESIDENT, WESTERN REGION are students. To be in the Society, you have to care Soldier’s Education, by former West Point cadet H. Ray Sylvester, PhD about higher education. and fellow Society member Craig M. Mullaney. University of the Pacifi c At least one theme unites most submissions: Another student heard from: Jordan Scot Flynn Eberhardt School of Business impact. Another common denominator is approach: Hollander, a senior triple major in political science, 3601 Pacifi c Ave. many contributors are professors. For instance, international studies, and French at Lycoming Stockton, Calif. 95211 Mark Bauerlein worries about the learning College, is the Member Spotlight. disconnect between students and professors. And Parents of college students chime in at the DIRECTOR OF FELLOWSHIPS Bruce L. R. Smith and A. Lee Fritschler explain Society Web site in a one-act play, set during C. Roy Blackwood, MFA, FRSA why teaching civics on campus has waned. commencement, that’s an exclusive “online only” Southeastern Louisiana University Tim DeSchriver and Dean E. Nelson explore piece. A second “online only” work discusses how SLU 10664 implications of the recession on higher education. professors can balance teaching and research. Hammond, La. 70402 The former tackles how college sports programs are One other impact worth mentioning: the dealing with the downturn. The latter documents spring 2009 edition of Phi Kappa Phi Forum, REGENT why higher education is a type of economic entitled “Starting with Beginnings,” about various Penny L. Wright, PhD transaction between student and institution and how formations from evolutionism to dance, won a San Diego State University the current fi scal climate affects it. The political 2009 Apex Award for Publication Excellence for Graduate Division cartoon cashes in on this subject, too. Magazine & Journal Writing. San Diego, Calif. 92182 Other types of impact are more personal. Upwards of 700 magazines and 650 writing entries Geography professor Lallie Fay Scott offers a competed for recognition in the 21st annual awards EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR photo essay about teaching at a university in program for various types of publications. Perry A. Snyder, PhD The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi 7576 Goodwood Blvd. 2 Fall 2009 Baton Rouge, La. 70806 Society Information P On July 28, Phi Kappa Phi went live with its revamped Web site after updating the design, reorganizing the content, streamlining the navigation and enhancing the functionality. Visit the new www.PhiKappaPhi.org and let us know what you think!

Streamlined navigation gets you where you want to go with fewer clicks Login is now on the homepage for easier site entry

Rotating header graphic allows more information to be featured

Links to online communities Quick links help surfers fi nd the promote member networking information they want instantly Newsfeed provides the latest Phi Kappa Phi news about members, chapters and the Society

Winter 2009 will celebrate those who have won monetary awards from Phi Kappa Phi the past year.

The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi Code of Ethics Editor’s note: Letters to the Editor did not arrive in time to be included The Code of Ethics of The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi sets forth principles of ethical in the fall 2009 edition. Look for them online on the Society Web site behavior to serve as an aspiration for all members, staff, volunteers, and others who represent the in the coming months and in the honor society. spring 2010 issue, the next available regular print edition. I. I will respect the rights, knowledge, skills, abilities, and individuality of all persons. Submission Guidelines:

II. I will strive for excellence and promote the objectives of the honor society. Phi Kappa Phi Forum publishes appropriately written letters to the editor

every issue when submitted. Letters III. I will be honest, fair, trustworthy, and ethical. should be no more than 300 words. Please include your city/state and job (if IV. I will comply with all laws, bylaws, the employee handbook, or other relevant policies of applicable). We reserve the right to edit the Society. for content and length. Send letters to:

V. I will use the Society’s resources judiciously. Letters to the Editor Th e Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi VI. I will value and respect the history and traditions of the Society. 7576 Goodwood Blvd. Baton Rouge, LA 70806 VII. I will use sound judgment in all personal and professional undertakings. [email protected]

VIII. I will achieve and sustain competency in my chosen field and/or endeavors. *All submitted letters become the property of this publication and can’t IX. I will let the love of learning guide my life. be returned to the sender.

Fall 2009 3 Photo by Bill Truslow. Courtesy of Ithaca College. Truslow. Bill by Photo

Students on the quad at Ithaca College head to and from class in this undated photo. Th e Climate Outside the Classroom Earns a Failing Grade Standards Suffer Because of Confl icting Expectations. By Mark Bauerlein

ack in 2006, when The Chronicle of there’s a problem if 83% of high school advocacy group Strong American Schools Higher Education surveyed high teachers declared that their students were (using 2004 data, the most recent available), B school and college teachers on student “somewhat” or “very well” prepared while 43% of two-year public college students and abilities, a distressing gap opened up between only 36% of college faculty felt the same. 29% of four-year public college students each pedagogical group’s judgment about Similar discrepancies showed up for end up in a remedial course in reading, pupils’ basic skills and college readiness. writing, reading, science, and research skills. writing, or math.2 For instance, when asked to rate student In sum, high school teachers underestimated That leaves 71% of four-year public readiness for college-level mathematics, academic standards at the next level1, and college students and 57% of two-year public 37% of high school teachers chose “Very when students graduated from high school college students not in need of remediation, well prepared,” but only 4% of college convinced of their talents, three months to be sure, but that provides little reason for faculty did so. At the opposite end of the later in college or community college, a optimism. Remember that remedial courses scale, only 9% of high school teachers chose fair number of their postsecondary teachers are designed for students who do not possess “Not well prepared,” while 32% of college — and, of course, the students themselves the basic skills to handle college-level work. faculty chose it. — were sorely disappointed. But what about all the other students who And in the remaining categories of are not required to take remedial courses but “Somewhat well prepared” and “Don’t Help isn’t always on the way who aren’t necessarily superior learners? In know,” high school teachers chose 46% other words, the pool of students with skill and 8% respectively, while college faculty We might assume that the college un- and knowledge defi ciencies extends well chose 32% for each. readiness factor compels colleges to devise beyond the remedial group. Students in the Virtually all of these individual programs that get students up to speed, and middling ranges need more help, too, and percentages are troubling for educators as that college faculty pilot the improvement their numbers should alarm college faculty. well as for students. So, too, is just about process. After all, according to a 2008 report Employers should be alarmed as well. any combination of them. For example, by the Washington, D.C.-based nonpartisan In 2004, the National Commission on

4 Fall 2009 intellectual life in general. That acquaintance happens best outside the classroom in looser discussion with teachers, when the particular demands of an assignment don’t weigh so heavily. Without that broader engagement, students come to believe that higher education involves meeting the demands of the syllabus and not much more. The goal of becoming a learned individual, an informed citizen, and a person of taste pales before the simple challenge of getting good

Photos from fotolia, above, and stock.xchng, below. and stock.xchng, above, fotolia, from Photos grades. Gerald Graff, recent president of the Modern Language Association of America, an international organization of more than 30,000 English and foreign language teachers in 100 countries, terms the attitude “courseocentrism,” and he contrasts it with a young person “being socialized into an intellectual community.”6 Students by and large approach their education as a series of isolated assignments. They focus on achievements that can appear on a transcript, not on broader acquisitions of learning. The result, Graff regrets, is not a fuller embrace of college, but in fact the opposite: “apathy and disengagement.” He quotes a line from a colleague that sums it up: ‘What you learn in a course tends to stay in a course.’”

Students don’t work hard enough

Indeed, the evidence against full commitment to ideas and inquiry provided Students and professors need to understand each other for optimal success. by students themselves touches not only out- of-class contact, but in-class assignments as well. On the very same NSSE, fully 65% Writing for America’s Families, Schools, be.) The results are especially powerful: of fi rst-year students studied 15 hours or and Colleges — a panel established by the they came from nearly 380,000 students at less per week (!), even though conventional College Board — found in a survey that more than 700 schools.5 collegiate wisdom holds that a successful writing skills at the nation’s blue-chip More of both groups talked to professors semester requires a minimum of 25 hours companies were so defi cient that businesses about grades and assignments, to be sure, but of homework weekly. (The reasoning is that spent some $3 billion annually on remedial when it came to the broader conversations, college should amount to a full-time job: 15 training.3 A year later, the commission found the give-and-take of one-on-one contact hours of classes and 25 hours of homework that state governments spend $221 million without a task at the fore, less than one-third in a 40-hour week.) annually on writing training for employees of the students seized the opportunity with Only 8% of fi rst-year students exceeded (from a total employee base of nearly 2.7 some relish. that number. Furthermore, seniors once million).4 Surely what is, and isn’t, taught and again barely improved that rate at all, with learned in college account for some of this. All parties need to take responsibility 63% of them falling at 15 hours or less per According to students themselves, week preparing for class. however, college professors all too often We can’t completely blame the students, That might explain why on the Civic play but a minor role in the mentoring however, for not recognizing the importance Literacy test seniors score only slightly better process and make disappointing educational of out-of-class exchange. Too many of them than fi rst-year students. Commissioned by demands. Case in point: Every year the haven’t been properly inducted into the the Wilmington, Del.-based Intercollegiate National Survey of Student Engagement mores of higher learning. So it’s not enough Studies Institute, a nonpartisan educational (NSSE), a think tank on higher education that professors hold offi ce hours and wait organization promoting the values of a free based at the Center for Postsecondary for students to come by. College faculty society, the Civic Literacy test is given Research at Indiana University in need to require out-of-class discussions, to Bloomington, Ind., reveals that fi rst-year draw students into them as a regular part students have dismayingly little or no of coursework. And if this doesn’t happen, For a related story, see page 8. intellectual exchange with teachers outside well, that’s one reason why we end up with of class. disengagement fi gures such as those in the On the 2008 NSSE survey, 38% of fi rst- annual NSSE. each year to 14,000 students at 50 schools year students “Never” discussed ideas and With the intellectual component of nationwide to gauge their knowledge of U.S. readings with teachers, and 39% only did students’ lives adrift, teachers have an history, politics and capitalism. While fi rst- “Sometimes.” Seniors didn’t score much addition to their job duties: not only to year students in 2007 scored an abysmal better, with 72% of them coming in at guide students into the specifi cs of this and 50.4%, seniors only raised that mark a “Sometimes” or “Never.” (“Sometimes” is that course, text, paper, or related line of measly 3.8 points to 54.2% — in both cases, simply not enough; “regularly,” say, would inquiry, but also to steer their minds toward an “F.”7 The study concluded, “If we believe

Fall 2009 5 that dutiful citizenship in the United States professors, including requiring conferences After plowing through works that have requires knowledge of the Constitution, the in offi ce hours, students will drop the class, survived the centuries, students emerge with Founding, entrepreneurship, and crucial the teacher will appear unfair, and rebukes lively intellects and are proud of having events in our nation’s history, then college is may follow. fi nished the semester, he has found. failing its civic mission.” Along these lines, an Ohio State The program administers exit surveys, University study (published in December and Gans summarized what they show: Professors don’t work students 2006) of student evaluations of professors hard enough and the grades students receive concluded, In their written self-reporting evaluations, “There is a consistent positive relationship in their in-class participation, and in the We should judge those disappointing between grades in the current course and presentations, the great preponderance results as much a refl ection on the demands evaluations.”10 That is, students reward refl ect greater self-confi dence in their (or lack thereof) students face in their professors for “grading leniency.” The ability to handle complex primary sources; coursework as on student motivation. In researchers also found that students do not they also articulate more complex and fact, there is some indication that high praise professors for how much students meaningful views on universal problems school graduates head to college assuming learned in a class. of the human condition studied during the that they will work a lot harder than they end In other words, this is a problem in course; they express increased satisfaction up doing once they’ve spent a few months campus culture. And this is why initiatives over what they have gotten out of the course; on site. Here is what George D. Kuh, the and policies that erect higher standards on they mention that they have begun to discuss founder of NSSE and Director of the Center campus are so important. these ideas with their family members and for Postsecondary Research, wrote in 2007 coworkers; they talk about how they look at about one disturbing fi nding: Raising the stakes may solve themselves and the world differently and in the problem a more meaningful way; they talk about how BCSSE (Beginning College Survey of it has changed them. Student Engagement) and NSSE data show Programs that institute rigorous general that fi rst-year students expect to do more education requirements, establish freshman Attitude adjustment, in other words, a during the fi rst year of college than they mentoring and seminar units, create honors deep and abiding one. actually do. … For example, about three- colleges — and welcome organizations At any campus, when teachers and the fi fths expected to spend more than fi fteen such as The Honor Society of Phi Kappa curriculum present serious materials and hours a week studying, but only two-fi fths Phi — spread a fi ner and sharper intellectual ask for reasoned responses, students take did so. Put another way, they study two to air through the student body. They inject themselves seriously as reasoning minds. six hours less per week on average than sobriety and challenge into in-class and Students respond because they watch for they thought they would when starting out-of-class etiquette, apprising students what counts. If a professor demands that college.8 that the thirst for knowledge during their every member of the class speak during a academic career is a 24-hour lifestyle, not discussion of Hamlet, then having no opinion No doubt students changed their just a 12-hour a week class attendance. about Hamlet becomes an embarrassment. assumptions after they had experienced Each activity bears a message. Sturdy Students will prepare accordingly. If college coursework. When they found general education requirements pass along a students have to visit a teacher’s offi ce and that they didn’t have to work so hard, they fi rm injunction: “If you don’t acquire some explain the import of Federalist Paper No. adjusted. Not only did their classes push them historical, civic, cultural, and scientifi c 1, they’ll walk in with something to say. less than they anticipated, but the general understanding, if you don’t reach your last When they hear of peers who belong to the atmosphere of the campus fell short as well. semester having absorbed learning in areas Honors College or Phi Kappa Phi, or who “More than four of every fi ve students,” well outside your major, you haven’t earned enroll in Great Books courses, they realize Kuh continues, “expected their institution the title ‘college graduate.’” Rigorous that matriculation is but the fi rst step in the to emphasize academics to a substantial freshman programs carry a transitional pursuit of excellence. degree,” but one year of college revealed warning: “You’re in college now, not 13th A wider message comes through in each that “their institutions did not emphasize grade, and the competition is stiffer, so it’s case as well. Students realize that knowing those areas as much as they expected.”9 time to drop adolescent diversions, raise something about Hamlet forms part of a your standards, and work harder than you’ve cultured person’s consciousness. Knowing A vicious circle persists ever worked before.” Honors programs and something about the Federalist Papers honor societies impart a lesson in hierarchy: and other Founding documents forms a We have, then, a widely-admitted but little “Just as in athletics, so in academics here at cornerstone of democratic citizenship. A remedied situation, at least at the individual State U. we will rank people in talent and requirement in class, in other words, refl ects level. Some students don’t possess the basic effort, and we will recognize, reward and a broader duty, what every educated person skills to handle college-level work but few honor students who clear a certain bar.” ought to know. And the high standards of of them labor strenuously to make up for For instance, at Wilbur Wright College, superior programs (like Phi Kappa Phi) it. College teachers judge many students a community college in Chicago, Ill., have a consequence and justifi cation well incapable of engaging in the assigned English Professor Bruce Gans runs a Great beyond the academic world. All of these materials, but professors don’t arouse more Books program, and he observes this type of instances instill the virtues and attitudes that out-of-class interlocution and labor from impact again and again. Students come from go with responsible, discerning conduct in a the students. working-class backgrounds and often are free society. Participants may recognize these the fi rst in their families to enroll in college. problems, but no individual teacher can Students have ambition, but as often as not Learn for a personal, higher reason do much to change things by himself, and little confi dence in intellectual matters, and it’s unrealistic to expect a student to work big books and big ideas are for many foreign Such attributions elevate college beyond on them of her own volition. If students realms. Nonetheless, the program syllabi its lesser defi nitions as a time to party, a earn a B or higher in a class while logging highlight what Gans described in an email sequence of sporting events, or a four- only four hours of homework each week, as “the best that has been thought and said . . . year employment scheme. They remind they can’t really be chastised for not challenging works of lasting importance,” students that if they don’t master literacy logging eight hours. And if one professor such as Henry V, Pride and Prejudice, the and numeracy skills, they won’t survive in makes students work twice as hard as other Federalist Papers and The Divine Comedy. the workplace. If they don’t acquire civic

6 Fall 2009 Photo by Debbie Aldridge. Courtesy of California-Davis. of University Debbie Aldridge. by Photo

It’s important for students and professors to relate well and be clear about goals, as evidenced in this undated photo taken at University of California-Davis.

knowledge and enlightened taste, they University of Ireland and published with prod_downloads/writingcom/writing-ticket-to-work.pdf. won’t be informed citizens and discerning other talks initially in 1852 and later 4 See the National Commission on Writing for America’s Families, Schools, and Colleges, Writing: A Powerful Message consumers. If they don’t study the past, collectively as The Idea of a University): from State Government (College Board, July 2005): http:// they’ll be poor judges of the present. “When, then, we speak of the communication www.writingcommission.org/prod_downloads/writing- College is pretty much the only place of Knowledge as being Education, we thereby com/powerful-message-from-state.pdf. to build those foundations on which an really imply that that Knowledge is a state 5 See Indiana University Center for Postsecondary Research reports at http://cpr.iub.edu/index.cfm, especially the an- advanced and responsible judgment of or condition of mind; and since cultivation nual reports of the National Survey of Student Engagement politics, art, and morality is based. For of mind is surely worth seeking for its own (http://nsse.iub.edu/html/annual_reports.cfm). when former students reach 35 years of age, sake, we are thus brought once more to the 6 See Graff , Gerald, “Courseocentrism,” 2008 Presidential perhaps with a family and a mortgage, very, conclusion, which the word ‘Liberal’ and the Address, Modern Language Association (audio recording of speech at www.mla.org). very few of them sit down after a day of word ‘Philosophy’ have already suggested, 7 See Intercollegiate Studies Institute (ISI), Civic Literacy work, cooking, and cleaning to open, say, that there is a Knowledge, which is desirable, Board, Failing Our Students, Failing America: Holding Colleges one of Plutarch’s Lives (which the nation’s though nothing come of it, as being of itself Accountable for Teaching America’s History and Institutions founders read as a matter of course). a treasure, and a suffi cient remuneration of (ISI, 2007). 8 Kuh, George D., “What Student Engagement Data Tell Us Ralph Waldo Emerson’s essays on self- years of labor.” ■ about College Readiness,” Peer Review 9 (Winter 2007): 6. reliance, Winston Churchill’s 1939 speeches 9 For an extended discussion of these fi ndings, see to a fearful nation, Karl Marx’s analysis of Footnotes: Bauerlein, Mark, “Professors on the Production Line, commodity fetishism — they are not mere Students on Their Own,” Future of American Education 1 See Sanoff , A. P., “What Professors and Teachers Think: A Working Paper Series, edited by Rick Hess, American academic assignments. They are the raw Perception Gap over Students’ Preparation,” The Chronicle of Enterprise Institute (March 2009): http://www.aei.org/ materials of character. From Day One, Higher Education (March 10, 2006). docLib/20090317_Bauerlein.pdf. students need to embrace the conviction: 2 See Diploma to Nowhere, Strong American Schools (http:// 10 See Weinberg, Bruce A.; Fleisher, Belton M.; and Hashimoto, knowledge matters, eloquence is a virtue, www.strongamericanschools.org/diploma-nowhere). Masanori, “Evaluating Methods for Evaluating Instruction: The 3 See the National Commission on Writing for America’s Case for Higher Education,” National Bureau of Economic and learning changes you for the better. Families, Schools, and Colleges, Writing: A Ticket to Work . . . Research Working Paper Series, http://wwwnber.org/papers/ For as Cardinal John Henry Newman Or a Ticket Out, A Survey of Business Leaders (College Board, w12844.pdf or see http://www.aeaweb.org/annual_mtg_ observed (in a lecture delivered at Catholic September 2004): http://www.writingcommission.org/ papers/2007/0105_1430_0501.pdf.

Mark Bauerlein earned undergraduate and doctoral degrees in English at UCLA. He has taught American literature at Emory University since 1989, with a break in 2003-’05 to serve as Director, Offi ce of Research and Analysis, at the National Endowment for the Arts, overseeing studies about culture and American life. His books include The Pragmatic Mind: Explorations in the Psychology of Belief (Duke University Press, 1997) and Whitman and the American Idiom (Louisiana State University Press, 1991). He also publishes in popular periodicals such as The Wall Street Journal, The Weekly Standard, The Washington Post, Times Literary Supplement and The Chronicle of Higher Education. His latest book, The Dumbest Generation: How the Digital Age Stupefi es Young Americans and Jeopardizes Our Future; Or, Don’t Trust Anyone Under 30 (www.dumbestgeneration.com), was published in May 2008 by Tarcher/Penguin to much acclaim. Email him at [email protected].

Fall 2009 7 diffi culties that advocates of reform face. We have become convinced that it is critical to analyze the obstacles that will confront Photo: fotolia. Photo: anyone who tries to implement the concept of civic education in the college or university setting.

Components of civic education

In our view, “civic education” has three distinct but overlapping elements: • The curriculum dimension • The place of volunteerism — the civic participation ethic in our political culture — in the undergraduate career • The extracurricular “climate” to which undergraduate students are exposed Each of these dimensions has an important contribution to make in an overall strategy to achieve effective civic education for undergraduates. To do any of these things well is a challenge. To do all three well, plus achieve a useful synergy among them, is a major challenge.

The philosopher Socrates questioned young minds about ideas that remain prevalent on college and Clear objectives, elusive strategies university campuses today including the role of civics in everyday life. Why, if observers can agree rhetorically with the goal, is it so diffi cult to achieve practical results? Stating the problem in Engagement in Civic these terms provides the beginning of an answer. For agreement in the abstract is often only that: a formulation that appears to suggest, but in fact belies, commonality Education Remains Weak of purpose. Opportunities and Challenges Exist on Many Fronts on Campus. Consider, for example, the curriculum issue. Civic education to some means By Bruce L. R. Smith and A. Lee Fritschler merely knowledge of the institutional features of government: the function of local, state and national governments; n our 2008 book, Closed Minds? Politics campuses and questioned our assertions that the role of the legislative, executive and and Ideology in American Universities students are largely unaffected by the liberal judicial branches; voting requirements; etc. I (Brookings Institution Press), we political attitudes of their professors. To others, this institutionally oriented “nuts asserted with our George Mason University There is a paradox in the reaction to and bolts” approach belongs in high school colleague and fellow political scientist our argument about the need to strengthen and would be pedestrian and inappropriate Jeremy D. Mayer that the nation’s colleges civic education. Most observers at some at the university level. and universities are failing to teach what level agree with the idea that students Some colleagues who object to narrow used to be called civics and are generally should be educated to be effective citizens. institutionalism seek a traditionally oriented ignoring civic education in the undergraduate But when it comes to specifying what, in humanism akin to Columbia University’s curriculum. practice, civic education or preparation for “core curriculum” or Yale’s independent We concluded: “The idea that the elite citizenship actually means, this agreement studies program — that is, favoring the universities are rife with leftist politics, or often dissolves into heated controversy. classic texts of political philosophy, Western any politics for that matter, is at odds with Deep-rooted ideological as well as legal traditions, and key historical episodes the evidence.” Professors do not attempt methodological differences emerge that in the evolution of constitutionalism. to indoctrinate students with a particular block action to achieve a common Other colleagues prefer the political ideology. Nor do universities in curriculum. Some colleagues dispute the interdisciplinary study of contemporary general discriminate against conservatives idea that the curriculum, as opposed to the issues, including controversial subject or Christians in hiring. This is the good extracurricular climate, should be the major matter such as abortion rights, same sex news. The bad news is that the nation’s focus of reform efforts. Our own view, marriage, climate change, poverty and universities do not promote serious debate which we will elaborate shortly, is that the income equality, and immigration. The about political issues and values, and in curriculum is a necessary but not suffi cient argument is that such an approach could hiring they usually strive to give jobs to condition for a civics strategy. engage students in the real world of politics, “safe” candidates interested mainly in their As a result of the debate that has promote disciplined debate, and foster specialized research topics. emerged on many campuses, we believe comity in addressing contentious issues. These were startling and counterintuitive that it is incumbent to spell out in greater While sounding good in theory, critics fi ndings, surprising — and pleasing — even detail what we mean by “civics” and “civic and skeptics of the latter approach harbor some of our critics who otherwise were not education.” We tried to tackle the subject strong doubts that controversial issues can convinced by our conclusions. For example, in a preliminary way in a Feb. 13 opinion in fact be debated civilly in the classroom. they disputed our fi ndings about the relative piece in The Chronicle of Higher Education To inject such topics into class discussions absence of classroom bias on America’s but did not adequately defi ne the practical might, these colleagues fear, produce the

8 Fall 2009 The tenure decision remains largely the product of one’s research efforts. College presidents and deans can urge innovations on their faculties but cannot impose reforms

Photo: stock.xchng. Photo: that lack strong support from faculty ranks. The current fi nancial crisis that has struck nearly all campuses further For related stories, see pages 14 and 17. constrains the prospects for innovations in the curriculum or otherwise. Any programs requiring fi nancial outlays confront the reality of fi scal stringency. The advocate for civic education faces a double whammy: the new fi scal crisis and the usual intense competition for resources resulting from research breakthroughs, new fi elds, and expanding research opportunities in the traditional disciplines. Should new requirements in civic education trump courses proposed in IT, geography, or the dramatic arts? Diminished endowment income, greatly increased demands for student fi nancial aid, hiring freezes, and tuition hikes to decrease operating defi cits are the norm at even the strongest institutions today. Funds for enrichment programs may seem to be luxuries in the current climate. But if imaginatively designed, such experimental programs outside the classroom can enrich the more traditional offerings, in the fashion that, for example, short and intense clinical training periods enrich the medical school curriculum.

Civic responsibility helps to ground a campus and govern a nation. Diverging approaches to promote civic education very conditions that are now largely absent: are fair-minded and avoid advocacy when bias in teaching, proselytizing, student discussing controversial issues. Because of the practical and conceptual complaints, alumni indignation, and donor Such a role is an uncomfortable one diffi culties of curriculum reform, the alarm. Universities, in short, would be open for administrators and could expose them volunteer tradition that sends students off to a new barrage of criticism. to the criticism that they are interfering campus for internships or work study has (It should not be supposed that civic with academic freedom. Better, in the been a centerpiece of many school efforts education is a topic relevant only for the view of many faculty colleagues as well as to promote citizenship and civic education. arts and sciences parts of the university administrators, to let sleeping dogs lie than to The Campus Compact, a national coalition or to undergraduates alone. In medical stir up divisive debate on contentious issues. of 1,100 member institutions advocating schools, for example, civic education takes Fear of adverse public and media reactions for the civic purposes of higher education, the form of community medicine, care for would play a role in the calculations. illustrates the appeal of volunteerism as a the underserved, advocacy for healthcare Reasonable arguments can be advanced proxy for on-campus civic education. reform, and the need for more primary care to deal with these concerns, but few on But volunteerism by itself cannot promote physicians. The traditional curriculum that campus will have strong incentives to carry an understanding of the obligations of produces specialists and researchers, and the banner. Conservatives fear that balanced citizenship, or of the role and limit of citizen few primary care doctors, is undergoing political dialogue, in or out of the classroom, participation in democratic governance. Our scrutiny at many universities, but austerity will be diffi cult in light of the dominance system is a representative democracy, not a reinforces the urgency of protecting core of liberals in the professoriate. Liberals, for direct democracy where plebiscites or mass missions. One can imagine the healthcare their part, may see civic education as code mobilization alone can produce answers debate leading to interdisciplinary efforts for advancing conservative political views to complex policy problems. Students can and potentially enriching undergraduates.) and dogmatic ideologies. learn the wrong lessons about the roles of For colleagues with tenure and with an leaders and followers, partisanship, and Negotiating the minefi eld established reputation on campus, there the nature of civil society from a volunteer are few incentives to be a standard-bearer experience. Therefore, an intellectual A high degree of professionalism on the for what will be a controversial cause. For framework, supplied by the appropriate part of faculty would be needed to teach the assistant professor on a tenure-track faculty members, should be part of the civics in class, and it would be frequently appointment, discretion will usually appear student’s experience as a volunteer. tested. Potentially, a degree of supervision to be the better part of valor. He or she Nor is volunteerism always as politically from departmental chairs and deans also will be strongly inclined to stick closely to neutral as it might appear. Does a student would be required to ensure that faculty conventional research and teaching duties. who volunteers in an advocacy organization

Fall 2009 9 devoted, let us say, to climate change, do so Should higher education focus on we think an important fi rst step in solving the as a committed activist or as a participant- problem is to understand its full dimensions. observer who must write an academic the training for leadership roles The obstacles we have discussed are paper for a faculty supervisor analyzing the formidable but not insuperable. A college or organization’s tactics and strategy? Does of an elite group of students, university can begin to frame an effective a student who, for example, is Catholic even if they are now chosen strategy by examining its curriculum, and interning with the U.S. Conference of campus intellectual climate and off-campus Catholic Bishops, sign on to advance the meritocratically? Or do we need student activities, and by giving itself a pro-life cause or simply to gain experience grade on how well or poorly the institution with nonprofi t fund-raising and management to fashion a more democratic is doing in each of these areas to foster civic practices? education and engagement. A key question is: Should the college or notion of citizenship and civic We think it is also important to conduct university take an active role in arranging education for the more inclusive a national inventory on what campuses are for, and integrating, the internship in the doing to promote civic education. We have the student’s academic program, or should population of today’s universities? impression there is an explosion of activity students be allowed to pursue such voluntary on campuses across the country that may or activity on their own? It is not easy to capture the attention of may not be related to civics, but there has It can be anticipated that in fi nancial hard today’s busy undergraduate, especially if been no comprehensive review and analysis times the appeal of work study programs will attempting an examination of serious issues. of “best practices” or the development of an grow, along with the use of internships as a The tone of the undergraduate experience appropriate metric to judge effectiveness. In route to employment after graduation. This outside the classroom often suffers from our book we did not intend to provide the might be an understandable development two opposite dangers: the narrow-casting fi nal word on this subject but to invite a in some respects, but as career motivation of the blogosphere or the shallowness of the serious examination and debate. increases, the role of volunteerism as a way mass media. Faculty members rarely see it Finally, as we discussed in our book, the to teach citizenship suffers. as their responsibility, or have the time and ideal of the 19th century American college inclination, to participate in shaping the was to prepare an elite for leadership roles in The quality of academic life broad intellectual climate of the campus. society. This was the meaning of citizenship The campus climate all too often and civic education in that period. To what The third element we think important overwhelms the classroom in the student’s extent is this still an operative ideal? to civic education — the climate on total experience. Even the common That is, should higher education focus campus — faces some of the same problems events, like speakers invited by student on the training for leadership roles of an outlined above. Budget pressures limit the organizations, may be more entertainment- elite group of students, even if they are now opportunity to invite guest speakers and oriented than educationally oriented. chosen meritocratically? cuts in counseling and faculty positions Faculty or administrators cannot take over Or do we need to fashion a more curtail students’ access to advice. Moreover, activities traditionally run by students, but democratic notion of citizenship and civic maintaining regular academic programs will somehow we have to fi nd a formula that education for the more inclusive population often have a higher priority than offering would engage the faculty more intensively of today’s universities? Is civic education extracurricular enrichment. Experience in campus activities outside the formal something only for the elite colleges and suggests that campus-wide events can be classroom context. universities, or is it an obligation for every a valuable part of the student’s academic educational institution? and civic experience, but without careful A collegial call for action We hope that colleagues from different planning and execution, these events can be disciplines, regions, from a variety of total failures, just as volunteer activities can In this essay we have focused on the institutions, and of differing political be a waste of time. challenges facing civic education because persuasions, will take up this challenge. ■

Bruce L. R. Smith has been a Visiting Professor at the School of Public Policy at George Mason University in Arlington, Va., since 2005. A recognized scholar in science and public policy, public policy and administration, and the impact of technology on society, he made his career principally at Columbia University in New York City and at the Brookings Institution, a nonprofi t public policy organization in Washington, D.C. Smith also served as Director, Policy Assessment Staff , Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientifi c Aff airs, in the U.S. Department of State from 1979 to ’80. He has consulted for government agencies including the Offi ce of Management and Budget, U.S. General Accounting Offi ce, the Offi ce of the U.S. Special Trade Representative, and the Securities and Exchange Commission. Smith served as panel coordinator for the Commission on Critical Choices for Americans chaired by Nelson Rockefeller in 1974. Smith has taught as a visiting professor or lecturer at The Johns Hopkins University, MIT and UCLA and has lectured as a Fulbright Lecturer in numerous countries. Educated in government, history, and economics at University of Minnesota (B.A. and M.A.) and Harvard University (Ph.D.), he is the author, coauthor, or editor of some 20 scholarly books, including the recent book mentioned in this article with his colleagues Jeremy D. Mayer and A. Lee Fritschler; Government, R & D, and the Economy, (Brookings, 1996), ed. with Claude E. Barfi eld; The Advisers: Scientists in the Policy Process (Brookings, 1992); and The RAND Corporation (Harvard University Press, 1966). Also to his credit are many articles. Email him at [email protected].

A. Lee Fritschler has been Professor and Director of Executive Education at the School of Public Policy at George Mason University since 2003. For a number of years spanning two tenures, he was Vice President and Director of the Center for Public Policy Education at the Brookings Institution. Fritschler was the fi rst North American to serve on the steering committee of the European University Association; he served from late 1999 to early 2001 as Assistant Secretary for Postsecondary Education after President Bill Clinton nominated him. Fritschler also served as President of Dickinson College, in Carlisle, Pa., from 1987 to ‘99. He held numerous academic and administrative positions at American University from 1964 to ’79, including Dean of the School of Public Aff airs in the late ‘70s. Fritschler also was Chairman of the U. S. Postal Regulatory Commission from 1979 to ’81 (nominated by President Jimmy Carter). Educated in economics and political science at Union College (B.A.) and Syracuse University (M.P.A. and Ph.D.), he is the author of three books including, Smoking and Politics: Bureaucracy Centered Policymaking, 6th edition, with Catherine E. Rudder (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 2007), and numerous articles. Fritschler sits on many boards and is active in numerous professional societies. Email him at [email protected].

10 Fall 2009 Within two hours of the earthquake that hit the Sichuan Province on May 12, 2008, hundreds of cases of bottled water were distributed to thousands of students at Southwest University of Science and Technology (SWUST), some 66 miles from the epicenter. By 5 p.m. that day, the dining hall staff had moved the kitchen outside and set up portable gas grills to prepare dinners of fresh vegetables, meat, and rice, as seen in this photo. The menu for the next three days: breakfast, two boiled eggs and a bowl of noodles with one teaspoon of soy sauce; lunch, rice and vegetables; supper, a steamed bun and a bowl of porridge. All the food stored in the dining hall was eaten by the fourth day after the earthquake, so students walked to nearby grocery stores, most of which had reopened within a few days of the quake. No one had to do without food or water, and no price gouging occurred, but there were long lines at the stores. Seismic Shifts and Other Visible Tremors Recovery Continues at Chinese University after May 2008 Earthquake. By Lallie Fay Scott

ew dormitories opened this fall safety, I saw a curtain of dust rising from semester at Southwest University of collapsed buildings in a village across NScience and Technology in Mianyang, the nearby Fu River. Shaken and crying, Sichuan, China, but not for the usual reasons I hugged a neighbor overcome with fear of modernization or overcrowding. Instead, and uncertainty, and then walked with a these two residential halls replace some colleague toward the main part of campus, of those destroyed last year in the Great joining thousands of students, plus faculty Wenchuan Earthquake, as the Chinese refer and staff, congregating in a huge athletic to it. fi eld. Some were only in their underwear, Measuring 7.9 on the Richter scale, the having been rudely awakened from their earthquake struck Sichuan Province on May traditional afternoon naps. Many were 12, 2008, leaving nearly 90,000 people dead barefoot. or missing and 5 million homeless, mostly We all exchanged experiences and from three prefectures whose population comforted each other. (I speak a little totals 9.8 million. (The entire Sichuan Mandarin; most Chinese students speak Province has a population of 87 million.) some English.) Then we roamed around, Of the victims, three students from in pairs or small groups, to survey the Southwest University of Science and damage and check on the well-being of Technology (SWUST) died and a dozen or others. Everyone stayed outside for the so were injured out of 25,000 students. More night, huddling around lanterns and radios, than 200 of the 2,000 faculty and staff were sharing food and water — and sharing left homeless. Total estimated damage to the While exterior damage to the university’s main emotions from intense anxiety to a deep university was $72 million (in U.S. currency), library did not appear signifi cant, one student need for solace. Fearful of aftershocks, to the nation, perhaps $500 billion. was killed by a cement roof pillar that crushed her nobody slept. A visiting geography professor at head when the ceiling on the top fl oor collapsed. Classes were cancelled the next day — SWUST that spring semester, I was in my More than 300,000 books, periodicals, and rare the message communicated via megaphone editions were lost. Some furniture was destroyed, campus apartment in a four-story building and most computer monitors were damaged, at by staff driving around in university containing eight units when the earthquake a cost of more than $100,000. The library, which vehicles — until damage assessment could hit about 66 miles southwest of the applied for funds to buy replacement books and be completed. (My apartment building university. computers, reopened March 16, 2009, after would need only minor repairs.) For the After rushing outside, uninjured, to renovation. This picture was taken May 12, 2008. following seven days, almost everyone

Fall 2009 11 By lunch the day after the quake, the propane gas tanks at the university’s main dining hall were empty. So before dinner, staff chopped up wooden furniture to build fi res for cooking rice and noodles in giant woks, as this May 13, 2008, Duo Liu, a former SWUST computer science instructor, took this picture of students reacting to a large photo shows. I think this burning of furniture aftershock that occurred about 24 hours after the main quake. Close to 10,000 aftershocks, of which 182 was expected. In China, authorities are expected measured more than 4.0 magnitude and caused further serious damage and deaths, were detected in to act immediately when lots of people need the week following the earthquake. Aftershocks continue, but are less frequent and not as strong. help. I saw only wooden chairs and tables being burned. Most of the fallen debris would not have been suitable for making fi res; it was metal, foam Green-and-white checkered blankets insulation, etc. were ubiquitous at SWUST after the quake, as this picture of students lived under tarps or tents that had been sleeping a day or two after the quake demonstrates. The university provided set up in seemingly every available open a blanket for each student, and I space away from buildings. On May 19, later discovered the blankets in use the university president decided to close the in refugee camps all over Mianyang. school — two weeks earlier than had been The color and pattern will remain scheduled — until reopening in late August imprinted in my memory as a symbol to allow students to fi nish incomplete spring of the tenacity of the thousands of courses before the fall semester would begin students who camped out. Though in early September. the Chinese are used to sleeping The grounds had to be vacated by May in close quarters, and though most people knew the status of their family, 22. Students whose homes were destroyed homes and jobs by two days after the were allowed to remain on campus in quake (cell phone communication makeshift shelters. A few hundred opted to was restored by then), sleep was still do so; others stayed with friends. Without diffi cult due to dread of aftershocks. students to teach, and with relief efforts fully staffed by those who could speak the to overrun the Sichuan basin. The Mercalli science instructor, wrote me in April. He local dialects, I left on May 23, returning intensity scale, which quantifi es earthquake lived in a tent on campus for almost a month home to Northeastern State University in damage, rated damage around Mianyang as before moving to Hong Kong for graduate Tahlequah, Okla. VII (of X), or “very strong” with “moderate studies. “Sometimes, the scene of an In the days between the earthquake and to heavy damage.” earthquake happens in my dreams.” my departure, I visited and photographed Since the earthquake, SWUST has Here are some photos, taken by me and as much as I could in and around the city received almost $90 million in grants for my SWUST friends, of the earthquake and of Mianyang (population about 738,000), rebuilding. Almost all of the university’s its aftermath. given the restrictions necessitated by the students returned to classes for the fall Perhaps Matthew Lien, a master’s degree rescue efforts. For instance, I witnessed semester. As for me, I’ve developed a new student in geography, put it best: “When dozens of students volunteering at hospitals, unit for my “Geography of East Asia” course I see the pictures of victims, damaged helping move some of the thousands injured on China’s natural hazards and the country’s buildings, the large number of affl icted to less crowded sites. Hundreds more recently released master plan for dealing people, the rescue teams, et al., I am very students would join in, I later learned. with them. And I keep in touch with a few sad and deeply moved,” he wrote by email I also researched the earthquake via the former colleagues and students by email. in the spring. “You know, our college was Internet, which was up and running two “No matter where I am, I am afraid of damaged severely in the earthquake. We days after the quake. The epicenter lay unexpected shakes now, such as the shake carried out the self-rescue positively. And along the Longmen Shan fault where the of the road produced by heavily weighted our country supported us with equipment thick crust of the Tibetan Plateau threatens trucks,” Duo Liu, a former SWUST computer and capital rapidly.”

12 Fall 2009 Duo Liu also took this picture of the inside of a faculty encamp- ment on May 14, 2008. Two couples, one with an infant, lived in a 10’ x 10’ “room” for two weeks. Faculty/staff camps filled the soccer fi eld of the elementary school next to my apartment. In the weeks after the earthquake, hundreds of faculty/staff resided in these camps. None do so now, having moved into temporary housing units or into nearby apartments.

Refugee camps were set up in open spaces throughout the city of Mianyang. This one, photographed on May 20, 2008, was along the Fu River. About 5,000 people temporarily resided there. They received food and water from Chinese agencies as well as international aid organizations that set up stations at various spots throughout the city. Many SWUST students volunteered at these stations.

After a week of limbo, the 25,000 SWUST students were told to evacuate the campus. Engineers pronounced many buildings too dangerous to occupy without renovation. Hundreds of students, rather than return to destroyed homes, volunteered to help with the massive infl ux of refugees from surrounding areas. Thousands of displaced Mianyang city residents moved outdoors away from unstable people poured into the region over the buildings and storefronts after the quake. But nothing, not next three weeks in need of medical care, even 7.9 earthquakes, stops mahjong. Mahjong is a fairly shelter, and food. Liu Pengyuan, a SWUST complex game that originated in China. It uses marked tiles junior English major, who volunteered at a and usually involves gambling, in addition to strategic thinking refugee hospital in Deyang, a city of about required to get a winning hand. This photo was taken May 14, 150,000 people and located some 35 miles 2008 by Steven Plummer, an English instructor who was one of southwest of the university, took this photo four Americans teaching at the school during the earthquake. of patients about 10 days after the quake.

During summer 2008, 324 temporary housing units for faculty and staff were I felt compelled to visit two middle schools built on athletic fi elds, wrote SWUST that had hosted teachers from my state. English professor Xiong Tingting by email. The one-week anniversary of the quake was observed through- Mianyang Middle School #1 sustained The 215-square-foot units fi t two to three out China on May 19, 2008, at 2:28 p.m., the time of the quake. such severe structural damage that tents people. Communal bathrooms, one for For students, the ceremony proved cathartic, not only because had to be erected on its athletic fi elds as every 10 units, don’t have water heaters. they memorialized classmates killed in the quake via a candle- ad hoc structures, as this May 22, 2008, Some 200 units are occupied. Older lighting ceremony, but also because of what followed: photo attests. The facility has yet to be staff quarters – about 3,000 units – were University President Xiao ZhengxueIn was to speak, but after rebuilt. Many orphans from the nearby demolished. New permanent buildings gazing at the damage and the students gathered, he began to city of Beichuan, population 161,000, still are under construction. It will take at least cry. Soon the crowd also was weeping. It took several minutes live in the tents that double as makeshift two years for them to be ready. (July 2008 for him to compose himself. (Photo by Steven Plummer.) residences when classes are not in session. photo by Steven Plummer.) ■

Lallie Fay Scott (University of Utah), a Professor of Geography, was the fi rst faculty member from Northeastern State University in Tahlequah, Okla., to be chosen for a faculty exchange with Southwest University of Science and Technology in Mianyang, Sichuan, China. She also has embarked on Fulbright excursions to China and Chile and was trip leader for a journey, sponsored by the National Geographic Society/Freeman Foundation, that took Oklahoma geography teachers to China, Japan, Indonesia, and Hawaii to study cultural responses to natural hazards in the Asia Pacifi c. With degrees in journalism (B.A., University of Houston) and geography (B.A., University of Texas at El Paso, and M.S. and Ph.D., University of Utah), Scott has made presentations at numerous scholarly conferences. Email her at [email protected].

Fall 2009 13 Photos by Mark Campbell, University of Delaware Athletics Media Relations. Athletics of Delaware University Mark Campbell, by Photos

The University of Delaware women’s basketball squad gathered just before a game against Dartmouth College in December 2008. Recession Emerges as Formidable Foe for College Sports Athletic Departments Make Winning Decisions and Lose Out in the Downturn. By Tim DeSchriver

n Feb. 8, the North Carolina State Cost cutting is being seen throughout games, in examples from the most popular University men’s basketball team college athletics as programs face an and lucrative of college sports programs: O boarded a bus for a game against uncertain fi nancial future due to the the gridiron. These powerhouse universities Division I conference foe Virginia Tech in economic downturn. each generate as much as $5 million in Blacksburg, Va. revenue from a single football home contest While this may not seem important, it The money across the divisions and have total annual football revenues in was a sign of the effect of the recession on excess of $40 million.2 intercollegiate athletics. Before understanding the impact of the Division I contains two subdivisions It had been years since N.C. State took recession on college athletics, one must fi rst specifi cally and only for football: Football a bus to go the 200-plus miles to Virginia; understand the basics of how college sports Bowl Subdivision (FBS), with about traditionally, the Wolfpack had chartered are organized and fi nanced. 130 schools, and Football Championship a fl ight to play the Hokies. Even though The National Collegiate Athletic Subdivision (FCS), with more than 120 the $25,000 savings in travel expenses Association (NCAA), the largest governing schools. These classifi cations are generally proved a relatively small amount from the body for American college sports, is based on stadium size and the number N.C. State athletic department’s annual comprised of three levels: Divisions I, of scholarships offered.3 Programs like operating budget of about $36 million, the II, and III, based on the number of sports University of Michigan and University of belt-tightening made the use of ground offerings, athletic scholarships, and money Tennessee are examples of the FBS and transportation worthwhile.1 spent. University of Delaware and University of Austerity measures have been much Most college sports fans are familiar with Montana of the FCS. The median annual more serious at other institutions. A wide the 300-plus institutions that compete at the operating revenue for FBS programs was range of schools across the divisions, such Division I level, the largest in reference $35.4 million in 2006 and for FCS programs as University of Washington (Division to dollars. Programs like University of $9.6 million in 2003,4 in the most recent data I), Kutztown University (Division II) and Michigan, Penn State University, and available. These institutions compete at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology University of Tennessee receive the most same level (Division I) in all other sports. (Division III), have taken the draconian step media attention and attract more than The average annual operating revenue of eliminating sports teams entirely. 100,000 spectators for home football for smaller Division II institutions, 276

14 Fall 2009 Division I football and basketball especially rely on ticket sales, boosters/ donors, corporate sponsorships and TV rights for revenues. These revenue sources have the potential to fall due to the weakened economy. Fans may be hesitant to spend on season or individual game tickets if they are concerned about losing their jobs or taking a pay cut. Those same prospective customers may also be struggling fi nancially due to large drops in their home values or 401(K) accounts. The inability of fans to pay for tickets may loom especially large at the powerhouse programs where ticket prices can be as high as $60 per football game or $40 for basketball games, in addition to a large upfront donation that must be made to be a season ticket holder. Plus, it may be diffi cult to convince prospective donors to make major gifts to an athletic department if they have seen their stock portfolios fall by as much as Members of the University of Delaware defensive unit readied to make a stand during the August 2008 50% over the last year. As Susan Parrish, football season opener at University of Maryland. controller for University of Florida’s athletic department, stated: “The problem for us, programs, was only $2.6 million apiece for and probably for all athletic programs, is all sports per school in 2003, the last year what (the recession) is doing to your fan such data was reported.5 Division II program base and boosters? Even your high-dollar revenues are lower due to the inability, in donors are probably invested in the stock contrast to Division I, to generate signifi cant market, and they’re probably feeling the dollars from ticket sales, TV rights fees, pain that everyone else is.”8 corporate sponsorship, and fundraising College sports programs also have seen (boosters/donors). large decreases in the size of endowments. Revenue data for Division III are not For example, in 2006 billionaire alumnus/ kept by the NCAA. booster T. Boone Pickens made a $165 The level of revenue for athletic million donation to Oklahoma State Univer- programs is important for many reasons. sity (OSU) athletics, the largest single gift Well-funded programs have the ability to to a sports program in history. As part of pay head coaches high salaries, especially the donation, Pickens asked OSU to invest in the biggest draws of football and men’s the money into his BP Capital hedge fund basketball. (For example, Division I schools to maximize investment return. Before the like University of Florida, University stock market crash, the value of Pickens’ of Texas at Austin and The Ohio State gift, along with an additional $37 million in University pay their football and men’s donations, had increased to more than $400 basketball head coaches in excess of $2 million. By fall 2008, when OSU cashed out million annually.) the fund, the value of the endowment had Therefore, these programs land marquee dropped to $125 million. This has led OSU names for coaches, who then can sign Then-senior standout attacker Debbie Sloan looked to delay several major capital projects related the best players, who in turn help fi ll the to make a pass for the University of Delaware Blue to the athletic department including the stands with fans, who correspondingly Hens during the 2009 women’s lacrosse season. construction of new facilities for baseball, become boosters/donors. High revenue softball, track, soccer and equestrian.9 programs also can provide better facilities in Division I football, for the period 1996- What’s more, the sale of sponsorship and equipment for student-athletes, thereby 2006, the average revenue for an FBS and advertising packages has become much leading to better performances on the fi eld. institution rose by about $18 million, an more diffi cult as corporate clients look to Thus, TV ratings go up, generating more increase of more than 115%. Over that same trim costs. Will the regional bank or grocery money in licensing fees paid to the schools, time period, expenses increased by a similar store chain really see the value in purchasing not to mention more advertising, corporate amount.6 In Division II, the most recent signage in the university basketball arena sponsorships and fund-raising. data for all sports, tabulating 1993-2003, when it is laying off employees? Since other The rich programs can become even indicates an increase in annual revenue from sport properties such as the PGA Tour (golf) richer. $1 million to $2.6 million and an increase and NASCAR (auto racing) have seen Similar but more modest scenarios apply in expenses from $1.4 to $2.7 million per decreases in corporate sponsorship, there is to Division II and III schools. athletic department.7 every reason to believe that the same fate However, athletic administrators in the may await intercollegiate athletics. Revenues versus expenses past few decades did not face an economic Since contracts for TV rights fee are crisis equal to the current recession. usually multiyear deals, resulting revenue Over the past 30 years prior to the current The long-term effect of the recession is streams are not as infl uenced by the recession, intercollegiate athletic programs unknown, but it appears that many athletic recession. saw a large growth in revenues and equally administrators are preparing for some Most Division II and III programs are large increases in expenses. For example, diffi cult fi nancial times. less reliant on ticket sales, boosters/donors,

Fall 2009 15 corporate sponsorships and TV rights for have been forced to eliminate sports. revenues. These programs depend more Division III Massachusetts Institute of on institutional support and student fees. Technology recently announced that it was About $1.4 million (57%) and $380,000 cutting eight sports including wrestling and (15%) of Division II annual revenues are men’s/women’s ice hockey and gymnastics; from institutional support and student fees, Division II Kutztown University dropped respectively, for each school.10 men’s soccer and swimming; and Division I University of Maine eliminated men’s Government funding and student fees soccer and women’s volleyball. Even some of the largest and wealthiest The recession threatens these revenue programs have been forced to eliminate sources as well. In almost every state, public sports. The University of Washington, universities face signifi cant drops in state a member of the Division I Pacifi c-10 government support. State governments Conference, recently announced that it was earmark money for schools, and school cutting its men’s and women’s swim teams administrations determine how much goes to lower its total number of sports to 19.15 to athletics. Typically, when government fi nancial support of public universities Calculating the bottom line decreases, the amount of money that the institution provides for athletics falls as Then-senior University of Delaware shortstop Kyle In the wake of the recession that began well. Davis made a stop in the hole in a game in April. in December 2007, the primary question For small athletic programs with limited that must be asked is: Will it have long-term potential to generate revenue on their own, 15, that it offered prior to Hurricane Katrina ramifi cations on how collegiate athletics are this drop in institutional support has the in 2005, thus jeopardizing the Division I managed? potential to be devastating. status of the program. (To maintain Division Given the history of increased investment Plus, as tuition costs increase and I status, a program must offer a minimum of in athletic programs to maintain a competitive students and their families face diffi cult 14 sports, 7 for men and 7 for women.)12 advantage over rivals, it is likely that once times, some student bodies are rebelling Some institutions resorted to reducing the economy recovers and revenues increase, against proposed increases in student fees scholarship levels, lowering the size of athletic programs will quickly increase for athletic funding. At some schools, team travel squads, foregoing the purchase spending. If they do not, they may struggle millions of dollars in student fees typically of new equipment, and eliminating team to attract top student-athletes and be at a subsidize the athletic program. The range of travel via air transportation. For example, disadvantage on the fi eld of play. ■ student fees can be anywhere from $30 per Division I Lehigh University saved $20,000 student a year up to as much as $1,000. But by having fall sport student-athletes report Footnotes: at three California Division I universities, only a few days prior to the general student- 1 Pickeral, Robbi, and Tysiac, Ken, “Economy Dictates Sacramento State, Cal State Fullerton, and body opening of residence halls. In the past, Changes for College Athletics: Colleges Find Ways to Save Money,” The (Raleigh) News & Observer, Feb. 27, 2009. Long Beach State, students voted against student-athletes returned as much as one 2 13 Equity in Athletics Data Analysis Cutting Tool. (2009). U. S. fee hikes in spring 2009 to help pay for week prior to the hall opening date. Department of Education. See http://ope.ed.gov/athletics. athletics. As a result, these teams may lose valuable 3 An institution must have a minimum stadium size of At Division I Fresno State, the proposed practice time, putting them at a competitive 27,000 seats to be an FBS member. There is no such requirement for FCS. FBS programs are permitted to grant increase was from $7 per semester up to $50 disadvantage. Lehigh coaches will have up to 85 scholarships, FCS programs, 63. for 2008-’09. Ultimately, John D. Welty, less opportunity to build team cohesiveness 4 Fulks, Daniel L., 2004-2006 NCAA Revenues and Expenses the Fresno State president, overrode the and incorporate incoming freshmen in the of Division I Intercollegiate Athletics Program Report, NCAA, 2008, and 2002-2003 NCAA Revenues and Expenses of Division student vote against that and student fees team structure. Also, while cuts in areas I and II Intercollegiate Athletics Program Report, NCAA, 2005, were increased to $32 per semester,11 with such as team travel, equipment purchase, respectively. the money primarily used to add women’s and meals may seem small, they can hinder 5 Fulks, 2002-2003 NCAA Revenues and Expenses of Division I and II Intercollegiate Athletics Program Report. lacrosse and swimming programs. recruitment drastically. The inability to 6 Fulks, 2004-2006 NCAA Revenues and Expenses of Division I attract top student-athletes may lead to poor Intercollegiate Athletics Program Report. What (not) to cut team performances. 7 Fulks, 2002-2003 NCAA Revenues and Expenses of Division I and II Intercollegiate Athletics Program Report. In an example with altogether different 8 Staples, Andy, “How the Economy Is Aff ecting College Due to the prospect of future revenue results, while the Division III Rhodes Athletic Departments,” SI.com, Oct. 28, 2008. losses, athletic administrators are being College football team fl ew the 725 miles 9 Ibid. 10 Fulks, 2002-2003 NCAA Revenues and Expenses of Division I forced to make diffi cult decisions on the from Memphis to San Antonio for a fall and II Intercollegiate Athletics Program Report. expense side of their budgets. 2008 game, their luggage and equipment 11 Longman, Jere, “As Costs of Sports Rise, Students Balk at At the Division I University of New were shipped by a rental truck, reducing Fees,” The New York Times, May 30, 2009. Orleans, earlier this year, students also expenses by approximately $2,100. Or as 12 Ibid. 13 Belson, Ken, “Universities Cutting Teams as They Trim Their voted against increasing student fees, in this the Rhodes athletic director said: “That’s a Budgets,” The New York Times, May 4, 2009. case a proposal to double the price to almost set of volleyball uniforms.”14 14 Steinbach, Paul, “Economy Class: Athletic Departments $400 per year. The inability to raise student For some athletic programs, the budget Are Rethinking Ways to Make Their Travel Dollars Go Far- ther,” Athletic Business, November 2008. fees may result in the school being unable to defi cit is so large that small across-the- 15 Belson, “Universities Cutting Teams as They Trim Their return the program to the number of sports, board cuts aren’t enough. These programs Budgets,” The New York Times, May 4, 2009.

Tim DeSchriver (University of Delaware), Associate Professor of Sport Management at the University of Delaware, teaches courses includ- ing “Financial Aspects of the Sport Industry,” “Sport Marketing” and “Sport Event and Facility Management.” Educated at Villanova University (B.A. in Economics), Penn State University (M.A. in Economics) and University of Northern Colorado (Ed.D. in Physical Education with an empha- sis in Sport Management), he has coauthored the 2007 book Sport Finance, now in its second edition (Human Kinetics Publishing), coauthored chapters in books, and authored or coauthored articles in the International Journal of Sport Management, Journal of Sport Management, and Sport Marketing Quarterly, the latter two of which he serves on the editorial boards. He’s also on the editorial board of International Journal of Sport Finance. Email him at [email protected].

16 Fall 2009 ... students and their families have willingly taken on increasing debt with the expectation that the benefi ts

Composite illustration from stock.xchng photos. stock.xchng illustration from Composite of a college degree ultimately will be worth the risk. Yet according to the Economic Policy Institute, a nonprofi t and nonpartisan think tank based in Washington, D.C., the unemployment rate for college graduates younger than 27 years old has risen to 5.9% in March and April, the second highest rate ever.

Calculated Decisions Factor into the Economics of a College Education Students and Institutions Study Their Checkbooks, Particularly in a Recession. By Dean E. Nelson

he current recession may be rewriting respectively, of the federal Commission on • Jobs requiring advanced skills are the fi scal ground rules for higher the Future of Higher Education, identifi ed growing twice as fast as those requiring T education, as the economic transaction economic stress as one of the transformative only basic skills.4 between students and their parents and forces in higher education and concluded • 90% of the fastest-growing jobs in the chosen school assumes costlier that “the need for a comprehensive national what’s termed the new knowledge-driven consequences for all parties involved. strategy for postsecondary education … has economy call for some postsecondary The former weigh even more carefully never been greater.”1 education.5 than before the benefi ts of postsecondary As a result, the rate that high school studies against the substantial fi nancial Higher education pays off graduates attend college has risen steadily outlay necessary to obtain them. Students since 1980, according to the National and families want more bang for their No doubt, the economic benefi ts of a Center for Education Statistics (NCES), the hollower buck. This poses a threat to the college education are substantial, even in — main federal entity to collect and analyze latter, which base monetary success partly maybe especially in — a downturn. education data6: on examining, understanding and predicting As measured by the U.S. Census Bureau’s • In 1980, about half of high school student behavior. Schools may need to latest “Current Population Survey,”2 workers graduates went to college: 1,523,000 of revise practices to adapt. with a college degree average $25,756 more 3,088,000. Philosopher Eric Hoffer, in his 1963 in salary than high school graduates. Over a • In 2006, that number had risen to about book The Ordeal of Change, wrote that lifetime of employment, say 40 years, that two-thirds: 1,776,000 of 2,692,000. “in times of change, learners inherit the amounts to upwards of $1 million more for Earth, while the learned fi nd themselves college graduates. Higher education bills mount up beautifully equipped to deal with a world Other fi ndings: that no longer exists.” • In 2004, six in 10 jobs in the U.S. were The costs of a college education are Indeed, in 2006, prescient Charles Miller, held by those with some postsecondary substantial as well — all the more so in a chair, and Cheryl Oldham, executive director, education, compared with two in 10 in 1959.3 recession.

Fall 2009 17 Composite illustration from stock.xchng photos. stock.xchng illustration from Composite

A main reason: Higher education bill) in 1997 to 36.2% ($3,845 of $10,618) $19,300 (in constant 2007 dollars) in 2000- continues to outpace infl ation. The NCES in 2007 (using constant 2007 dollars).12 ’01 to $22,700 in 2007-’08, an increase of reports that in constant 2007 dollars7 • While private school tuition costs paid 17.6%. Paradoxically, the rising debt burden between 1997-’98 and 2007-’08, prices for by students and their families fell from for students creates a challenge for many to undergraduate tuition, room, and board 68.6% ($9,801 of $14,285 total tuition bill) acquiring a college degree at a time when the at public colleges and universities rose in 1995 to 62.5% ($12,307 of $19,301) in benefi t of having one is growing — and vital. by 30% (from $6,813 to $11,578), and at 2006 (using constant 2006 dollars),13 this So students and their families have private counterparts by 23% (from $18,516 percentage drop masks the rapid increase in willingly taken on increasing debt with the to $29,915).8 tuition from $14,285 to $19,301 — 35.1%. expectation that the benefi ts of a college Meanwhile, household income that pays degree ultimately will be worth the risk. Yet for student tuition in higher education — a To learn more, owe more according to the Economic Policy Institute, sum that contributes 18.3% of the operating a nonprofi t and nonpartisan think tank based budget of public universities and 29% of Not surprisingly, the response of students in Washington, D.C., the unemployment rate private universities on average9 — remains and their families to this predicament has for college graduates younger than 27 years in a decade-long slump. While the median been to accrue more debt: old has risen to 5.9% in March and April, household income rose from $41,620 in • The College Board, a New York the second highest rate ever.15 The result is 1970 to a high of $50,641 in 1999 (in 2007 City-based not-for-profi t membership that an increase of cost doesn’t necessarily constant dollars), since then it has remained association of more than 5,400 schools, guarantee immediate rewards, making below its 1999 level.10 The Pew Research colleges, universities, and other educational the choice to pursue a college education a Center, a Washington, D.C.-based “fact organizations, reported that total education greater gamble, at least for the foreseeable tank” about American issues, reported in loans more than doubled (in constant 2007 future. March that “the eight-year period from dollars), from $41 billion in 1997-’98 to $85 Plus, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the 1999 through 2007 is the longest in modern billion in 2007-’08.14 That nearly accounts principal fact-fi nding agency of the federal U.S. economic history in which infl ation- for all of the tuition and fee revenue reported government in the fi eld, reports that overall adjusted median household income failed to by those institutions. unemployment reached 9.4% in May,16 only surpass an earlier peak…(and) the current • Of those billions, the share of nonfederal the second time since World War II it has recession likely kept this key indicator private loans increased from 7% in 1997-’98 risen above 9%. below its 1999 peak.”11 to 23% in 2007-’08. The recession has increased the chance Stagnant or falling incomes, of course, The upshot: instead of banking on federal that college graduates may not be able to amplify the cost of a college education. aid, students are forced to rely more heavily fi nd a job — at least for a while — to repay Even so, students whose families are on their own resources as costs escalate — their loans. generally less able to carry the escalating all the while hoping that long-term payoffs charges are being asked to pay a growing will be coming to them. Students still want to attend college share of their higher education anyway: The report goes on to state that “an • Public school tuition costs shouldered estimated 60% of bachelor’s degree Despite — and because of — all this, young by students and their families have increased recipients borrow to fund their education” people have not abandoned their college from 31.2% ($3,232 of $10,371 total tuition and their average debt has risen from aspirations. Only 4% of college-bound

18 Fall 2009 seniors gave “much more consideration” the student may apply or enroll. Because the fall 2009 freshmen classes arrive. The to skipping college and working instead in of the recession, many more students who bottom line is yet unknown. ■ the recession, according to a poll of almost have limited funds and who need to save 975 burgeoning scholars in April conducted on travel expenses may choose to attend Footnotes: by the College Board and Art & Science a school a short drive away or opt to live 1 Miller, Charles, and Oldham, Cheryl, “Issue Paper: Setting Group LLC, a consulting fi rm specializing with mom and dad, thus changing the the Context,” from A National Dialogue: The Secretary of in higher education marketing and relationship between the distance from Education’s Commission on the Future of Higher Education, enrollment management.17 In contrast, 78% home and the likelihood to apply and enroll U.S. Department of Education, 2006. http://www.ed.gov/ about/bdscomm/list/hiedfuture/reports/miller-oldham.pdf; of respondents said they never considered (not to mention campus housing) observed see the full report at: http://www.ed.gov/about/bdscomm/ not attending college. in previous years. Institutions may need to list/hiedfuture/reports/fi nal-report.pdf To combat the recession, students are devise new models, policies and goals as a 2 U. S. Census Bureau, “Current Population Survey, 2008: “giving much more consideration” to result. Annual Social and Economic Supplement,” Table PINC-03. http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/macro/032008/perinc/ attending a public institution in their home Statistical models further assess the new03_001.htm state (41%), working part-time while in ramifi cations of active enrollment. For 3 Carnevale, A. P., and Desrochers, D. M., “Standards for What? college (47%), considering schools with instance, a model can be constructed that The Economic Roots of K-16 Reform,” Educational Testing generous fi nancial aid resources (28%), and uses student information to predict who Service, 2003. http://www.learndoearn.org/For-Educators/ Standards-for-What.pdf living at home/commuting to school to save is likely to do poorly in a given major. 4 Hecker, Daniel E., “Occupational Employment Projections money (21%), according to the survey. Students who major in, say, physics but to 2012,” Monthly Labor Review, February 2004, 127(2), 80- Public schools are less expensive than struggle with math, or history but struggle 105. http://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2004/02/art5full.pdf 5 Commission on the Future of Higher Education, “A Test of private schools; for 2008-’09, net tuition with research, will need more help than their Leadership: Charting the Future of U.S. Higher Education,” and fees after aid averaged $2,850 for public peers. In a recession, when fewer resources U.S. Department of Education, 2006. http://www.ed.gov/ four-year in-state schools and $14,930 for are available, the institutional response to about/bdscomm/list/hiedfuture/reports/fi nal-report.pdf private schools.18 these students may be limited or otherwise 6 National Center for Education Statistics, “Digest of Education Statistics, 2007,” table 192. http://nces.ed.gov/ change. Schools may instead choose to programs/digest/d07/tables/dt07_192.asp The academy reassesses the ledger promote less challenging programs as viable 7 Constant dollars are based on adjusting values for alternatives rather than provide the support individual years by the amount of infl ation between the The economic fate of colleges and to ensure student success in the problematic individual year and the constant-dollar year as reported in the Consumer Price Index prepared by the Bureau of Labor universities largely depends on the economic fi eld. Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. behavior of students, all the more so in Similar models are used during the 8 National Center for Education Statistics, “Fast Facts.” http:// a recession like the current one. Schools alumnus phase to predict receptivity to nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=76 manage their business partly based on their requests for donations and other fi nancial 9 National Center for Education Statistics, “Digest of Educa- tion Statistics, 2008,” tables 350 and 354. http://nces.ed.gov/ ability to understand and predict student contributions. These models are structurally pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2009020 behavior. The lifecycle, so to speak, of a the same as those used by mail-order retailers 10 DeNavas-Walt, Carmen; Proctor, Bernadette; and Smith, student has three phases: recruitment, active to determine the probability of customers Jessica (August 2008), “Income, Poverty, and Health Insur- enrollment, and alumnus. For each of these to make purchases from the latest catalog. ance Coverage in the United States: 2007,” Table A-1. http:// www.census.gov/prod/2008pubs/p60-235.pdf phases, computerized databases manage For instance, an expensive yearly report 11 Pew Research Center. “The Phantom Recovery,” March student information, making it possible from the school president may be mailed to 26, 2009. http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1167/phantom- to construct statistical models to predict alumni, but only after it has been determined recovery-fl at-household-income-eight-years student behavior and to formulate economic that they are likely to make some donation. 12 State Higher Education Executive Offi cers (2008), “State Higher Education Finance, FY 2007,” Table 2. http://www. decisions accordingly. In a recession, the likelihood of alumni to sheeo.org/fi nance/shef_fy07.pdf During recruitment, data are collected donate funds may be greatly diminished, 13 The Delta Project on Postsecondary Education Costs, from student applications as well as purchased undermining the rationale for an expensive Productivity, and Accountability, “Trends in College Spend- from informational organizations such as yearly report. Yet a more modest pitch may ing,” 2009. http://www.deltacostproject.org/resources/pdf/ trends_in_spending-report.pdf the College Board and the Lee’s Summit, threaten to deprive the institution of needed 1 4 College Board (2008), “Trends in Student Aid,” Figure 8. Mo.-based National Research Center for revenue. http://www.collegeboard.com/html/costs/aid/4_1_loans. College & University Admissions. These html?CollapsiblePanel7#fi gure8 facts — and details about recruited students The fi nal reckoning is coming 15 Economic Policy Institute, “Unemployment Rate High for Young College Graduates.” http://www.reliableplant.com/ from previous years — are used in recruiting Article.aspx?articleid=18113 efforts and in constructing statistical models It should be recognized that it may 16 Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Labor Force Statistics from to predict which current recruits are most not be possible to construct an accurately the Current Population Survey.” http://data.bls.gov/ likely to apply and enroll.19 PDQ/servlet/SurveyOutputServlet?data_tool=latest_ predictive model from historical patterns numbers&series_id=LNS14000000 For instance, students demonstrating high now that those patterns may be changing. 1 7 College Board and Art & Science Group, “The Eff ects of aptitude in writing may be sent the schedule Still, the sophistication of the statistical the Current Recession,” April 2009. http://www.artsci.com/ for the school’s visiting writers’ series models relies on a simple assumption: that studentpoll/v7-3/index.aspx 1 8 College Board (2008), “Trends in Student Aid,” Figure 7. and invited to attend the annual children’s behavior of students observed in the past is http://www.collegeboard.com/html/costs/pricing/3_1_ literature conference. But in a recession, a good predictor of student behavior in the net_prices.html schools having to curtail expenditures may future. 19 Bruggink, Thomas H., and Gambhir, Vivek, “Statistical Models not be able to generate, supply or underwrite The long-term effects of the recession on for College Admission and Enrollment: A Case Study for a Selective Liberal Arts College,” Research in Higher Education, these enticements and, therefore, risk losing the economic behavior of higher-education April 1996, 37(2): 221-240. Or Goener, Cullen F., and Pauls, the recruit. Or, the farther away a school students and, consequently, on the schools Kenton, “A Predictive Model of Inquiry to Enrollment,” is from a student’s home, the less likely that depend on them continue to unfold as Research in Higher Education, December 2006, 47(8), 935-956.

Dean E. Nelson (University of Pittsburgh at Greensburg) is Assistant Vice President for Academic Aff airs and Assistant Professor of Statistics at the University of Pittsburgh at Greensburg. He received his Ph. D. in Applied Social Research from Lehigh University (1999) after earning an M.S. in Biometrics from the University of Colorado School of Public Health (1987) and a B.S. in Mathematics and Philosophy from Metropolitan State College of Denver (1985). Prior to his current appointment, Nelson worked in institutional research at Saint Vincent College and as a statistical consultant at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and Lehigh University. He has published papers on various topics in statistics and statistics education and is a member of the American Statistical Association. Email him at [email protected].

Fall 2009 19 prime reason: my teacher for both years, and all subjects, a man in his mid-thirties named W. Dain Higdon. Mr. Higdon also doubled as school principal, school district superintendent, bus driver, agriculture teacher, and athletic coach. He made all learning important, from diagramming sentences to castrating pigs, because he made us students feel important, no matter — and because of — our background, because of who we were and could be. And he was my fi rst male teacher and the fi rst man ever to talk to me with pride about his college education. After Stevens School, the failure of the farm and problems of a broken family upended my secondary education; I wound up going to four high schools in three cities. I started college at age 16, struggled with immaturity, and seemed to change majors almost every semester. When I became, in succession, a public Photo courtesy Janice J. Higdon, daughter of W. Dain Higdon; portraits courtesy the author. Dain Higdon; portraits Higdon, of courtesy courtesy daughter Photo J. Janice the author. W. school teacher, college professor, and university administrator, if along the way I Mr. Higdon, below left, is seen above with students in front of the Stevens School in 1952, a few years before ever doubted the value of a subject, I had teaching the author, shown age 11 or 12, below right, at the now-defunct school in Wilson County, Texas. only to remember Mr. Higdon’s enthusiasm for everything he taught. And if I ever doubted the value of my students, I had only to remember how he valued us at Stevens. Teach Your At my inauguration as a college president in Augusta, Georgia, Mr. Higdon sat next to my wife in the front row. Children Well I wish I could say that I had taken the time to invite him. Though I kept a By William A. Bloodworth, Jr. photograph of him in my wallet during high school and college, I had been out of touch doubt I would have gone to college, much It was a four-room school, in two white with him for decades and didn’t even know less become a college president, had I not frame buildings, for about 120 students his address. I attended a little country school in Wilson from fi rst to eighth grade. Carved out by an But he, at 75 years old, found me through County, Texas, in 1954 and ‘55. accordion divider, each room contained two a notice in the San Antonio newspaper and let An 11-year-old refugee from urban grades taught by one teacher. The restroom me know that he would make the journey. elementary schools in San Antonio, I had facilities were outhouses on the other side of In my speech I thanked him for his been living with my mother, a waitress, in a dusty baseball fi eld and next to a mesquite- infl uence on my career. “Through his a series of cheap apartments — and then in and-cactus cow pasture enclosed by barbed example,” I said, “he also taught me the a housing project — after her third failed wire. nobility of teaching.” marriage. I spent the seventh and eighth grades But, thinking back, I know that it wasn’t Meanwhile, my father and stepmother there, showing up the fi rst day in a pair of just Mr. Higdon. Both a person and a had gone into debt to buy a 250-acre cattle drugstore cowboy boots. All the other boys place bestowed upon me a certain pride in and grain spread 40 miles away, and had wore scruffy work boots, ragged tennis shoes, learning — and some lessons in humility convinced my mother that rural life would or nothing on their feet. They were real farm and perseverance. make me a better man. kids — with German, Polish, and Hispanic I suspect that we all have comparable Three years later my father gave up on last names — whose families struggled for places and people in our backgrounds. the farm and sold it at a loss, but for a spell subsistence. To them I looked like a city The school closed two years after my I became a farm kid. And I attended Stevens softy — and I had a funny last name. To graduation, and Mr. Higdon died shortly after School. make matters worse, the other boys in my my Augusta State inauguration. A barren Where the name came from, or when the class were older, larger, and meaner. So were fi eld now covers where Stevens once stood, school opened, I never knew. It sat fi ve dirt- most of the girls. They all loved to make fun no signs remaining of a threadbare but rich road miles from the farm, and no matter the of me, and I, ignorant of their ways, gave institution, almost unimaginable today, where weather, I walked a half-mile to and from them plenty of opportunities to do so. Mr. Higdon nurtured Texas farm kids. But the school bus stop. But I eventually adapted and thrived. A the school and the teacher remain with me. ■

William A. Bloodworth, Jr. (Society President-Elect) has been President of Augusta State University since October 1993. Earlier he served as Provost and Vice President for Academic Aff airs at University of Central Missouri and held administrative and teaching positions at East Carolina University. He has been instrumental in Augusta State’s Phi Kappa Phi chapter, which sponsors an annual Student Research and Fine Arts Conference. Elected to membership by the East Carolina chapter in 1986, he served on the Fellowship Committee from 1991 to ’97 and was the keynote speaker at the Society’s 2004 triennial convention. He is the author of two books, Max Brand (1993) and Upton Sinclair (1977), both published by Twayne, plus articles and book chapters, especially on the literature of the American West. Bloodworth earned a B.S. in English and education from Texas Lutheran University, an M.A. in English from Lamar University, and a Ph.D. in American civilization from the University of Texas at Austin. He is the recipient of the 2009 Distinguished Alumni Award from Texas Lutheran University. Email him at [email protected].

20 Fall 2009 Phi Kappa Phi Forum on Ethics C Helicopter Parents: Empathetic or Pathetic? When Best Intentions for Adult Children Go Awry at School and on the Job. By Mary Ann Manos

he all-too-familiar scene: parents and Thirty-four percent said the communication child standing at the classroom door, occurred daily. The contact was largely by cell Tblinking back tears and holding hands, phone (90%) and email (58%). Involvement the child fearful of joining classmates for the further entailed not just campus visits (75% fi rst day of school and the parents anxious at least once or twice a semester), but also about letting go. the school Web site (61%), academics (34%), Completely understandable — in fi nances (24%) and career planning and elementary school. health/safety (both at 12%). Somewhat justifi able — in middle Other sources have found that some school. parents admit to calling professors about Maybe reasonable freshman year but just grading procedures and assignment plain silly after that — in high school. directions or contacting the progeny because, Defensible to a degree the fi rst semester but say, the student cannot manage to wake up largely inappropriate otherwise — in college. for morning class. (See, for instance, http:// Totally ridiculous — when the “kid” www.utexas.edu/features/2007/helicopter/.) enters the workforce. Patricia Somers, Associate Professor of Is it possible to be a seemingly fully Higher Education at the University of Texas functioning, educated adult of 18 or 21 at Austin, describes this phenomenon as Many families could benefi t from a type of air traffi c control. (Photo credit: iStockPhoto.) or more years and still be under the daily a “culture shift” that spans income levels, supervision of parents? gender, race and ethnicity. Her research fi nds Unfortunately, yes. that mothers helicopter about 60% of the products) and Korn/Ferry (executive Commonly known as helicopter parents, time and that both parents fall into categories recruiting) reported troubling encounters some moms and dads try to oversee their such as “consumer advocate,” “vicarious with parents acting as proxy for young job children’s higher education, forage for college student” and “only want what’s best and internship candidates. Career-killers professional internships for the “kiddies,” for my child.” In an environment of tight come in all shapes and sizes, I guess. and make the rounds at college job fairs fi nances, ease in communication technology, The “adult child” job applicants can be on behalf of them. And because of this and parental fears for student/campus safety, assured opportunities quickly evaporate dysfunctional interdependence, another aptly hovering will only increase. (Go online to when they bring mom and dad in tow to unsettling term has come about, this one a www.utexas.edu/features/2007/helicopter.) the interview. Employers don’t want to developmental oxymoron: the adult child. More mindful colleges and universities have to deal with parents. As Charles As a result, higher educational institutions develop constructive parameters for Wardell, managing director and head of the and the workplace must respond to this helicopter parents and codependent children. northeast region at Korn/Ferry, said in that strange phenomenon: parents managing the For example, Colgate University issues same USA Today article, “There comes a day-to-day activities of their adult children, a statement to parents on the necessity of time when you’ve prepared children, and their “extended” adolescents, some aged 30 student self-reliance. Alma College designed you need to let go.” years or more. role-play activities to encourage students to problem-solve on their own. Freshman The moral dynamic The school dynamic orientation at Seton Hall University includes a “parents only” session on involvement Teacher story: Three years ago, I The problem is so severe that the Arlington, without dependence. And University of answered my Bradley University offi ce Va.-headquartered College Parents of Vermont explicitly encourages students to phone to hear a parent’s voice asking about America (a fee-based, national membership register for classes by themselves. a short multiple-choice test that I had given association of 100,000 parents of current and to my college seniors the week before. Her future college students) conducted a survey The employment dynamic request was that I count each question as on the topic in March 2006 with 900 parents worth one point instead of, as the syllabus of current college students. The results (go The workplace is not immune to the buzzing had outlined, two, so her daughter would online to http://www.collegeparents.org/ of helicopter parents, either. Many companies get an “A” in the class instead of the “B” cpa/about-press.html?n=1282) shocked have experienced strange conversations with she had earned. The student never spoke to educators, administrators and human parents at job fairs as the “child-applicant” sits me about this request. resource personnel. politely — anxiously? — by. The message was loud and clear: the Seventy-four percent of respondents In an April 23, 2007, article in USA Today, young woman couldn’t succeed without her said they were in communication with their Weber Shandwick (public relations), Chubb pushy mother’s intervention. offspring in college two to three times a week. (insurance), Hewlett-Packard (technology I didn’t change the grade.

Mary Ann Manos (Bradley University) is a 30-year veteran of the classroom. She holds a Ph.D. in Curriculum and Instruction from the University of Texas at Austin. Manos is a 2001 National Board for Professional Teaching Standards certifi ed teacher in Early Adolescent English/Language Arts. She serves as Assistant Superintendent of Eureka Public Schools in Eureka, Ill., and taught at Bradley University and Rockford College. Email her at [email protected].

Fall 2009 21 C Phi Kappa Phi Forum on Science and Technology Even a small sampling of free course material Open Courseware as Educational from participating schools is impressive: • Biochemical engineering from Utah Aid: Th is Really Does Compute State University • Mandarin Chinese from University of Millions of Enthusiasts Click on Accredited Links for Free Nottingham, United Kingdom Enlightenment from Schools around the World. By Jason Caudill • Physics from Tufts University • Photography from Massachusetts Institute of Technology • Introduction to tourism from University of Southern Queensland, Australia • Public health from The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health • Greek mythology from University of Washington • Comparing stars (astronomy) from the Open University, United Kingdom • Statistics from Carnegie Mellon University • Sign language from Michigan State University • History from Universidad de Sevilla, Spain

In determining the best choice of open courseware, surfers need to recognize not only what subjects they want to study, of course, but also what learning presentations work best for them. For instance, some people are visual learners, others benefi t Study up on whatever intrigues you through free, noncredit online courses. (Photo credit: Stock.xchng.) from audio commentary, still more respond he visionaries behind open courseware of surfers have been self-learners, 33% to written text. surely didn’t have the motto of The Honor students, and 16% educators. The only caveat to this open availability is T Society of Phi Kappa Phi in mind when • Open courseware variations have that these classes are from a remove: there is no developing the concept of posting content from spread throughout the United States, feedback from instructors and students cannot higher education classes on the Web for any Europe and Asia. earn credit towards a degree. and all surfers to reference for free. But these • Approximately 8,600 courses spanning But the chance to explore for free and trailblazers certainly could have declared: “Let the disciplines can be perused on the Web on one’s own terms and schedule an almost the love of learning rule humanity.” through the OpenCourseWare Consortium limitless number of subjects through some of Democratic and utilitarian, open courseware (www.ocwconsortium.org), an association the world’s leading experts, whether via the applies the idea of learning for its own sake of more than 200 accredited colleges and consortium or elsewhere, presents edifying to the digital age. Inspired to a degree by universities, and affi liated organizations, possibilities any time of the year, not only when the open-source software innovation, open worldwide that commit to publishing for school is in session. courseware makes class syllabi, lecture notes, general online consumption at least 10 video presentations, podcasts, assignments, courses apiece. Top Ten Open Courseware programs: exams and related material available online for educators, students and anyone else interested in Numerous leading schools in Japan, 1. Massachusetts Institute of Technology the information at no cost to them. In less than a Spain, Taiwan and other countries join nearly 2. The Open University, United Kingdom 3. Carnegie Mellon University decade since being formulated, the increasingly two dozen in the U.S., including several 4. Tufts University popular movement has turned virtual learning campuses with Phi Kappa Phi chapters and 5. Stanford University into much more than a vicarious pursuit: other noteworthy liberal arts and state schools, 6. University of California, Berkeley plus more institutions far and wide, as active 7. Utah State University • More than 40 million people have accessed participants in this illuminating revolution. The 8. Kutztown University free open courseware from upwards of most recent report from consortium members 9. University of Southern Queensland, Australia 10. University of California, Irvine 1,800 courses from Massachusetts Institute shows that their courses received 5.25 million of Technology, the fi rst university in the hits, conservatively, in the fi rst quarter of 2009 Ranked by the academic resource cite Education-portal.com world to offer the opportunity (in 2001), alone. As further testament to how far-reaching (http://education-portal.com/articles/Universities_with_ according to an article in The Wall Street this movement is, the consortium counts the_Best_Free_Online_Courses.html). Journal on March 28, 2008. Some 49% students from every continent.

Jason Caudill (University of Tennessee) is Assistant Professor of Business Administration at Carson-Newman College in Jeff erson City, Tenn. Educated at University of Tennessee (B.S., Business Administration; M.B.A., Finance, Operations Management, and New Venture Analysis; Ph.D., Instructional Technology), he has published numerous book chapters and magazine articles on instructional technology and open-source software. Caudill also is a veteran teacher of online instruction in higher education. Email him at [email protected].

22 Fall 2009 Phi Kappa Phi Forum on Education and Academics C Build a Bridge from High School to College Transition Programs Are Essential for Many Disadvantaged Students. By Helen Janc Malone tudent transition from high school to disabilities, college readiness outreach services college needs to begin early in the former beginning in middle school and continuing Ssetting, not at the outset of the latter, through postbaccalaureate programs. especially for low-income and minority youth. Upward Bound (http://www.ed.gov/ Only 54% of low-income traditional college programs/trioupbound/index.html), the best- students graduate within six years compared known TRIO initiative, helps 9th to 12th graders with 77% of their higher-income counterparts, through the college preparation process. Begun according to the National Center for Education in 1964, Upward Bound will allocate more than Statistics, a federal entity based in Washington, $300 million in 2009 on programs. (Its positive D.C., and located within the U.S. Department impact has been documented by, for instance, the of Education and the Institute of Education Mathematic Policy Research, Inc., in 2004; see Sciences (from 2002 data). http://www.mathematica-mpr.com/publications/ The disparity also is evident across racial and PDFs/upboundimpact.pdf.) ethnic lines: only 46% of African Americans Gaining Early Awareness and Readiness for and 47% of Latinos graduate within six years Undergraduate Programs (GEAR UP), another of entering postsecondary education compared federal investment introduced in 1998 (http:// with 67% of whites, as documented in “A www.ed.gov/programs/gearup/index.html) Matter of Degrees: Improving Graduation Rates and whose 2009 funding approximates that in Four-Year Colleges and Universities,” a 2004 of Upward Bound, offers college preparation report published by the Education Trust, an and transition support, starting in 7th grade, and advocacy organization out of Washington, D.C. tracks students through high school. Evaluations of GEAR UP sites fi nd positive correlations Reasons for college transition programs between students’ program participation and Intermediary steps help some students succeed in college readiness. college. (Photo credit: iStockPhoto.) High school students need diverse support to Funded by federal dollars and implemented gain the many skills and knowledge necessary to by multiple local sites, projects like these forge to help disadvantaged students access and succeed in college including academic content trust and lasting relationships between mentors succeed in college. Begun in 1980 and funded competencies, college application guidance, and students, offer ongoing college preparation (largely by the state) in 2008-’09 at $8.6 million, cognitive and critical thinking skills, civic courses and related guidance, and create diverse the program works with more than 39,000 awareness, time management and teamwork internship and skill-building opportunities — all students at 266 high schools and 43 middle strategies, and healthy social-emotional coping of which aid student transition to college. schools, providing academic advising and abilities. enrichment, college preparation, campus visits While some students learn these diverse skills Community investment and other educational fi eld trips, plus additional at home, in school, and from mentors and peers, in transition programs transition services. Seventy-two percent of its other students require additional support and graduates enroll in college immediately after structures. This is particularly the case in low- In addition to nationwide programs, there high school, and their persistence rates are at or income high schools where access to quality and are local examples. Bottom Line (http://www. above the state average. timely information is often limited due to staffi ng bottomline.org), headquartered in Boston, constraints and insuffi cient school resources and Mass., currently helps 475 disadvantaged high Tools for success where a majority of youth are potentially fi rst- school students and 610 college students get generation college students. to and through college. Founded in 1997, and Programs that post the highest rates of Many colleges help students make this leap by operating on a budget of $1.5 million, it has college graduates (or college persistence) offering summer transition camps and remedial assisted nearly 3,000 students so far in college share several principles: clear mission, courses. These undoubtedly help. But an earlier, preparation and transition services, including strong leadership, sound funding, diverse long-term investment in transition programs on-campus academic and personal mentorship, partnerships, wide services, dedicated staff, —begun when students are in secondary school peer support groups, and administrative and long-term commitment. While transition — provides a more comprehensive approach. assistance. About 74% of all Bottom Line services must be designed to address local students have graduated from college within needs, these guiding principles are a blueprint Federal success stories six years of their postsecondary enrollment for college readiness programs everywhere. — more than twice the rate of Boston public There is still a long way to go to achieve The U.S. Department of Education’s TRIO school students who attend college. higher postsecondary graduate rates across initiatives (http://www.ed.gov/about/offi ces/ Another undertaking, Early Academic demographic lines. Given the demands of the list/ope/trio/index.html) offer low-income, fi rst- Outreach Program (http://www.eaop.org), global market, investing in college transition generation college students, plus students with operates at 10 University of California campuses services is a vital start.

Helen Janc Malone (University of Maryland) is an advanced doctoral student at the Harvard Graduate School of Education. She earned an M.A. in Education Policy and Leadership, Higher Education, from University of Maryland, College Park, and an Ed.M. in Education Policy and Management from Harvard University, and holds a B.S. in Political Science from Towson University. She earlier worked in Washington, D.C., building a nexus among policy, research and practice in the areas of comprehensive school reform, out-of-school time learning, student-leadership development and civic education. She has coauthored several publications including Rethinking Time and Learning, The Federal Role in Out-of-School Learning and Complementary Learning in Action: Alignment Nashville (all from the Harvard Family Research Project) and Academic Atrophy: The Condition of the Liberal Arts in America’s Public Schools (published by the Council of Basic Education). Email her at [email protected].

Fall 2009 23 C Phi Kappa Phi Forum on Business and Economics Next, suppose the population declines by 10% from 100 people to 90 people and the economy What Gross Domestic Product declines by 5% from $100 to $95. Technically, the economy is in recession because it lost $5. Does — and Doesn’t — Mean But when 90 people share $95 of income, each gets $1.06, a 6% gain per person. Why a Downturn Economy Can Some countries, such as Russia, do in fact in a Recession. have declining populations (more people die Make You (Seem) Rich. By Jurgen Brauer than are born), so that even with no economic growth whatsoever they can, paradoxically, still grow richer on a per capita basis. It follows, then, that policymakers and media outlets should talk about GDP in per capita terms. Regrettably, they do not and may, therefore, unwittingly pursue policies of excess rather than policies of moderation.

Fiscal sense has many defi nitions

Here is another way of being richer by being poorer: Suppose we stopped eating junk food. The fast food outlets sell less; their advertisement budgets shrink; we become less overweight; we swallow fewer pills; and we visit doctors and hospitals less often. The fast food industry, Madison Avenue, the pharmaceutical industry, and the healthcare industry all decline. People are laid off. Income falls. GDP falls. The country is in a recession. Yet who will argue that we are worse off when the country’s people make do with a normal diet? The better you understand the recession, the better you can manage it. (Photo credit: iStockPhoto.) (After some transition period, the money saved on fast food would show up as he entire globe, everyone knows, is in cannot earn what someone else has not spent, spending on other activities, anyway, and an economic recession. But few people GDP also can be measured by adding up all would generate more employment in those Treally understand what that means. expenditure streams during the same period. other economic sectors, and eventually GDP In light of the media barrage and Focusing on GDP alone as an indicator would return to its former state.) political attention devoted to the recession, of well-being is misguided. Why? Look this latter declaration may seem surprising. at retirees, for example. They know that The ABCs of the GDP are off But it’s true. And if policy measures are income isn’t the sole measure of happiness. based on an ill-understood meaning of the With retirement, their earned income falls Still not convinced? Here is a way of being recession, the danger is that things may be but leisure and pleasure can increase. Some poorer by being richer: Suppose that in order to made worse, not better. money is necessary, but it is not suffi cient get America out of the recession — to stimulate for living a good life. the economy — politicians decide to paint the What is the bottom line anyway? Yet GDP has become the modern Blue Ridge Mountains black or, which comes politician’s Holy Grail: deliver growth, and to the same thing, hire the unemployed to cut The street defi nition of a recession you get (re)elected; deliver recession, and down every tree, hunt every bird, and catch — which will do just fi ne here — is two you are shoved out the electoral door. every fi sh in the region. consecutive quarters of falling gross domestic Money is spent, income is generated, and product (GDP). Get ahead by losing out GDP grows again. Hurray! Let us reelect the GDP purports to measure the dollar value of economic saviors! all goods and services produced in an economy Along these same lines, here is an example But a country depleted of its fi sh, fowl, during a certain time period. (In practice, in of how a country may get richer even when and land — its natural resource endowment the United States, GDP is measured quarterly GDP falls. Suppose country X has a population — is a sorry sight. It is also one with few but reported on as an annualized number.) of 100 and a GDP of $100. The average prospects for a future livelihood. Production implies earnings. But because one income per person comes to $1 per person. I am not denying that the current economic malaise, here and abroad, is not serious. It is. I am denying that making a Jurgen Brauer (Augusta State University) is Professor of Economics at the James M. Hull fetish of GDP constitutes a sensible policy College of Business at Augusta State University, Augusta, Ga. His most recent book, with objective. Thus, I join most economists who Hubert van Tuyll, is Castles, Battles, and Bombs: How Economics Explains Military History wish that the political and public discussions (The University of Chicago Press, 2008). Contact Brauer via his Web site, www.aug. were more clearly geared toward questions edu/~sbajmb, or via email at [email protected]. about the quality of GDP rather than its mere quantity.

24 Fall 2009 Phi Kappa Phi Forum on Workplace and Employment C Cover Your Bases with a Savvy Cover Letter. By Kimberly Thompson ob applicants tend to make two basic cover letters convey a candidate’s mistakes about cover letters, neither of understanding of audience. Jwhich can be afforded in a recession. Cover letters are part of a type of test First, some candidates still rely on to pass before — actually, to get to — generic cover letters to send out in blanket the interview. The employer needs to be fashion. While a cookie-cutter approach convinced to invite an applicant to take the may have made sense before the advent next step, and it’s up to the candidate to of the personal computer, when it was too make the employer feel motivated to do so. labor-intensive to type a different cover Recent college graduates make the mistake letter for each opening, there’s no excuse in cover letters of not expressing enthusiasm now for one-size-fi ts-all in the era of for the position and the company, Kursmark customization. fi nds. It is critical to show the employer why Second, in the digital age, with instant the organization would benefi t from hiring a communication via email, not to mention prospective candidate. texting and Twittering, taking the time to Applicants don’t necessarily have construct a proper cover letter seems too to spend hours writing different cover formal or obsolete for some. But the best letters for each opening; applicants can cover letters not only serve as introduction reuse a general template, if need be, but but also show detective work, sales pitch they must customize each letter by, for and personal appeal, establishing vital instance, changing bullet points to match context, tone and perspective. the employer’s needs. That means doing Simply put, cover letters are an some research. opportunity for branding that becomes The ending of a cover letter also is worth all the more important in an economic some thought. A nonchalant ending that Impress employers with a smart cover letter. downturn. The country suffers from the hopes the employer will keep a candidate in (Photo credit: iStockPhoto.) highest unemployment rate in 25 years, mind is not compelling. Instead, the letter according to a recent article in Fortune should end confi dently, requesting to take cover letters should focus on one to three magazine, and only 43% of employers the next steps and continue the discussion. points, since these documents typically plan to hire recent college graduates in come in shorter than hard-copy versions. 2009, down from 56% in 2008 and 79% Variations on cover letters With BlackBerries and other handheld in 2007, according to CareerBuilder.com’s devices, the more precise candidates are, annual college job forecast. So applicants Knowing how to communicate the better; industry-specifi c key words need any and all advantages to distinguish succinctly is vital in cover letters, says work especially well here. But texting and themselves. And job hunters can stand out employment expert Tony Beshara. Twitters do not suffi ce as cover letters. from the crowd by promoting their unique Applicants who tell their life story don’t skills and value they bring to the employer pique employers’ interests, Beshara argues. Cover letters: the write stuff partly by branding themselves in a cover Instead, employers want a sense whether letter. a candidate’s professional and personal In my 20-plus years of working with job After all, about one-third of employers backgrounds are a good match. Beshara seekers, I’ve found that cover letters get a always read cover letters, one-third do if will read cover letters only if they make bad rap because of their redundancy and the they like the resume, and one-third never the case in a couple of salient paragraphs lack of response applicants receive for their read cover letters and only read resumes, from start to fi nish. efforts. Nonetheless, I know fi rsthand how a observes career counselor Louise Kursmark, Candidates who submit cover letters cover letter can pave the way for getting an a specialist in resumes. (and supporting materials) via email or interview or even landing a job. Given all this, it’s simply too risky not to other electronic ways must understand that Case in point: a candidate in his late write a cover letter. employers read the information differently 40s who had solid experience in the — literally — than when holding paper manufacturing fi eld initially was runner- What to put in cover letters copies. Though the basics of the cover letter up for a great opportunity recently. His remain the same, candidates need to make cover letter about how his skills could add Obviously, a cover letter showcases some adjustments. immediate value to the company was so an applicant’s ability to communicate For instance, email cover letters should persuasive that he was the fi rst candidate an intent purpose through a command of avoid jargon and, inversely, casualness; the employer called after an unexpected grammar and a sense of professionalism via the former is hollow and could seem opening at the company two months later. one printed page, per industry standards. like spam and the latter is off-putting His letter literally made the difference, the Equally and oftentimes more important, and could seem unearned. Also, email employer said, in hiring him.

Kimberly Thompson, a National Board Certifi ed Counselor and Licensed Professional Counselor, has provided career transition workshops and career counseling for more than 20 years. She has coached all levels of management in both the public and private sectors, developed numerous career transition programs and consulted with employers on establishing career services for their employees. Thompson has written widely on issues dealing with job loss and contributes a weekly column and blog called “Career Rescue” for the “Jobs” section of the Houston Chronicle (http://blogs.chron.com/careerrescue/). She received an M.Ed. in Counseling from the University of Missouri and is a graduate of Harding University in Searcy, Ark. Based in Houston, Thompson is a member of the American Counseling Association, National Career Development Association, Career Planning & Adult Development Network and American Association of Christian Counselors. Contact her at [email protected]; be sure to put Phi Kappa Phi Forum in the subject line.

Fall 2009 25 C Phi Kappa Phi Forum on Arts and Entertainment formidable frame across her delicate body, it is hard to keep a dry eye. American Modern Dance’s Fancy “Tensile Involvement” By Sybil Huskey Footwork: Th ree Key Pieces. In addition to creating choreography, the n my swan song as an arts and entertainment through its life-affi rming connection with trailblazer Nikolais (1910-’93) also came up columnist, I, a practitioner of American the universal human soul. The work brings with the music, lighting, projections, sets and Imodern dance, want to exit the stage audiences of all backgrounds to their feet, costumes for his pieces — to sublime effect in by recommending that readers check out clapping, swaying and singing. the 1953 “Tensile Involvement,” a multimedia three landmarks in the genre: Alvin Ailey’s dance-theater work that seemed high tech even “Revelations,” José Limón’s “The Moor’s “The Moor’s Pavane” before there was such a term. Pavane,” and Alwin Nikolais’ “Tensile Dancers manipulate long lengths of two- Involvement.” The dichotomy of ordered dance mixed with inch wide elastics tied at varying heights These efforts, masterpieces all, will enlighten the complexities of human behavior has made offstage, running on and off in a seeming and entertain students of choreography as well Limón’s “The Moor’s Pavane” a favorite of both collision course and delivering visual imagery as patrons of the arts — and maybe inspire modern dance and ballet companies worldwide. and kinetic excitement in an ever-changing others to embrace the form. Limón (1908-’72) distilled Shakespeare’s cat’s cradle of inventive movement. Vivid Othello in the 1949 masterwork, which costumes, sets, lighting, projections and music “Revelations” remains a cornerstone of the repertoire of enhance the impact. his titular company that he formed in 1946 About this modern-dance lexicon This signature 1960 work, which closes (and for which former dancer Carla Maxwell innovator, notes Joan Woodbury, cofounder most of Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater’s now serves as artistic director). Dancing to and managing director of the Ririe-Woodbury shows, depicts the history and culture of the music by the 17th-century English Baroque Dance Company, a Salt Lake City, Utah-based African-American experience, as Ailey saw it. composer Henry Purcell, the jealous general troupe that performs the Nikolais repertoire, “I (The choreographer, who was born in 1931 and (Othello), his virtuous wife (Desdemona), see ‘Tensile Involvement’ as Nikolais’ signature died in 1989, founded his namesake company a scheming ensign (Iago), and the latter’s piece, with its blend of light, color, sound and in 1958. Former Ailey dancer Judith Jamison female accomplice glide and curtsey as motion creating the total dance theater for now serves as artistic director.) “Revelations,” they weave stately patterns reminiscent of which Nik will always be associated.” set to well-known and obscure spirituals, the 16th-century court dance — the pavane Taking appreciative steps underscores his belief that “dance comes from — while reenacting in period dress the the people and should be delivered back to the political maneuvers and marital strife from Some dances provide visual eye candy. people,” as he said. Shakespeare’s tale. Others delve into the emotional, psychological “Revelations” speaks to other audiences, The elegant formality belies the and cultural depths of the human condition. too, as its title suggests. The exuberance and treacherous intrigue as whispers and glances The pieces cited in this article do some of both generosity of the movement within the ritual set the stage for the impending tragedy. and are three — but only three of the many ceremony, the episodes of suffering and the Limón crafts the movement to convey — touchstones in the wonderful world of palpable, uplifting joy the characters ultimately love, doubt, deception, rage, and anguish American modern dance! experience also allow the piece to be embraced through intimate duets, isolated solos and by people other than African Americans. static tableaus. And when Othello realizes Author’s note: The dances referenced in this column “Revelations” is about and transcends race he has killed his adored wife and drapes his can be viewed at YouTube.com, among other Web sites.

(Left to right) Alvin Ailey American Dance In José Limón’s 1949 canonical “The Moor’s Pavane” The geometry’s the thing in Alwin Nikolais’ 1953 Theater’s Matthew Rushing, Renee Robinson and (shown at the Joyce Theater in New York City in “Tensile Involvement,” performed by (left to right) Constance Stamatiou enact a purifi cation rite 1997), the jealous titular character is with his back to Juan Carlos Claudio, Jo Blake, Snezana Adjanski, in this December 2008 performance of Ailey’s the audience and his wrongly accused wife appears and Liberty Valentine from the Ririe-Woodbury 1960 “Revelations” at the New York City Center. in white. At right is his treacherous friend and at left Dance Company in 2003 in Salt Lake City, Utah. (Photographer Nan Melville. Photo courtesy of an accomplice. (Photographer Beatriz Schiller. Photo (Photographer Brent Herridge. Photo courtesy of Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater.) courtesy of the José Limón Dance Foundation.) the Nikolais-Louis Foundation for Dance.)

Sybil Huskey (University of North Carolina at Charlotte), Professor of Dance at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, is the recipient of two Fulbright Senior Scholar Awards and a past president of the American College Dance Festival Association. She has worked internationally as a choreographer/performer/teacher and most recently was awarded a National Science Foundation/Creative IT grant for her work with dance and technology. Email her at [email protected].

2626 Fall 2009 Society Developments P The elder Baker said from his home phone in One for the Books: Son Names Society Baton Rouge, La., that he was grateful that Kyle wanted to acknowledge him and Phi Kappa Phi. By Editor Peter Szatmary One must read and understand great ideas Library after Father. to be educated and a good citizen, observed come into contact with peoples from all over the John Baker, who earned degrees from Hardin- globe. My experience suggests that tolerance, Simmons University (B.A.), Southwestern respect and peace, generally speaking, seem more Baptist Theological Seminary (Th.D.) and easily achievable when people’s collective and Vanderbilt University (Ph.D.), and who individual levels of education are higher,” wrote specialized in the philosophy of religion and Kyle Baker, CEO of Seyfert Management AG, process metaphysics in his 32 years of teaching which produces corrugated packaging products and administration at LSU. And it’s important to and waste-based paper for the corrugated recognize and assist students who excel through industry from its base in Switzerland, as well as intelligence, industry and integrity, said the in France, Germany and South Africa. former dean of students, like the Society does. Phi Kappa Phi member Kyle Baker (left) claimed the “My father worked for more than 30 naming opportunity for the Society’s library to honor Phi Kappa Phi Executive Director Perry his father, John Baker (second from right), a retired years at LSU. His dedication and hard work Snyder said, “Kyle Baker’s generosity and Louisiana State University philosophy professor. John were rewarded. However, I wanted to have John Baker’s sensibilities exemplify Society Baker’s wife, Kathy, and Phi Kappa Phi Executive Director the Phi Kappa Phi library named after him ideals. Phi Kappa Phi is as proud of them as Perry Snyder also attended a celebratory dinner for the in appreciation of his many years of devoted family at Society headquarters in May along with other they are of each other.” family members. service to the cause of higher education and academic excellence,” he continued in an email Phi Kappa Phi naming opportunities: ow fi tting that Phi Kappa Phi member from his home in Samedan, Switzerland. The building: $500,000 Kyle Baker named the Society library On a personal note, added the graduate Furniture and furnishings: $50,000 Hfor his father, John, a retired Louisiana of LSU (bachelor’s in music) and University Five suites: $30,000 each State University (LSU) philosophy professor. of South Carolina (master’s in international Individual offi ces (16 total; 7 claimed): $10,000 apiece Library collection: $7,500 The academic has led a life of the mind, and business studies), “his unfl agging support and Board conference table and chairs: $7,500 repositories like the John R. Baker Library — encouragement were important ingredients Trees (5 trees; 2 claimed): $1,000 each and the Society itself — preserve and circulate in my own successes, both academic and Crape myrtles (8 total; 7 claimed): $1,000 John James Audubon prints (7 prints; 5 claimed): $750 apiece this type of pursuit. The Bakers celebrated professional. Naming a library after him was Large commemorative brick (8” x 8”): $500 the leadership gift at a dinner for the family an apt way to express my gratitude and thanks Small commemorative brick (4” x 8”): $250 at Phi Kappa Phi headquarters in May. while simultaneously doing a good deed” for Donations are tax deductible and qualify for corporate matching gifts. To fi nd out more about donations, contact Phi Kappa Phi “Education is the key to bettering mankind an organization that advocates for erudition Executive Director Perry Snyder at (800) 804-9880 ext. 21 or email on a grand scale. Through my myriad travels, I and honor, he said. him at [email protected].

How Computers Brought Down Wall Street by Joseph Fuller

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Fall 2009 27 P Member Spotlight Too Much Time on His Hands? Not for This Industrious College Senior and Phi Kappa Phi Member. French since third grade and I wanted to keep up Screensaver: Picture of the quad at Lycoming with my language skills. College and an American fl ag. Why he majors in international studies: I love He sings what part: Bass. learning about other cultures and places. I won How long he has been singing: Since the my school’s geography bee in seventh grade. second grade. Plus, international studies enable me to combine Spends the most money on: During the school my interests in comparative politics and French. year, probably coffee, close to $25 a month. Fluent in: English and French, though Collects: Foreign coins and Hard Rock Café sometimes I feel that my French is better than pins. I have coins from more than 50 countries my English, especially the grammar. and 30 Hard Rocks. Dreams in: English, though I have been told Roots for what sports teams: New York Giants, that I talk in French in my sleep. New Jersey Devils, Washington Nationals, and Hours spent studying each week during the the New Jersey Nets. Jordan Scot Flynn Hollander took a break in semester: 30. Golf handicap: 10. front of the Chateau Frontenac hotel in Québec What he likes best about dorm life: There are Lowest score for 18 holes: 77 at the Riverdale City, Canada, from studying language and always people around to hang out with. Golf Courses-Knolls Course in Brighton, Colo., culture at Université Laval during summer 2008. What he hates most about dorm life: in 2008. (Photographer, Amy Richards.) Community bathrooms were pretty bad, but I Golf clubs: Callaway Big Bertha Driver, Cobra have an apartment this year. 5-wood, MacGregor 7-wood, Ben Hogan He decorates his room how: Album cover 3-hybrid, Callaway irons, Cleveland wedges, ordan Scot Flynn Hollander carries a near- artwork from some of my favorite musicians. and Scotty Cameron putter. perfect grade-point average – 3.95 – into Favorite musicians: Right now, the Counting How long he has been playing golf: Since I Jhis senior year at Lycoming College in Crows. Bruce Springsteen, Tom Petty, and Panic was 8. My whole family plays. Williamsport, Pa. That’s impressive enough. at the Disco are high on my list as well. Holes in one: None yet, but I have had three Even more laudable: the 21-year-old does so as eagles on par four holes: #4 at Blair Academy a triple major in political science, international Golf Course, Blairstown, N.J.; #7 at Spooky studies, and French. Brook Golf Course Somerset, N.J.; and #10 at The overachiever also serves as president of Quail Brook Golf Course, Somerset, N.J. the campus political science club, pre-law society, What he likes best about Phi Kappa Phi: The college Republicans and chapter of Sigma Iota on-campus opportunities, both academic and Rho (the honor society for international studies), social, and the scholarship opportunities. not to mention the college choir. Plus, the What he drives: Forest green 2005 Jeep Liberty Branchburg, N.J. native is student vice president with manual transmission. for the Lycoming Phi Kappa Phi chapter and the Fashion sense: Jeans and a sweatshirt during French club. Left to right: Jordan Scot Flynn Hollander; mom the winter; polo, shorts and fl ip-fl ops (or golf The busy Hollander further fi nds time to shoes) during the summer. be a staff writer and sports photographer for Susan; brother Jeremy; brother Justin; and dad Richard pose in front of the hotel Chateau Immediate family: Mom, Susan, healthcare the student newspaper and play on the varsity Frontenac in Québec City, Canada, in May 2008. The lawyer; dad, Richard, dentist; eldest brother, golf team — when he’s not tutoring classmates family visited for a weekend while Jordan Hollander Jeremy, litigation attorney; older brother Justin, in French and political science, refereeing was studying language and culture at Université Seton Hall University School of Law student. intramural sports, working in the president’s Laval. (Photographer, Amy Richards.) Plans after graduating college: I hope to offi ce, participating in the scholars council attend law school or a Ph.D. program in political or serving as an admissions ambassador for Pets: None at school; two cats, a dog, three fi sh, science or international studies. I am also looking political science and international studies. and four turtles at home. into some joint-degree programs. One more commitment this energetic young Pet peeves: When you can hear the music from scholar and servant leader accepted: an people’s earphones. Visit his home page at: invitation to answer email questions from Editor Fantasy career: Supreme Court Justice. http://www.lycoming.edu/new/profile/Student/ Peter Szatmary. Most satisfying community service: Last internationalstudies/hollander.html year, the political science club led a supply drive Email him at [email protected]. What he did over summer vacation: for United States troops stationed abroad. Worked on Republican Chris Christie’s New Favorite books: The Hitchhiker Guide to the Jersey gubernatorial campaign, making lots of Galaxy series, Candide, Brave New World, The phone calls. Also coordinated three junior golf King of Torts, An Inconvenient Book. leagues for the Somerset County, N.J., Park Newspapers and magazines read on a regular Commission. basis: Newark Star-Ledger, Sports Illustrated. What he does on spring break: Travel and Surfs what on the Web on a regular basis: sing with my college tour choir. CNN.com, Foxnews.com, espn.go.com, What he does on winter break: Relax at home, politickernj.com. go to New York City, go to New Jersey Devils Favorite place to visit: The ocean, or more games, celebrate Hanukkah and Christmas. specifi cally, the Jersey shore. Typical weekend: At school: working out, Favorite meal: Cavatelli with broccoli. watching movies, and going to football and Favorite junk food: SMARTFOOD White lacrosse games. At home: playing golf and Cheddar Cheese Flavored Popcorn. hanging out with friends. Favorite movie: The Royal Tenenbaums. Why he majors in political science: I love Favorite TV show: The Simpsons. Hollander bundled up to root for the Giants at politics and debating. I could discuss politics all Favorite video game: Mario Kart. a game in East Rutherford, N.J., in winter 2007, day long. Favorite technological device: iPod. along with his two brothers and a family friend. Why he majors in French: I have studied PC or Mac? Mac. (Photographer, Danielle Mittermaier.) 2828 Fall 2009 Member News P Compiled by Editor Peter Szatmary Linda Katehi (University of Illinois at Urbana- Gettig (Clarkson University), interdisciplinary engineering; Champaign), Chancellor, University of California- Daniel R. Givan (University of New Orleans), naval Since the spring edition of Phi Kappa Phi Forum, Davis. Immediate previous position: Provost and Vice architecture and marine engineering; Charles E. Hebert Society members … Chancellor for Academic Aff airs, University of Illinois at (University of Maryland), mechanical engineering; Joshua Urbana-Champaign. A. Hill (University of Alabama in Huntsville), mechanical Spoke at spring commencement engineering; Jantzen L. Hinton (Wright State University), to their graduating class: Duane K. Larick (North Carolina State University), mechanical engineering; Lauren H. Hogan (Ohio Dean of the Graduate School, North Carolina State University), electrical engineering and geology; David Megan Black (Murray State University), English University. Promoted from Interim. W. Hunter (University of Maine), electrical engineering; education, outstanding senior woman; Amanda Zachary T. Jordan (Mississippi State University), computer Calleroz (University of Nebraska at Kearney), biology; Wendy M. Nehring (Southern Illinois engineering; Carl Morris (Mississippi State University), Joel Covert (Shippensburg University), school University-Edwardsville), Dean, College industrial and systems engineering; Ryan C. Morrison counseling (master’s degree); Aleksey Dvorzhinskiy of Nursing, East Tennessee State (University of Utah), metallurgical science; Danica L. (Augusta State University), music; Christopher Goss University. Immediate previous position: Nguyen (Louisiana State University), chemical engineering; (Bowling Green State University), visual communications Associate Dean for Graduate Education Octavio M. Oliva (Florida International University), technology; Whitney Taylor (Boise State University), and Director of Graduate Programs, the mechanical engineering; Benjamin A. Schmitt (Wright health science studies. College of Nursing, Rutgers University. State University), biomedical engineering; Casey H. Still (Auburn University), mechanical engineering; David J. Received awards at spring commencement Richard Pointer (Slippery Rock University), Acting Stipe (Oklahoma State University), electrical engineering. as new graduates: Provost, Westmont College. Promoted from History Professor. Graduate fellowships: Zachary H. Bugg (Mississippi Joel Funmilola Banjo-Johnson (East Carolina State University), civil engineering; Benjamin G. Freedman University), double major in broadcast journalism and Steven A. Scott (Pittsburg State University), President, (University of Maine), chemical engineering; Dane A. German, the Robert H. Wright Alumni Leadership Award, Pittsburg State University. Promoted from Provost and Grismer (North Carolina State University), chemical which recognizes academic achievement, service Vice President for Academic Aff airs. engineering; Christine E. Holl (University of California, and leadership qualities; Jaimie Borntrager (Kansas Davis), mechanical engineering; William C. Selby (United State University), elementary education, outstanding Susan C. Scrimshaw (University of Illinois at Chicago), States Naval Academy), robotics. undergraduate student award; Melinda Franklin President, Sage Colleges. Promoted from Interim. (University of South Florida), elementary education, the Undergraduates: 234 awards from 428 applicants; winners King O’Neal Scholar Award from University of South Won Fulbright funding as May graduates: receive $2,000 for senior year. The program began in 1998 Florida Polytechnic for perfect grade point average; and 858 awards have been granted since then. Graduates: Diana Andreea Gliga (East Carolina University), Carly S. Nasehi (Florida State 30 awards from 268 applicants; 17 winners received $10,000 biology major, the Robert H. Wright Alumni Leadership while the others did not need aid, according to Tau Beta Pi. The University), double major in program began in 1929 and 1,358 awards have been granted Award; Marlowe Higginbotham (North Carolina State international aff airs and religion, since then. The honor society, with more than 500,000 initiates University), business administration, valedictorian; teaching assistantship in Germany and upwards of 230 active chapters, was founded in 1885. Natalie Knight (Kansas State University), elementary (and a Thomas R. Pickering Graduate education, outstanding undergraduate student award; Foreign Aff airs Fellowship, funded Made USA Today’s 20th annual All-USA Jonathan McCoy (North Carolina Agricultural & by the U.S. Department of State College Academic Team: Technical State University), mechanical engineering, and administered by the Woodrow Wilson National valedictorian; Lindsey Sporrer (Clemson University), Fellowship Foundation, to prepare for a career in U.S. First team: Darby Driscoll (United States Naval management, the Algernon Sydney Sullivan Award foreign service). Academy); Brian Goh (Louisiana State University); Anh for “infl uence for good, excellence in maintaining Tran (University of Minnesota); Kelly Zahalka (United high ideals of living and genuine and disinterested Mike Reppert (Kansas State University), biochemistry, States Naval Academy). service to others”; Shannon Sweeney (University of chemistry and math, studying single-molecule Toledo), interdisciplinary studies, outstanding scholar, spectroscopy at the Polish Academy of Sciences in Second team, third team and honorable mention: online learning, University of Toledo University College; Warsaw, Poland. Christopher Deal (Iowa State University), second team; Stefanie Marie Wethington (East Carolina University), William Euker (United States Naval Academy), second double major in communication and English, the Jennifer Staton (University of team; Henry Swofford (Georgia State University), second Robert H. Wright Alumni Leadership Award. Alabama in Huntsville), history, team; Taylor Barnes (Middle Tennessee State University), Assumed new academic duties: teaching assistantship in Germany third team; Kimberly Jung (United States Military in English and U.S. cultural studies in Academy), third team; Kerri Phillips (West Virginia Tom Apple (University of Delaware), Provost, University middle or high school. University), third team; Shadrack White (University of of Delaware. Promoted from Dean of the College of Mississippi), third team; Kathryn Huston (University of Massachusetts, Amherst), honorable mention. Arts and Sciences. Stephanie Tucker (Berry College), chemistry, chemistry research on new Linda M. Bleicken (Georgia Southern USA Today names 20 undergraduates to the fi rst team and energy sources while in France and gives them a trophy and $2,500 apiece. University), President, Armstrong volunteering in French high school Atlantic State University. Immediate chemistry classes. Became ESPN The Magazine Academic previous position: Provost and Vice All-Americans as May graduates: President for Academic Aff airs, Georgia Southern University. Named after Senator J. William Fulbright, the Fulbright Program was established in 1946 by Congress and is Scott Rosenshein (United States Military Academy), sponsored by the U.S. Department of State. Funding for chemical engineering, fi rst team, at-large team, lacrosse; Donald P. Christian (University of fi scal year 2009 approaches $235 million. Approximately Lakyn Bendle (Francis Marion University), psychology, Montana), Provost and Vice President 7,500 Fulbright grants are awarded annually. The program second team, all-district III, softball; Karin Kinnerudn for Academic Aff airs, State University operates in more than 150 countries worldwide. Roughly (Oklahoma State University), international fi nance, second of New York at New Paltz. Immediate 294,000 people — 111,000 from the U.S. and 183,000 from team, all-district women’s at-large team, golf. previous position: Dean of the College elsewhere — have been Fulbrighters. of Arts and Sciences, University of Garnered recognition from Tau Beta Pi, The College Sports Information Directors of America (CoSIDA) Wisconsin-Eau Claire. selects Academic All-America teams in 12 programs. Student- the national engineering honor society: athletes must be starters or key reserves with at least a 3.30 grade point average. Since the program’s inception in 1952, CoSIDA Matthew S. Holland (Brigham Undergraduate scholarships: Ritchie A. Acosta (Lamar has named more than 14,000 Academic All-Americans. Young University), President, Utah University), civil engineering; Stacey L. Ahern (Kansas Valley University. Immediate previous State University), industrial engineering; James A. Bertin Earned two of eight Southern Conference position: Associate Professor of (Brigham Young University), mechanical engineering; Evan postgraduate scholarships for excellence in Political Science at Brigham Young M. Cherry (Texas A & M University), chemical engineering; athletics, academics and service: University. Mihail T. Cutitaru (Old Dominion University), computer engineering; Russell M. Dibb (Brigham Young University), Kylie Harmon (Samford University), biology, children’s Mark A. Hussey (Texas A & M University), Vice mechanical engineering; Regan E. Gangel (University of hospital visitor, softball infi elder, primarily second base; Chancellor and Dean of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kansas), civil engineering; R. Greyson Geer (Texas Tech Brittany Nagel (The Citadel), political science, children’s Texas A & M University. Promoted from Interim. University), civil engineering and architecture; Colin D. center volunteer, golfer.

Fall 2009 29 P Member News

Roger “Bucky” Allen Jr. (Auburn University), longtime Francisco G. Delfi n Jr. (University of South Florida) Brookes Publishing; 296 pp.; $34.95 paperback). mathematics professor at Francis Marion University, has was elected president of the Geological Society of “This book describes service-learning — a teaching an endowed scholarship named after him — the Allen the Philippines. He is vice president at PetroEnergy method that helps students develop social and Mathematics Scholarship — for South Carolina math Resources Corporation, a Philippine-based upstream academic skills while giving back to their community,” majors. He retired in 2006 after 35 years at the school energy company with holdings in producing oil fi elds she wrote in a letter. “The book is a practical how-to and was Society chapter president 1984-‘85. Honors in West Africa and the Philippines, and previously guide for using service-learning to promote inclusion include department chair, distinguished professor and served as Assistant Secretary and Undersecretary at the and to diff erentiate instruction for students with and administrative posts in numerous math associations. Philippine Department of Energy. without disabilities.” It tackles how to help students meet academic standards, build self-esteem, develop Andrzej Bartke (Southern Illinois Lucas Desmond, Grace Mueller, Karine Odlin and interpersonal, job and life skills, and transition to the University-Carbondale), Professor Jennifer Willard (University of Southern Maine) did real world. and Distinguished Scholar of Internal University of Southern Maine proud. Desmond a Medicine and Physiology at Southern May graduate in history, will present fi ndings from a James P. Kaetz (Auburn University), managing editor Illinois University School of Medicine project about indigenous Mayan women and their of the Encyclopedia of Alabama, and company picked in Springfi eld, received an $8.6 million land disputes in the inaugural edition of the Student up plaudits in April from the Library Journal, which grant from the National Institute on Journal of Latin American Studies. Mueller, a May named the publication one of the Best Free References Aging to expand his study of the factors of aging and graduate in geography/anthropology and Society of 2008. Library Journal called it “an excellent example longevity. He’s the lead researcher for a team that over chapter student vice president 2008-’09, was one of of a well-designed site on the history, culture, and a fi ve-year project will focus on mutant strains of mice 25 applicants out of 58 entrants to be accepted to the geography of a U.S. state.” The online resource, which that live atypically long. This is the 15th grant Bartke, a Maine NEW Leadership Conference on empowering can be found at www.encyclopediaofalabama.org, past president of the American Aging Association, women to become public policy leaders. Odlin, who was one of only 12 free reference works cited. Kaetz is has received. The author of more than 500 articles in majors in health sciences in the honors program former editor of Phi Kappa Phi Forum. scientifi c journals has received many honors, including and is the Society chapter student vice president, the 2001-‘04 Phi Kappa Phi Scholar Award. was one of two to receive the school’s annual Praxis Joe Kotarba (University of Houston), chair of University Award, founded in 2004 and worth $1,000; winners of Houston’s sociology department, received the annual Dianne Ebertt Beeaff (University of must maintain a grade point average higher than 3.4 George Herbert Mead Award for lifetime achievement Arizona) published her third book and participate in community leadership. Willard, a from the Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction and fi rst novel, Power’s Garden (Five May graduate in political science, wrote the Resource (SSSI), an international professional organization Star Publications; 262 pp.; $15.95 Manual for the Unemployed or Those Seeking a Change in of scholars pursuing sociological issues especially paperback). In the historical fi ction, Career, a comprehensive guide about state, federal and involving identity, language and pragmatism. Kotarba “two families — one Texan, one nonprofi t services, while interning her senior year at the focuses on the sociology of culture as well as health Mormon — develop an embattled Maine Governor’s Offi ce of Constituent Services. and illness. The author of numerous books and articles but gripping relationship in the Arizona desert while is chair of SSSI’s publications committee. WWI rages abroad,” she wrote in an email. “Not long Ed Dyas (Auburn University) was after I moved to Arizona from Canada in the late 1960s, one of 16 players named to the 2009 Robert McClure (University of I heard about the historical shootout in Power’s Garden College Football Hall of Fame Football Missouri-Columbia) presided over and did some preliminary research. What really intrigued Bowl Subdivision (formerly Division the annual meeting of the Society me about it was the clash of cultures, primarily based on I-A) Class. The Auburn University of Phi Zeta (the honor society of religious intolerance; how people see and interpret the fullback, linebacker and kicker started veterinary medicine), for which he same event from their own perspective,” she added in as a freshman on the undefeated serves as president, in July in Seattle. press materials. 1958 team and was fi rst-team All-American in 1960. A Fulbright recipient and member of The scholar-athlete was a three-time Academic All numerous veterinary associations, McClure is professor Brian Beitzel (Colorado State University-Pueblo), Conference pick and won more than one citation emeritus at the College of Veterinary Medicine at the Assistant Professor of Educational Psychology at State for success in the classroom and on the fi eld. Dyas is University of Missouri-Columbia. The prolifi c author University of New York (SUNY) College at Oneonta, an orthopedic surgeon in Mobile, Ala., and head of and presenter has served as an editorial consultant, received a SUNY Chancellor’s Award for Excellence in physicians for the Senior Bowl. There were 76 nominees among other roles, for what’s now called Phi Kappa Teaching. “I’m particularly excited to have received this on the national ballot; his class includes Notre Dame Phi Forum. His long service to Phi Kappa Phi includes after only fi ve years of full-time teaching,” he wrote via wide receiver and Heisman Trophy winner Tim Brown. being a charter member and the charter president of email. He was one of two faculty members from the Founded in 1947, The National Football Foundation & the University of Missouri-Columbia chapter (1972), school to earn the statewide award. He earlier won College Hall of Fame inducted its fi rst class in 1951; 846 serving many years as chapter president, secretary the American Psychological Association’s Division of players and 182 coaches have been inducted. Dyas also and treasurer, and being a regional vice president Educational Psychology Paul R. Pintrich Outstanding is a member of the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame and (1986-’92). Phi Zeta dates to 1925; it includes more Dissertation Award. the Mobile Sports Hall of Fame and was given the 2006 than two dozen chapters. Lifetime Achievement Award from his alma mater. Ashley E. Bradham (North Carolina State University) Panjah of Jesus (University of Texas was named the American Association of Textile Dawn Edmiston-Strasser (University of Maryland) at El Paso), pastor, gospel singer, Chemists and Colorists’ outstanding college graduate was one of eight honored by the YWCA of Greater songwriter and writer, released Set on of the year. Cited for her perfect grade point average, Johnstown, Pa., at its 23rd annual tribute to women Edge (PublishAmerica; 243 pp.; $24.95 leadership in student organizations and participation in in May. The Assistant Professor of Management and paperback) in November. “Fatherless the association, the polymer and color chemistry major Marketing and director of the master of science in the and hopeless, Vision earns herself a received $1,000, among other prizes. The award dates health services leadership program at Saint Vincent reputation as a mean-spirited gangster to 2002; the association, to 1921. College won the education award. She is the fi rst one just doesn’t mess with,” promotional materials female to receive a full-time faculty appointment read. “Her fast-paced, destructive lifestyle comes to an Brandi Brown and Sarah Beth Lee (Middle Tennessee at the institution’s McKenna School of Business, end when she has an eye-opening encounter with God State University) stood out as scholar-athletes at Middle Economics and Government. Earlier this year, she was that forces her to alter her life path.” Tennessee State University. Brown won the Sun Belt named outstanding junior faculty member. YWCA Female Postgraduate Scholarship for superior academic award categories include education, arts and letters, Catherine M. Solórzano (California State University- achievement as a forward on the women’s basketball community service, nonprofi t-government, business Fullerton) was one of the President’s Associates team. A two-time CoSIDA/ESPN The Magazine Academic and military service. Forty candidates were nominated Outstanding Graduate Student Award winners All-District honoree, she earned a degree in accounting in by peers. as a master’s student in nursing at California State three years in May and averaged 11.9 points, 4.1 rebounds University-Fullerton, where she earned a bachelor’s and 2.9 assists per game last season as her Blue Raiders won Pamela J. Gent (Clarion University), Professor of degree in nursing. A nurse in psychiatric wards for the Sun Belt title. The scholar athlete is pursuing an MBA at Special Education at Clarion University and the fi rst more than 20 years, she works at Huntington Hospital her alma mater and will return to the team. Lee earned the Society chapter president at the school, published in Pasadena. Also, she’s a psychiatric clinical nursing Sun Belt Conference’s Female Sporting Behavior Award as Great Ideas: Using Service-Learning and Diff erentiated instructor at Riverside Community College’s Registered a junior midfielder on the women’s soccer team. The team Instruction to Help Your Students Succeed (Paul H. Nursing Program. captain is a history major who serves as vice president of the school’s student-athlete advisory committee. She For more Member News announcements, go online to: has taken mission trips and volunteered with Habitat for Humanity International. http://www.PhiKappaPhi.org/Web/Publications/Forum/fall09/ membernews.html. 30 Fall 2009 In Memoriam P Compiled by Editor Peter Szatmary traumatic stress disorder and dying HIV/AIDS patients. June 18, spent 37 years teaching philosophy at OSU She graduated from St. Luke’s Methodist Episcopal and served as Society president from 1998 to 2001. His Lou Ellen Ballard (Southeastern Louisiana University), Hospital School of Nursing in Cleveland (R.N.), Hiram commitment to Phi Kappa Phi further encompassed 76, was so committed to higher education that College (B.A.), Wichita State University (M.S.N. in being vice president (‘92-‘95) and a member of the the English professor won awards for excellence in psychiatric nursing) and Kent State University (M.A. and National Fellowship Committee (‘89-‘92). In the 1980s, teaching from Southeastern Louisiana University (SLU). Ph.D. in clinical psychology).ology). Her husband of 16 years he held offi ces at the OSU chapter including treasurer, Plus, the SLU Phi Kappa Phi chapter recently renamed held her hand as shee died.ed. OtherOt survivors include an vice president and president. At the time of his passing, its endowed scholarship in the Distinguished Member’s adopted son and spouse,pouse,use, two grandchildrengra and — the philosophy professor emeritus and onetime honor; she served as president and treasurer and many since Ferreira’s mother was the yyoungesyoungest of 15 children department head was again serving as OSU chapter terms as secretary and public relations offi cer in a tenure — many others.hers. president. The author of numerous scholarly articles dating to the late 1970s. Ballard earned English degrees also guest edited the spring 2003 edition of Phi Kappa from Troy State Teacher’s College, now Troy University Jim Shackack Gill,Gi , Jr. (University(Unniversityversity ofof Memphis), Memp is), 63, serveds Phi Forum, whose theme examined professional ethics, (bachelor’s), and Auburn University (master’s). After his countryuntry as a MariMarinee for 202 years andand then,then after and was book editor for a spell. Educated at Midland a few years at Mississippisippi Southern College (now earningearning a bachelor’sbachelor’s in educationducat n from MemphisMemph s State LutheranLuthe College (B.A. in EnEnglish) and The Johns University of Southern Mississippi),ssissippi) she arrived at SLU UniversityUnivers ty (now UniversityUnive sity of Memphis),Memphis), servedserved the HopkinsHopkkinss UniversityUnive y (M.A. anda Ph.D. in philosophy), in 1960 as an instructor,or, directedirected fresfreshmanman EnglisEnglishh for next generationgenerationn as a substitutesubstitut teacheteachteacherr of hishistory.tory. The LuebkeLuebebkeke furtheredfurther d the cause oof bibig ideas and good work 11 years, and retired in 19966 as associate professor. SheS Bronson,B onson,on, Fla.Fla resident r was a member of thehe VeteransVete Veterans of by being on the board of trusteestrus of the Oklahoma died Feb. 18 of cancer. ForeignFooreigni Wars ars and nd the American Legion. Legion He dieddie MayM Maay FoundationFoundationn for the HumHumanitHumanities in the early 1990s and 10; survivorssurvivorsurvivvorsrs include his wifewi e of 31 years. the NatNationalonal FulbrightFulbright ScreenScreeningSc Committee (South Elen Maria Câmara CutrimCuutrim (Western(WeWesternestern MichiganMicMichihigaigan Region)Regioegioion)n) for fellowshipsfellowwships to GGermanyGerm in the mid 1980s. He University), 62, lovinglyy weatheredathered her homelandhoomelandand andnd Janet I. HirschHiH rsch (University(UnUniversityversity of RhodeRhoode madema e presentationspresenp tations on phphilosophyphilosop and ethics to many adopted home. Bornn in Brazil, shes held teacteachingteachchching andan Island),Island), 77, tended to patients,patienents audiences:audieudiences:es:s: fellow academicsacademics to engineeren executives to administrative posts in the meteorometeorologmeteorologyology departmentdepartd artment studentsd anddh the Society.Socie y. She taught accountingaccountuntingg educaeeducators.ducators.ators. NumeroNumerous honors included the at Federal Universityy of Para in Belem,Belemm, BraziBrazil;azil; was a at UnivUniversityeersitysity of Rhode IsIslanIslandand College AlumniAl AchievementAchievAc evementvement Award from Midland Lutheran visiting scientist at thehe Space ScSciencSciencecience andan EngineerinEnEngineeringringg of NursingNursingg for 27 years andd serveds as CollegeCoCollellege andd twoo grantss from theth NationalNa Endowment Center at Universitysity of Wisconsin-MadWisconsin-Madison;adison;d then joinedd vice presidentesident and president presiden of the forrth the Humanities.Humanitiees. Luebke is survivedsurvives by his wife of the geographyhy departmentdepartmment at WesternW Michigan university’suniversity’s PhiPhi Kappa PPhihi cchapterhapter in tthehe 1990s, ppluslus on 52 years, two daughtersdauughtersters andannd sonsons-in-sons-in-law and four University (WMU)MU)) in 1990 as an adjunctaadd and became thethe Society’sSociety’s 2004-‘07 BBylawsylaws Committee. Accolades grandchildren, amongamonng others.othe a full professorssor inn 2006.2006 SpecializingSpecializizing in precipitationprecipitcipitation includeincl an endowment named after her that supportsorts climatologyy of Michigan andnd Braz Brazil,zil, the Fulbrightt FellowFe the nursing schoolhool faculty and an honoraryhono doctor of AlexisAlexxis Blake Blaake SouthworthSouthwor (University( receiveded grantt funding from orgorganizationsganizationsons suchsu as the humanemane letters from the school. HirschHirsc earnedd degdegrees of Maryland),M 65, changedchananged careersca National Aeronauticsnautics and SpaceSpacce AdministrationAdmministrationation and fromom Rhodede Islandnd Hospital SchooSchool of Nursingg (R.N.) anand afterr being diagnosed with kidney Nationalional Oceanic and AtmosphericAtmosphericc Administration.ministrat BostonBostoon UniversityUnivversityty (B.S., M.S. anda Ed.D.), att whichh she diseasediseaase in 1976. Retiring as a Shee served as WMU Phi Kappaa Phi chapterc r presidentpresid taughttaughht early on. Active in medical-relatedmedica organizationsorrganizaations computercompputer specialist at the U.S.U (2003-‘06)03-‘06) and public relationsrelati ions ooffi cerr (‘02-’03).(‘02- and healthh anda community services throughoutthroughhout RhodeRhhode DepartmentDepaartmentment of Energy, Energy she became beca Degrees:egrees: bachelor’shelor’s in civil engineeringenginneeringg fromfr PontifiPonti cal Island,Islan shehe died April 4; survivors includeinclud threeee brothersb hers a licensedensed certifitifi ed socialsoccial worker (earning(earninning a bachelor’sbachelo Catholic Universityversity of Rio de JaJanJaneiro;aneiro; master’saster’s in civil andd theirthe families.families. in healthalth sciencescie policyy and social work fromfr University engineeringng frfromom University Un ofo Utah; doctorateate in of Maryland,Mar Baltimoreree County, andndam a master’smaste in social atmosphericc sciencesnces from UniversityUnivversity of MMichigan.ichigan. Leslie Whitestonehite Knottt (University(Un sity work fromfro Universityty of Maryland SchoolSch of Social She died Aprilril 15;5; mournerss includeincinclclude her husband of Southern California),California), 97, practicedpracticed a Work at Baltimore).. Her privatep practicepract specialized in of 31 years, whoho teacheshes geosciencesgeosciencnces at WMU, two type of international bedside manner. complementary medicine.m She was vicevic president of daughters, one sonn andd stepson. The goodg od doctor served as ana officer the Marylandy PatientPatatientatienent AdvocacyAdvocac Group,G an honorary of thethe U.S. Public HealthHea th Service memberme of thehe boardard of directorsdirecto di of the National Deborahborahah A. Emnettt (Ithaca(Ith(Ithahaca College),Co e), CommissionedCommis oned Corps, assignedassigned to the Kidney FoundationFoundFo ndadationation (NKF) of MarylandMa and chair of 51,, tookok higher educatione on seriously,seriouriously, U.S. Statee DDepDepartmentartment MiMissionion for Aid to GreeceGre and the AnAnne ArundelA RenalR DiscDiscussDiscussion Group. She also servingving as Phi Kappa PhiPhii chaptecchapterpterter Turkey,Turkey, early in hishis career, eventuallye entually becomingbecoming directordirector wasw a govegovernor-appointedgoovernor-appointedernor-appoint d memmember of the Maryland secretarytary at Ithaca CoCollegellege (IC)C) fromfrom of thee public healthealthh divisiodivision and recereceivingiving medalmedalss fromfr CommissionCommCommmissionn onon Kidney DiseaseDDisea and served on the 2003 untill succumsuccumbingbing to cancancecancerncer on the GreekGreeek government.government. HeHe spentspent 10 years in public PatientPat ent & FamilyF y andannd transAtransActiotransAction Executive Councils for June 155 andd being legal assistant/ healthhe h service, servervice,ice Offi ce ce of of the the SurgeSurgeon Surgeongeon Gene Ge eneral,General, partlyly NKF.N Shee receivedrececeived the President’sPPresiden Award and Volunteer offi ce manager for the Divisionn of Legal Affffairs airs at at IC. IC. In n developingdeevelopingvelopping culturallturalbackgroundtraining background training for cocolleagues.colleaguescolleaguleagues. of the Year AwardAward from NKFNK of Maryland. She died Nov. fact, she held one positiontion or another atat IC since 1981,1981981, HeHe later sservedervedrved aas chief of the division of chronicchronchronic diseasesdiseases 5, 2008,20008, one weekw ek after her thirdt kidney transplant; “the including stints in the Offi ce of the President,P ident, Offiffice cec of of inn the BureauB reau of State SServicesrvices inn the UU.S.S. PublicPubl c Health bestt andand biggestbigge part of her, her heart, failed,” widower the Dean of the Schoolol off HumanitiesHuma and Sciences,Scien S ences, Service.Servicece. Knott thenthen movedmoved to Stanfordtanford UniversityUnivers ty as a Phil wrotew iin an email.il. Their sonson, a third-grade teacher, and Offi ce of the Vice Presidentesident and College Counsel.nsel senior fellow inn medicine,medi ne, focusingfoc sing ono rehabilitationrehabi tation donatedd that kidney. The fi rstrs organ she received, in She earned a bachelor’s degree in psychology fromrom IC proceduresdures anda d medicine,med ne, beforebe ore openingope ing a privatep 1978,1978 came c from her brother. in 2001. The avid camper and pet lover is survived by practiceacticee and directing physicalphysica therapy at O’O’ConnorO’Con her husband, son and daughter, plus others. Hospitalpital in Sann Jose. Educatedducated at OccidOccidental College,Co Ronald Clayton “Spike” Spangler (Southeastern University off Southernn CaliforniaCalifo and The Johns Louisiana University), 62, extended his purview from Carol Susan Ferreira (Wichita State Hopkins University, the RenaissRenaissance man also pursued the pulpit to the classroom to the ball fi eld to small- University), 62, nursed patients and archeology and workedorkeded with HabitatHa for Humanity business pursuits to the performing arts and beyond. students before losing a seven-year International. He diedd Jan. 4 and wasw preceded in death Ordained as a Christian and Missionary Alliance pastor, battle to cancer Feb. 28: she had by his wife of 65 years andandas a son. Two daughters and the self-professed “gym rat” and coach of Amateur been a clinical professor of nursing their families survive. Athletic Union, high school and biddie ball teams at East Carolina University (ECU) and reached out especially to the Fellowship of Christian a registered nurse and licensed clinical psychologist. Neil R. Luebke (Oklahoma State Athletes with whom he worked in Tangipahoa and Ferreira received the 2003 North Carolina Board of University), 72, led an ethical life that Livingston, La., parishes. He also was a licensed realtor, Governors Distinguished Professor for Teaching Award inspired students and colleagues at certifi ed licensed underwriter with his own fi rm, and and the ECU College of Nursing Outstanding Faculty Oklahoma State University (OSU) and proprietor of a pretzel shop. In his spare time, Spangler Award three times. Community outreach spanned members and staff of Phi Kappa Phi. was in bands and choirs, performed in theater and counseling fl ood victims, military veterans with post- The deep thinker, who passed away piloted planes. The Southeastern Louisiana University graduate was elected to the school alumni board of directors. He died June 13; survivors include his wife, For more obituaries, go online to: http://www.PhiKappaPhi. two daughters, four stepchildren, four siblings, eight org/web/Publications/Forum/fall09/memoriam.html. grandchildren.

Fall 2009 31 F Book Review

shortest and reads more like an epilogue — A Soldier’s Story: Learning in the Line perhaps as it should. Mullaney is forever a veteran. Also, he overemphasizes what I would Review by Morten Ender call the trappings of the middle class — fi ne of Duty and Beyond It. wine, fi ne food, crew boating, books, marrying n the absorbing The Unforgiving Minute: A and graduate” (a tradition that commingles up, travel, and the eschewing of working-class Soldier’s Education, Craig M. Mullaney and values conformity, teamwork and roots. He dwells on being rejected by and Iis a 21st-century throwback. He’s a West assimilation); “killing your platoon” (when accordingly rejecting his father and adopting Point-commissioned U.S. Army offi cer with a newly minted lieutenant makes a mistake surrogate (military) fathers who bait the traps working-class, Irish-Catholic roots, a great deal in which platoon members die); “white of the middle class — what sociologist Pierre of ambition, and a ferocious appetite for reading tornadoes” (condiment concoctions drank by Bourdieu calls the tenuous distinctions that that any parent would be proud of and that fi rst year cadets or “plebes”); “naked man” stratify class systems in the West. helped propel this Rhode Islander to Phi Kappa (streakers); “2.0 and go” (minimum grade But Mullaney is correct that West Point Phi membership and a Rhodes Scholarship. point average to graduate); and “the Goat” attempts to exert middle-class values through The Unforgiving Minute is to be savored, (the lowest GPA in the graduating class) — both the mundane and the sacred. For example, no matter the reader. What is not for me, a of which General George Armstrong Custer jeans are frowned upon (since denim symbolizes seasoned teacher at West Point who helped was one. Mullaney describes them with an the labor of working-class fathers) and the honor prepare Mullaney’s cohorts to go off to the insider’s familiarity. code is highly reinforced. wars I would eventually study in my own work, Despite the shortfalls, The Unforgiving to like? Others less familiar with military life Minute is rewarding and seems accurate in will fi nd richness in this coming-of-age saga, detail. Mullaney’s refl ections on leadership family reckoning, and peek behind the curtain are impressive; he is widely read on the of military experience. And teachers and subject and surrounded himself with capable students will enjoy the refl ections of a young mentors. And his writing is believable and man’s journey through college. based on years of journaling. I was reading The The book is essentially three chaptered Unforgiving Minute at my son’s soccer game memoirs in one: student, soldier and veteran. and another kid’s parent sitting next to me Each chapter is shorter than the previous. He said, “I read that book — Craig writes like he’s journeys from West Point to Army Ranger having a conversation.” I concur. There is a training to Oxford to war in Afghanistan to conversational tone to the writing that is fl uid. teaching at the United States Naval Academy Additionally, the writing is funny in places and many points in between. — especially during his time in Afghanistan. Mullaney’s trajectory refl ects that He notes, “We never ate better than when of military offi cers highlighted in politicians visited.” The humor is authentic, The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political refl ecting how in war it is used by soldiers as a Portrait (1960), an infl uential text in which coping strategy to deal with stress. author Morris Janowitz examined the social Plus, those interested in soldiers will fi nd the origins of military offi cers and found that early material exceedingly compelling. It is loaded 20th-century American offi cers came not from with insights into the experiences of American the elites but from a cross-section of America, soldiers in Afghanistan. His generalization of in particular the working class. today’s American soldier as an “armed social In Mullaney’s socialization into the American worker” is spot-on. Similarly, the captain middle class, his working-class background is a describes the complexity of being a young subtext that jumps to the forefront. The same offi cer/leader today as demanding “the tact of a goes for the strained relationship with his father marriage counselor, the ear of a priest, and the and a tragic desire to please him. skills of a social worker — and all this before More signifi cantly, Mullaney’s vivid By Craig M. Mullaney anyone fi red a shot in combat.” Finally, soldiers descriptions of West Point rival those of David 386 pp. will appreciate his humility — not referring to Lipsky’s 2003 Absolutely American: Four The Penguin Press himself as a soldier until he deploys. Years at West Point, Bill Murphy, Jr.’s 2008 (February 2009) Also notable are the quotes Mullaney drops In a Time of War: The Proud and Perilous $28.95 hardcover throughout the book by, for instance, Turgenev, Journey of West Point’s Class of 2002, and Napoleon and Joseph Heller. Clearly Mullaney Elizabeth Samet’s 2007 Soldier’s Heart: is well read and likes to show it. Further, the Reading Literature through Peace and War I am, however, bothered by the invisibleness book reads like a who’s who of Iraq and at West Point. For instance, Mullaney deftly of female cadets in the book — the fi rst woman Afghanistan. Notable offi cers referenced contrasts teaching philosophies of West Point is not mentioned until page 72. It isn’t until his include John Nagl, Dwight D. Eisenhower, and Oxford: “At West Point the challenge had senior year at West Point that he appears to Eric Shinseki, and Paul Yingling. Dust-jacket been meeting the instructor’s expectations. At notice female cadets. This oversight is not unlike endorsements include Wesley Clark and David Oxford the challenge was to meet my own.” Absolutely American — in which Lipsky fails to Petraeus, among others of high rank. His naïve anthropological gaze allows mention academics throughout his book about So the young man has already lived a readers access to the backstage institutional West Point — painting a warped picture of West life worthy of a terrifi c autobiography. I do elements within West Point that help defi ne Point minus academics and looking like four look forward to what else this veteran will it. For example, subcultural West Point years of basic military training. accomplish, especially given now that he has features are plentiful such as “cooperate The chapter on being a veteran is the access to America’s elite.

Morten Ender (United States Military Academy) is an award-winning professor at West Point where he teaches courses entitled “Armed Forces and Society,” “Marriage and Family,” “Military Films,” and “Organizational Culture and Socialization.” His latest book, American Soldiers in Iraq: McSoldiers or Innovative Professionals?, was published in March (by Routledge). His previous books include Military Brats and Other Global Nomads: Growing Up in Organization Families (Praeger, 2002) and Inequalities: Readings in Diversity and Social Life (Pearson, 2007, 2nd edition). Educated at Sonoma State University (B.A.) and University of Maryland (M.A. and Ph.D.), the sociology professor has placed articles in the Journal of Political and Military Sociology and Armed Forces & Society, plus the Journal of Adolescence and Teaching Sociology, among other publications, and contributed chapters to a number of books. Memberships include the American Sociological Association (Peace, War and Social Confl ict section) and the Inter- University Seminar on Armed Forces and Society. Email him at [email protected]. 3232 Fall 2009 Phi Kappa Phi Bookshelf P Compiled by Editor Peter Szatmary

Approaches to Political Thought Edited by William L. Richter 342 pp. Rowman & Littlefi eld Publishers, Inc. (February 2009). $90 hardcover; $39.95 paperback.

“Unlike most books on political theory, which treat the ideas of specific historical writers, this work explores how contemporary scholars approach those earlier thinkers and their writings,” editor William L. Richter (Kansas State University) wrote in an email. The book raises three essential questions, he continued: 1) why study the writings of earlier thinkers; 2) what writers are worth consideration; and 3) how should the pieces be understood? The study then pursues 10 contemporary approaches to understanding political thought such as those via Hannah Arendt and Michel Foucault and through fields like psychobiography and hermeneutics. “Each approach chapter contains an introductory essay and two selections that illustrate the approach,” along with ideas and references for further contemplation, continued Richter, Professor Emeritus of Political Science at Kansas State and a prolific author and editor. “All ten of the introductory approach essays were written by my former students.”

Historic Preservation, 2nd Edition By Norman Tyler, Ted J. Ligibel and Ilene R. Tyler 352 pp. W.W. Norton & Co. (February 2009). $29.95 paperback. Ted J. Ligibel The revised Historic Preservation: An Introduction to Its History, Principles, and Practices probes topics that the fi rst edition (by Tyler) did not such as heritage tourism and partnering with the environmental community. The second edition declares, “This is the only book to cover the gamut of historic preservation issues in layman’s language: the philosophy and history of the movement, the role of government, the documentation and designation of historic properties, sensitive architectural designs and planning, preservation technology, and heritage tourism, plus a survey of architectural styles. It is an ideal introduction to the fi eld for students, historians, preservationists, property owners, local offi cials, and community leaders.” The authors’ expertise ranges from urban planning to neighborhood revitalization. Coauthor Ted J. Ligibel (Eastern Michigan University), who has written other books, is director of Eastern Michigan University’s Historic Preservation Program in the Department of Geography and Geology.

Servants of the People, 2nd Edition By Lea E. Williams 320 pp. Palgrave Macmillan (December 2008). $32.95 paperback.

Students and scholars of the civil rights movement might want to pick up the second edition of Servants of the People: The 1960s Legacy of African American Leadership because it includes profiles of noteworthy women who had their eye on the prize: Ella J. Baker and Septima P. Clark. The first edition (1996) largely highlighted male trailblazers such as Thurgood Marshall and A. Philip Randolph. Part of author Lea E. Williams’ motivation for the second edition was to write about “less well-known figures who had impact on the movement,” she said in a phone call. The Associate Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs/Institutional Planning, Assessment and Research at North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State University (her Phi Kappa Phi chapter) is an independent scholar whose honors include the Hilda A. Davis Award for Educational Leadership of the National Association for Women in Education and the Paducah Black Historian Achievement Award in Education. Go online to http://www.leaewilliams.com/.

Phi Kappa Phi Bookshelf Phi Kappa Phi Bookshelf Th e Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi 7576 Goodwood Blvd. Submission Guidelines Baton Rouge, LA 70806 If you are an author and would like your work to be considered [email protected] for inclusion in the Phi Kappa Phi Bookshelf, send two copies of the book, a color headshot of yourself, contact information, *All submitted books will be added to (address, phone numbers, email), and a one-page synopsis to: the Phi Kappa Phi library housed at the Society headquarters. Fall 2009 33 P Chapter Update and refreshments; to ensuring the program printer was meeting the deadline. Th e Sum Total: Servant Leader Part of her secret was that she excelled in being a cheerful but persistent nagger.” And Chuck Peake, for many years the Shirley C. Sorensen Measures Up chair of the chapter board of trustees and who as chapter president in 1987 brought — and Th en Some. By Editor Peter Szatmary Sorensen on, pointed to perhaps her highest Phi Kappa Phi citation: the Shirley is the heart and soul of the University of C. Sorensen Undergraduate Academic Maryland chapter, our Executive Secretary, Excellence Award. Named for her in April Dr. Shirley Sorensen,’” chapter president through the Maryland Phi Kappa Phi John O. Aje wrote by email. Foundation, it permanently endows the Aje recalled her not only “carrying chapter’s scholarship fund. bags of cookies and fruits that she bought The modest Sorensen takes all of the with her own money to our meetings” but praise in stride. “My children said that it also “calling me to meet her in the parking (serving as chapter executive secretary) lot where she normally would be waiting kept me out of trouble,” she joked. with a stack of things to sign while sitting Indeed: two of her fi ve children are in her SUV. I once alerted my wife that if Phi Kappa Phi members (along with her anybody ever told her that he or she saw sister). me hanging out with a lady with silver When pressed to put her time with the gray hair in an SUV, it’s all offi cial Phi chapter and Phi Kappa Phi into perspective, Kappa Phi business.” the Berwyn Heights, Md. resident — who, “Chapter 22 would have collapsed ever busy in her second retirement, plans under its own weight long ago had it not to tutor elementary schoolchildren in math been for Shirley’s stewardship, which when not taking trips to the mountains emphasized hard work, loyalty, dedication with her nine grandchildren and two and commitment,” added chapter historian great-grandchildren — said her biggest The person who, in my opinion and that of my colleagues, is the heart and soul of the University of Maryland chapter, our Executive Secretary, Dr. Shirley Sorensen Shirley C. Sorensen posed at the University of Maryland chapter spring initiation in April. (Photo submitted by Shirley C. Sorensen.) Jud Samon, whose previous affi liations joy came from feedback from initiates. include but are not limited to chapter She referenced parents who arranged to ributes poured in when 85-year-old secretary and president and national attend initiations without the children’s Shirley C. Sorensen stepped down committee chair and board member. knowledge and initiates who overcame T in June as executive secretary of the “Chapter 22 at the University of Maryland stumbling blocks to gain membership. University of Maryland Phi Kappa Phi has a unique and special history — it was the The challenge and satisfaction of the chapter after more than 20 years. fi rst multicampus chapter of Phi Kappa Phi,” Society are one and the same for Sorensen: Well-wishers praised her energy, continued the Distinguished Member. “It was making Phi Kappa Phi meaningful for effi ciency, meticulousness, resourcefulness not an easy task to divide limited resources initiates, she said. and humor when coordinating with equitably and to administer chapter programs administrators, inviting students to and functions. membership, collecting initiation fees, “Distance made it very diffi cult for large Longtime Member Shirley C. Sorensen publishing newsletters and programs — numbers of our members and initiates to and Her Relationship with and making last-minute, late-night photocopy actively participate, despite the fact that The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi: runs to her local volunteer fi re station, we alternated sites for initiations and where her husband of 53 years (who died encouraged all campuses to develop local • Active Society member since 1979 in 1996 at age 75), a mechanical engineer (University of Maryland) programs. Shirley played a key role in • Member of the chapter selection by profession, had volunteered for 50 years. making the chapter run smoothly. She was, committee for outstanding undergraduate That type of calculation, ingenuity to a large degree, the glue that held fi ve papers for publication (1980) and rigor makes sense: Sorensen earned diverse member institutions together.” • Member of the chapter banquet a doctorate in mathematics education Former chapter president and longtime committee (1981-’82) from the school and held various teaching chapter executive committee member • Chapter director of awards (1983-’84) and administrative positions there for Julie Porosky Hamlin agreed. “She was • Chapter vice president (1983-’87) upwards of 30 years before retiring in on top of everything: from making sure • Chapter executive secretary (1987-2009) 1987. Her subsequent paid tenure as the vice presidents of each of the five • Participant at eight triennial Society chapter executive secretary was a type of conventions separate universities that made up the • Organizer of two Northeast regional second career. University of Maryland chapter had conferences “Probably the most important indication submitted their lists of eligible students • Member of the National Literacy Selection of her importance to the chapter is that on time; to checking to see if all of Committee (2004-’07 and ’07-’10) during every initiation ceremony, a standard us executive committee members had • Distinguished Member (2005) script that is read by every president in regalia for the twice-yearly initiation • Founding member of the Board of Trustees, introducing her is: ‘The person who, in and awards ceremony; to working with Maryland Phi Kappa Phi Foundation my opinion and that of my colleagues, the student unions on room arrangements

34 Fall 2009 Poetic Pause F “Now Th at You’re Graduating What Do You Plan to Do with Your Life?” I’m going to Northern California where I’ve never been to fi nd sea-swashed seashells fainted by the sun then fl ip the subdued specimens to reveal streaked underbellies like eye shadow wrinkles purple and orange at the creases.

I’m going to slip into a Florentine chapel maybe Santa Maria del Fiore and (Left: Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence, Italy; right: Santorini, Greece. Photo credits: stock.xchng.) his edition’s theme of higher education inspired many poets to confront the sing a Vivaldi aria struggles and sacrifi ces made by students (and family members) in pursuit send vocal currents up through Tof a degree: overcoming poverty, learning a second language, and returning Brunelleschi’s columns until to school in midlife. they collide at the hemispherical Poets also offered current students and new graduates advice and perspective about how to feel about higher education — from seeking it to celebrating vantage point graduation. The prime example of this long view comes from Mariana L. Seda’s spearing echoes back at me. overtly joyful and covertly defi ant winning entry, “Now That You’re Graduating What Do You Plan to Do with Your Life?” She takes that question so often asked of recent college graduates and stands it Then I’ll dive into the Ionian and on its head in cataloguing an upcoming trek. Seda refuses to limit herself to what rest upon the hammock of the waves so many well-wishers mean by that query: “Congratulations, college graduate! land in Santorini in time to hum goodbye Well done! … So what next? A job? Grad school? What?” Through vivid and surprising images, such as seashells’ “streaked underbellies / to the blue caps and swim inland like eye shadow wrinkles / purple and orange at the creases,” she refl ects a wisdom where I’ll fi nd Dionysus’ Theatre beyond the title question’s simply pragmatic stance. Her approaching adventures in the shadow of the Acropolis serve as much more than a post-graduation present before the next phase of her life. Indeed, Seda embodies what surely are the highest achievements anyone can and chant choral odes in the ruins hope that a college education brings: that sense of wonder, openness, and exuberance until the deus ex machina rescues me. regarding the world’s possibilities as well as the sense of empowerment, freedom, and intelligence to embrace those possibilities fully. —Sandra Meek, poetry editor I’m going to choose my own adventure write my own epilogue Editor’s note: The Phi Kappa Phi Forum poetry contest is open only to active Society members, published or unpublished. Submissions — one per entrant per issue — should squeeze Time’s tiny waist be up to 40 lines long and must refl ect the theme of the edition. One original, previously til it cries crusty tears of sand unpublished poem is selected from all entries to appear in the printed version of the like the ancestors of those magazine as a complement to the scholarly articles. Runners-up may be chosen to appear online. Because the winter edition will be devoted to those who have won Phi Kappa Phi cautious seashells hiding monetary awards in the past year, the next poetry contest will be the spring 2010 issue. their pleasures from the world Theme and deadline have not yet been set. They’ll be announced on the Society Web site for fear of being coveted. and in Monthly Mentions in the upcoming months and in the winter awards edition.

By Mariana L. Seda For runners-up, go online to: http://www.PhiKappaPhi.org/ Web/Publications/Forum/fall09/poetry.html.

Mariana L. Seda (Iowa State University) graduated summa cum laude from Iowa State University in May with a bachelor’s degree in English Literary Studies and a minor in Performing Arts. She works as a professional actor throughout the Midwest and plans to move to California with her fi ancé next year to continue pursuing her career goals and furthering her education. Email her at [email protected].

Sandra Meek is the author of three books of poems, Nomadic Foundations (2002), Burn (2005), and her most recent, Biogeography, the 2006 winner of the Dorset Award (Tupelo Press, 2008), as well as a chapbook, The Circumference of Arrival (2001). She also is the editor of an anthology, Deep Travel: Contemporary American Poets Abroad (2007), which was awarded a 2008 Independent Publisher Book Award Gold Medal. Her poems have appeared in Agni, The Kenyon Review, Poetry, Conjunctions, Green Mountains Review and The Iowa Review, among other publications, and she has twice been named Georgia Author of the Year. Meek also once served as a Peace Corps volunteer in Manyana, Botswana (1989- ‘91). An active Phi Kappa Phi member since her induction in 1986 at Colorado State University, she is a cofounding editor of Ninebark Press, Director of the Georgia Poetry Circuit and Professor of English, Rhetoric, and Writing at Berry College in Mount Berry, Ga.

Fall 2009 35 F Picture This ... with Matthew Henry Hall

Matthew Henry Hall is a cartoonist and writer who lives and sings in the wilds of northern Arizona. His work has appeared in many publications, including The Missouri Review, The Chronicle of Higher Education, and Reader’s Digest. Visit his Web site at www.matthewhenryhall.com, and email him at [email protected].

36 Fall 2009 MEMBER BENEFITS The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi offers APPAREL & ACCESSORIES numerous benefi ts that can assist members throughout their academic, professional and private A B C lives, including scholarships and awards; career advancement, training and networking opportunities; mentor match pairings; and discounts from corporate partners. Whether you are a student, professional or retiree, you can take advantage of these offerings through your active membership and participation in Phi Kappa Phi!

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Be recognized on graduation day with your Phi Kappa Phi Apple• Apple• stole, honor cords and/or medallion. • Avis/Budget Honor Cord $10 AT&T • AT&T Braided navy and gold cords, ending in fringed tassels. (1 lb.) • Bank of America • Barnes&Noble.com Item #REC10 • Becker CPA Review Stole $24 Dell• Dell• Gold satin with navy blue Greek letters. (1 lb.) • Enterprise Rent-A-Car Item #REC20 • Liberty Mutual Insurance • Marsh Health Insurance Medallion $11 • The Princeton Review Two-inch detailed Society badge hangs from royal blue ribbon. (1 lb.) • Stalla System Item #JE24 • T-Mobile • Women for Hire Network OrderOrder by by Phone Phone 1.800.804.9880 1.800.804.9880 ext. 10 Find the Full Catalog Online Mon - Thurs 7:00 AM - 4:30 PM CST www.PhiKappaPhi.org Mon - Thurs 7:00 AM - 4:30 PM CST www.PhiKappaPhi.org visit us online at www.PhiKappaPhi.org Fri 7:00 - 11:00 AM CST Fri 7:00 - 11:00 AM Fall 2009 FORUM FORUM Summer 2009 The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi includes among its vast ranks more than 300 chapters at university and college campuses, mostly in the United States. As part of the nation’s oldest, largest and most selective all-discipline honor society, one million members and counting have ties to these chapters since the Society’s founding at the University of Maine in 1897. Here is a list of current active chapters:

Alfred University, Alfred N.Y. Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Mich. Appalachian State University, Boone, N.C. Arcadia University, Glenside, Pa. Arizona State University, Tempe, Ariz. Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Ark. Armstrong Atlantic State University, Savannah, Ga. McNeese State University, Lake Charles, La. University of Houston-Victoria, Victoria, Texas Auburn University, Auburn, Ala. Mercer University, Macon, Ga. University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho Auburn University-Montgomery, Montgomery, Ala. Miami University, Oxford, Ohio University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill. Augusta State University, Augusta, Ga. Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Ill. Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, Tenn. Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Mich. University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan. Ball State University, Muncie, Ind. Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tenn. University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky. Berea College, Berea, Ky. Millersville University, Millersville, Pa. University of Louisiana-Lafayette, Lafayette, La. Berry College, Mount Berry, Ga. Millikin University, Decatur, Ill. University of Louisiana-Monroe, Monroe, La. Black Hills State University, Spearfi sh, S.D. Minnesota State University-Mankato, Mankato, Minn. University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky. Bloomsburg University, Bloomsburg, Pa. Minnesota State University-Moorhead, Moorhead, Minn. University of Maine, Orono, Maine Boise State University, Boise, Idaho Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Miss. University of Maryland, College Park, Md. Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, Miss. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass. Bradley University, Peoria, Ill. Missouri State University, Springfi eld, Mo. University of Memphis, Memphis, Tenn. Brenau University, Gainesville, Ga. Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Mo. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. Brigham Young University-Hawaii, Laie, Hawaii, Montana State University, Bozeman, Mont. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn. Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah Montclair State University, Montclair, N.J. University of Mississippi, Oxford, Miss. Butler University, Indianapolis, Ind. Morehead State University, Morehead, Ky. University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Mo. California State University-Chico, Chico, Calif. Murray State University, Murray, Ky. University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo. California State University-Dominguez Hills, Carson, Calif. Muskingum College, New Concord, Ohio University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Mo. California State University-Fresno, Fresno, Calif. Nebraska Wesleyan University, Lincoln, Neb. University of Montana, Missoula, Mont. California State University-Fullerton, Fullerton, Calif. New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, N.M. University of Montevallo, Montevallo, Ala. California State University-Long Beach, Long Beach, Calif. New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, N.M. University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, Neb. California State University-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif. Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, La. University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Neb. California State University-Northridge, Northridge, Calif. North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State University, Greensboro, N.C. University of Nevada-Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nev. California State University-Sacramento, Sacramento, Calif. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C. University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, Nev. California State University-San Bernardino, San Bernardino, Calif. North Dakota State University, Fargo, N.D. University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, N.M. California State University-Stanislaus, Turlock, Calif. North Georgia College & State University, Dahlonega, Ga. University of New Orleans, New Orleans, La. Cameron University, Lawton, Okla. Northeastern University, Boston, Mass. University of North Alabama, Florence, Ala. Campbell University, Buies Creek, N.C. Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff , Ariz. University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, N.C. Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa. Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Ill. University of North Carolina-Wilmington, Wilmington, N.C. Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Wash. Northwestern State University, Natchitoches, La. University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Fla. The Citadel, Charleston, S.C. Ohio Northern University, Ada, Ohio University of North Texas, Denton, Texas Clarion University, Clarion, Pa. The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio University of Oklahoma, Norman, Okla. Clarkson University, Potsdam, N.Y. Ohio University, Athens, Ohio University of the Pacifi c, Stockton, Calif. Clemson University, Clemson, S.C. Oklahoma City University, Oklahoma City, Okla. University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines Coe College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Okla. University of Pittsburgh at Greensburg, Greensburg, Pa. College of Charleston, Charleston, S.C. Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Va. University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown, Johnstown, Pa. College of New Jersey, Ewing, N.J. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Ore. University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo. Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa. University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, Wash. Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, Colo. Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kan. University of Rhode Island, Kingston, R.I. Columbus State University, Columbus, Ga. Plattsburgh State University, Plattsburgh, N.Y. University of South Alabama, Mobile, Ala. Dakota Wesleyan University, Mitchell, S.D. Plymouth State University, Plymouth, N.H. University of South Carolina Upstate, Spartanburg, S.C. DePaul University, Chicago, Ill. Portland State University, Portland, Ore. University of South Florida, Tampa, Fla. Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pa. Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind. University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif. East Carolina University, Greenville, N.C. Radford University, Radford, Va. University of Southern Maine, Portland East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tenn. Sage Colleges, Troy, N.Y. University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Miss. Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Ky. Salem State College, Salem, Mass. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn. Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Mich. Salisbury University, Salisbury, Md. University of Tennessee at Martin, Martin, Tenn. Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, N.M. Samford University, Birmingham, Ala. University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas Eastern Oregon University, La Grande, Ore. San Diego State University, San Diego, Calif. University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas Eastern Washington University, Cheney, Wash. San Jose State University, San Jose, Calif. University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas Elmhurst College, Elmhurst, Ill. Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, W.Va. University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas Elon University, Elon, N.C. Shippensburg University, Shippensburg, Pa. University of Texas-Pan American, Edinburg, Texas Emporia State University, Emporia, Kan. Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pa. University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, Texas Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Fla. South Dakota State University, Brookings, S.D. University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Fla. Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, Mo. University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Okla. Florida International University, Miami, Fla. Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, La. University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah Florida Southern College, Lakeland, Fla. Southern Illinois University-Carbondale, Carbondale, Ill. University of West Alabama, Livingston, Ala. Florida State University, Tallahassee, Fla. Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville, Edwardsville, Ill. University of West Georgia, Carrollton, Ga. Fontbonne University, St. Louis, Mo. Southern Oregon University, Ashland, Ore. University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wis. Fordham University, Bronx, N.Y. State University of New York-Cortland, Cortland, N.Y. University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, Green Bay, Wis. Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kan. State University of New York-Oswego, Oswego, N.Y. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis. Fort Lewis College, Durango, Colo. State University of New York-Potsdam, Potsdam, N.Y. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wis. Francis Marion University, Florence, S.C. Syracuse University, Syracuse, N.Y. University of Wisconsin-Platteville, Platteville, Wis. Georgetown College, Georgetown, Ky. Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tenn. University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wis. Georgia College & State University, Milledgeville, Ga. Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, Tenn. University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Stevens Point, Wis. Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Ga. Texas A & M International University, Laredo, Texas University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, Whitewater, Wis. Georgia State University, Atlanta, Ga. Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyo. Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Mich. Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas Utah State University, Logan, Utah Hood College, Frederick, Md. Texas Woman’s University, Denton, Texas Utah Valley University, Orem, Utah Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho Troy University, Troy, Ala. Valdosta State University, Valdosta, Ga. Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, Ill. Truman State University, Kirksville, Mo. Villanova University, Villanova, Pa. Indiana State University, Terre Haute, Ind. United States Military Academy, West Point, N.Y. Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va. Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pa. United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md. Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, Va. Indiana University-Purdue University-Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Ind. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Va. Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Ala. Washburn University, Topeka, Kan. Ithaca College, Ithaca, N.Y. University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Ala. Wayne State College, Wayne, Neb. Jackson State University, Jackson, Miss. University of Alaska-Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska Weber State University, Ogden, Utah Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville, Ala. University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska Wesleyan College, Macon, Ga. Jacksonville University, Jacksonville, Fla. University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. West Virginia University, Morgantown, W.Va. James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va. University of Arkansas-Fayetteville, Fayetteville, Ark. West Virginia Wesleyan College, Buckhannon, W.Va. Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kan. University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, Ark. Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, N.C. Kean University, Union, N.J. University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, Conn. Western Illinois University, Macomb, Ill. Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Ga. University of California-Davis, Davis. Calif. Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Ky. Kutztown University, Kutztown, Pa. University of Central Florida, Orlando, Fla. Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Mich. Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg, Mo. Western Oregon University, Monmouth, Ore. Lock Haven University, Lock Haven, Pa. University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn. Western Washington University, Bellingham, Wash. Longwood University, Farmville, Va. University of Delaware, Newark, Del. Westfi eld State College, Westfi eld, Mass. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La. University of Evansville, Evansville, Ind. Westmont College, Santa Barbara, Calif. Louisiana State University-Shreveport, Shreveport, La. University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla. Wichita State University, Wichita, Kan. Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, La. University of Georgia, Athens, Ga. Widener University, Chester, Pa. Lycoming College, Williamsport, Pa. University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, Texas Winthrop University, Rock Hill, S.C. Lynchburg College, Lynchburg, Va. University of Houston-Downtown, Houston, Texas Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio McKendree University, Lebanon, Ill. University of Houston, Houston, Texas Youngstown State University, Youngstown, Ohio

For more information about chapters and to learn how to start a chapter, go to www.PhiKappaPhi.org/Web/Chapters