Summer 2010

Recovery Momentous Deaths: The passing of sitting U.S. presidents impacted government policy while wartime casualties transformed early American military medicine.

Creative Solutions: Visual arts serve post-Katrina New Orleans and American movies confront drugs and alcohol.

Recession Proofs: Unemployment rates remain troubling and marketing practices continue to be reassessed.

Society Developments: Chapter delegates, register now for the 2010 Phi Kappa Phi Convention, Traditions & Transitions: Responding to a World of Change, Aug. 5-7, in Kansas City, Mo. About Us

Phi Kappa Phi Forum mission statement Phi Kappa Phi Forum, a multidisciplinary quarterly that enlightens, challenges Phi Kappa Phi Forum and Its and entertains its diverse readers, serves as a general-interest publication as well as a platform for The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi.

Relationship with the Society Phi Kappa Phi Forum (Issn 1538-5914) is published quarterly by The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi, hi Kappa Phi Forum is the multidisciplinary 7576 Goodwood Blvd., Baton Rouge, La. 70806. quarterly magazine of The Honor Society of Printed at R.R. Donnelley, Phi Kappa Phi. Each issue of the award- 1160 N. Main, Pontiac, Ill. 61764. P winning journal reaches more than 100,000 active ©The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi, members as well as government officials, scholars, 2010. All rights reserved. Nonmember educators, university administrators, public and KappaPhi archives Phi subscriptions $30 per year, domestic; private libraries, leaders of charitable and learned $45 outside the U.S. Single copies $10 each; $3.25 each for active, dues- organizations, corporate executives and many paying members. Periodicals postage other types of subscribers. paid Baton Rouge, La., and additional It is the flagship publication of Phi Kappa Phi, mailing offices. the nation’s oldest, largest and most selective all-discipline honor society, with chapters on more A note on content than 300 college and university campuses across The views expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of the staff the country. Phi Kappa Phi was founded in 1897 of Phi Kappa Phi Forum, the Society at the University of Maine and upwards of one staff, or the Board of Directors of million members spanning the academic The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi. disciplines have been initiated since the Society’s The first organizational meeting of what came to be known Submissions inception. Notable alumni include former U.S. as The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi took place in Coburn Hall (above) at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine, in Address material intended President Jimmy Carter, former NASA astronaut for publication to: Wendy Lawrence, The Ohio State University head 1897. The Phi Kappa Phi name was adopted on June 12, 1900. Peter Szatmary, Editor football coach Jim Tressel, writer John Grisham, Although the national headquarters have been located in Phi Kappa Phi Forum YouTube co-founder/CEO Chad Hurley and poet Baton Rouge, La., since 1978, the vast majority of the Society’s The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi historical documents are still kept at the founding institution. 7576 Goodwood Blvd. Rita Dove. The Society began publishing what’s Baton Rouge, La. 70806 now called Phi Kappa Phi Forum in 1915. Reprint permission Spring, summer and fall issues and humor. Plus, these issues compile member Mail to: news, chapter updates and Society developments, Permissions Department The spring, summer and fall issues (usually along with letters to the editor, the Phi Kappa Phi Phi Kappa Phi Forum 7576 Goodwood Blvd. mailed late February, late May and late August, bookshelf and general announcements of interest Baton Rouge, La. 70806 respectively) feature a variety of timely, relevant to keep readers abreast of Society programs and Fax to: (225) 388-4900 articles from influential scholars, educators, activities. Copying for other than personal or internal writers and other authorities, oftentimes active Through words and images, Web links and reference use without permission of Phi Kappa Phi Forum is prohibited. Phi Kappa Phi members, who offer variations on multimedia components, the magazine intends to an overall theme. appeal to the diverse membership of Phi Kappa Phi Phi Kappa Phi Forum staff Notables to have contributed pieces include by providing thoughtful, instructive, helpful — Editor: Peter Szatmary Ronald Reagan, fortieth President of the United and sometimes provocative — material in smart, (800) 804-9880 ext. 42 States; Myrlie Evers-Williams, civil rights engaging ways. [email protected] trailblazer; Warren Burger, the fifteenth Chief Designer: Kellye Sanford (freelance) Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court; Molefi Kete Winter issue Proofreader: Martha Allan (freelance) Asante, African-American studies groundbreaker; Editorial consultant: Traci Navarre Sally Ride, former NASA astronaut; Ernest The winter issue (mailed late November) Director of Marketing and Member Benefits Gaines, fiction writer; and Geoffrey Gilmore, celebrates those who win monetary awards from (800) 804-9880 ext. 22 former director of the Sundance Film Festival. Phi Kappa Phi. [email protected] Phi Kappa Phi Forum also encourages The Society distributes more than $700,000 Change of address movers and shakers to speak for themselves annually through graduate and undergraduate To request a change or correction to your through exclusive interviews. Q & As have run scholarships, member and chapter awards, and mailing address, send your new address the gamut from public servants such as Lynne grants for local and national literacy initiatives, along with your old address, your name, Cheney, former chair of the National Endowment and Phi Kappa Phi Forum applauds the recipients phone numbers (cell, home, work), email address, member status and member for the Humanities, to famous artists such as in this edition, listing them all and spotlighting a number. playwright August Wilson to literary critics few. (For more information about Phi Kappa Phi Note: Your member number is the first such as Stanley Fish. monetary awards, go online to http://www. multi-digit number from the left directly (For other significant contributors, go online phikappaphi.org/web/Awards/Scholarships_ above your name on your mailing label. Send to: to http://www.phikappaphi.org/web/Publications/ Awards.html.) Change of Address PKP_Forum.html.) As an arm of the Society, Phi Kappa Phi Forum The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi The spring, summer and fall issues further helps uphold the institution’s mission: “To 7575 Goodwood Blvd. contain columns on fields such as education and recognize and promote academic excellence in all Baton Rouge, La. 70806 academics, science and technology, and arts and fields of higher education and to engage the Postmaster entertainment in addition to book reviews, poetry community of scholars in service to others.” ■ Send address changes to: The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi 7576 Goodwood Blvd. www.PhiKappaPhi.org Baton Rouge, La. 70806 ii Summer 2010 ContentsPresident’s Message Summer 2010, Vol. 90, No. 2

This Issue: s Phi Kappa Phi Focus Recovery 2 President’s Message In one way or another, humanity always seeks to regain By Robert B. Rogow or restore, compensate for or adapt to something, Editor’s Note as the scholarly articles, most columns, and additional pieces By Peter Szatmary attest. To (want to) recover is part of who we are. s3 Society Developments: Senior Life Member Discount Dark Times in the White House: 2010 Convention Recovery When Presidents Die in Office Letters to the Editor By John Milton Cooper, Jr. Coming Next Issue Out of 44 commanders in chief, 29 Phi Kappa Phi Bookshelf 4 eight have passed away on the job. 30 Chapter Update When Tragedy Inspires Recovery: 31 Member Spotlight Visual Arts in Post-Katrina New Orleans 32 Member News 33 In Memoriam 8 By Susan E. Krantz Artists help the city recuperate emotionally, economically. Accommodating Loss s Columns By Anne Chandler 22 Arts and Entertainment 12 How we deal with grief partly depends n By (William) Arnold Johnston on how we interpret the mourning process. and Deborah Ann Percy 23 Sports and Exercise Diagnosing Historic American n By Joe Cascio y Military Medical Innovations 24 Science and Technology By James Curley g By Catherine C. Shoults 14 The Spanish-American War and World War I revolutionized healthcare. 25 Education and Academics n By Timothy L. Hulsey U.S. Employment Travels Long, 26 Business and Economics Bumpy Road to Recovery y By Philip R. Wahl II By James W. Hughes and Joseph J. Seneca 27 Workplace and Employment 16 The job sector will take many years to rally from the recession. n By Kimberly Thompson

Marketing and the Effects of Recessions s Features By Mark J. Kay What are ways to scale back yet 28 About Books: 18 s What It Means to Be Human recognize opportunities in a downturn? s in 1984 and Today e By Eric D. Lehman Fade in, Fade out: Addiction, 35 Poetic Pause: ” “45 Days Clean” Recovery, in American Movies r By Katherine Cottle 20 By Stefan Hall Now playing in an unlimited run: drugs and alcohol. 36 And One More Thing … y with Bob Zany

On the Cover: Sunrise at Black Point Wildlife Drive on the Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge, Titusville, Fla., January 2010. (Photographer Joel Reynolds, Titusville, Fla.) Summer 2010 1 President’s Message Board Directors By Robert B. Rogow ● Increase enrollment of new members of We launched a public relations campaign society president A month after I became and upgraded the Phi Kappa Phi Web site Robert B. Rogow, C.P.A., Ph.D. president of The Honor partly to attract initiates. To allow more Eastern Kentucky University College of Business and Technology Society of Phi Kappa Phi in students to accept membership, we expanded Business & Technology Center 214 August 2007, the board of the Online Enrollment Program to 521 Lancaster Ave. directors identified five goals accommodate 50 additional chapters. In Richmond, Ky. 40475 for this triennium. As the end of my three- addition, the format and content of the Phi [email protected] year term approaches in August, I’m happy Kappa Phi Forum quarterly magazine were society president-elect William A. Bloodworth, Jr., Ph.D. to report that the Society has made great revamped partly to reflect the interests and Office of the President strides in reaching all of them. demographics of the Society’s membership. Augusta State University ● Increase awareness of our awards ● Retain more members 2500 Walton Way Augusta, Ga. 30904-2200 programs New members may not be aware of the [email protected] While the motivation for some to accept work Phi Kappa Phi does and how they can national vice president or renew membership is the prestige factor be involved in it. To promote the mission of Diane G. Smathers, Ed.D. of being part of the nation’s oldest, largest the Society and to retain its members, we Emeritus College and most selective all-discipline honor created networking opportunities through E-304 Martin Hall Clemson University society, the impetus for others is to compete online communities like Facebook and Clemson, S.C. 29634 for Phi Kappa Phi’s annual awards such as LinkedIn. And a Mentor Match program [email protected] Fellowships for graduate or professional connects members of various backgrounds society past president study, Study Abroad grants, and Love of — and solidifies relationships. In addition, Paul J. Ferlazzo, Ph.D. Learning funds for postbaccalaureate we created new membership options that Northern Arizona University Dept. of English, Box 6032 education or career development. However, allow members to renew for multiple years Flagstaff, Ariz. 86011 many members are not aware of our awards. at discounted rates. [email protected] So we began emphasizing them on our Web ● Enhance our name recognition vice president, south central region site and streamlining the application process. We updated promotional materials and Gilbert Fowler, Ph.D. In addition, we now regularly communicate implemented an advertising campaign on Arkansas State University The Honors College with key college and university officials member campuses. Also, we launched the PO Box 2259 about Phi Kappa Phi’s awards. “Great Minds Think Alike” awareness State University, Ark. 72467-2259 ● Monitor and strengthen chapters initiative (advertisements) in relevant print [email protected] The Chapter Relations Department hired a and electronic publications such as The vice president, southeast region third chapter relations director. Besides Chronicle of Higher Education. Ray J. Davis, Ph.D. The Honors Program visiting chapters, they keep in contact with Your commitment to these goals and 310 Gibbs Hall participating schools through email, telephone related objectives helps ensure the ongoing North Carolina A&T State University calls, and online newsletters. Also, a chapter and future success of our organization. With Greensboro, N.C. 27411 [email protected] recognition program, supporting good Society heartfelt gratitude I applaud the volunteer work on campus, debuted in 2009. Further, and staff efforts on behalf of the Society. It vice president, northeast region Yaw A. Asamoah, Ph.D. chapters now receive money from the Society has been a privilege — better said, an honor Indiana University of Pennsylvania to help advertise their activities in student — to serve as Society president the past 201 McElhaney Hall newspapers. And additional funds have been three years. I look forward to my upcoming 441 North Walk Indiana, Pa. 15705-1018 allocated to facilitate the travel to training duties as Society past president. [email protected] workshops for officers from chapters in the May we all continue to support vice president, north central region process of reactivating. Phi Kappa Phi. ■ Rick Shale, Ph.D. Youngstown State University One University Plaza Editor’s Note Youngstown, Ohio 44555 [email protected] while comedian Bob Zany slyly perishes the By Peter Szatmary vice president, western region thought. And historian John Milton Cooper, Jr., H. Ray Sylvester, Ph.D. In the weeks leading up to studies the politics of recovery in untimely University of the Pacific this edition, earthquakes ends: when sitting U.S. presidents die. Eberhardt School of Business 3601 Pacific Ave. devastated parts of Haiti and Depression-era movies lifted the spirits of Stockton, Calif. 95211 Chile. Suicide bombers killed a struggling nation, explain arts and [email protected] scores of people in Russia. entertainment columnists (William) Arnold director of fellowships Basketball teams came from behind to win Johnston and Deborah Ann Percy. Visual C. Roy Blackwood, M.F.A., F.R.S.A. National Collegiate Athletic Association artists further the reclamation of New Southeastern Louisiana University SLU 10664 tournament games. Celebrities dealt with Orleans after Hurricane Katrina, Susan E. Hammond, La. 70402 infidelity. U.S. healthcare legislation was Krantz documents. Upgrades in vital [email protected] passed. And applicants were accepted to, and communications technology improve post- regent rejected from, schools. Katrina New Orleans, too, notes science and Penny L. Wright, Ph.D. We constantly (try to) recover from lows technology columnist Catherine C. Shoults. Emeritus Professor of Management San Diego State University and highs of all sorts — from birth and death The Great Recession means that the job Department of Management and much in between. Phi Kappa Phi Forum market won’t revive for a long time, calculate San Diego, Calif. 92182 contributors investigate this theme of authorities James W. Hughes and Joseph J. [email protected] “Recovery” from many standpoints. Scholar Seneca, and that marketing philosophies executive director Stefan Hall and poet Katherine Cottle tackle change, argues academic Mark J. Kay. Perry A. Snyder, Ph.D. addiction, the former in American movies, the There's more on the theme as well. So The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi 7576 Goodwood Blvd. latter in content through craft. Counselor Anne much of existence and this magazine are Baton Rouge, La. 70806 Chandler analyzes the psychology of loss about recovery! ■ [email protected]

2 Summer 2010 President’s Message Society Developments Senior Life Membership Discount n response to numerous requests from Kappa Phi. Senior members provide members, Phi Kappa Phi has established a continuity for the Society. Further, they Idiscounted active-for-life membership have the experience to serve as mentors for rate for seniors 62 and older. The discounted young professionals and those still in active-for-life rate of $225 for seniors is 25 school. By making the active-for-life percent off the regular life membership rate. membership more affordable, we are “It’s vitally important to us to keep our hopeful that these key members will stay Help shape the Society’s future! senior members actively involved in the connected following retirement.” life of the Society,” said Diane Smathers, To take advantage of the special senior Delegate selection and registration are Society Vice President and Chair of the rate, go online to www.PhiKappaPhi.org going on now for the 2010 Phi Kappa Phi Marketing and Member Benefits and click on “Renew Your Membership” or Convention. Committee. “Phi Kappa Phi has much to call 800-804-9880, ext. 39. ■ During the convention, chapter delegates offer them, and they have much to offer Phi — Staff report vote on matters that will impact the direction of the Society for the upcoming biennium and beyond. From electing national board Letters to the Editor members to voting on the two-year budget to reviewing proposed bylaws changes, chapter delegates help determine the High Schools Must Teach Better or otherwise “slow.” And very few Society’s course. n the introductory paragraphs of “The school districts reward teachers (through In addition, delegates will: Climate Outside the Classroom Earns a advancement or salary) based on ● See presentations from Phi Kappa Phi IFailing Grade,” in the fall 2009 edition, measurements of teaching effectiveness, award recipients past and present. whose theme was “Higher Education,” such as results of standardized tests. ● Get to know other chapter officers in author and professor Mark Bauerlein The U.S. is falling behind other their area at regional meetings. references a survey that said 37 percent of countries in education. I blame the ● Learn about and share ideas during high school teachers felt students were “very educational system. Outside the classroom, roundtable breakfasts. well prepared” for college-level math while parental expectations have further ● Meet candidates for the 2010-12 Board only 4 percent of college faculty chose that exacerbated the problem — parents have of Directors at a reception prior to voting. category. That disparity between ratings is given up trying to change the educational ● Participate in Partnering For Success overshadowed by the mere fact that system and tacitly accept the status quo. Workshops (the day before the regardless of How can a parent tell her straight-A student Convention). These interactive meetings which teachers that his performance is unsatisfactory when explain key components that officers need you listen to, the school system sets such a low bar? to know to manage a successful chapter. graduating high Society needs to stop protecting teachers and Remember: Society bylaws require that school students make the educational system accountable by each chapter designate an official delegate do not have the providing real metrics for students, and to the convention. The appropriate necessary math basing teacher compensation and retention delegate is one who will be a chapter skills to enter on students meeting those metrics. ■ leader during the 2010-11 academic year, college. — Gary Sloane, software engineer, someone who can help implement the We promote and husband of member Christie Sloane ideas learned at the convention. mediocrity in (San Diego State University), Carlsbad, Calif. Go online to www.PhiKappaPhi.org/ almost every Email him at [email protected]. Convention2010 to view the full schedule possible way. We accept grading on of events and complete the delegate a curve to make us feel better about nomination and registration forms before the terrible job we do as educators and Coming Next Issue time runs out! to make students feel better about not learning what they should. Though in most The theme is “scare tactics.” Potential Theme: Traditions and Transitions: professions salary is tied to performance, topics for scholarly articles and columns Responding to a World of Change in education we refuse to force teachers to for the fall 2010 edition include the “Red When: Aug. 5-7 be evaluated on measurable performance, Scare”; the notion of “Islamophobia”; Where: Kansas City Airport Marriott, giving in to the unions, among other Celtic origins of Halloween (as something Kansas City, Mo. things. Ineffective teachers routinely not to fear); horror movies; Gothic Open to: Chapter delegates selected by blame students for one reason or another, literature; how fear plays out in primates; the given local body calling them undisciplined or unmotivated, why fear is useful and dangerous to the Cost: Early Bird Registration = $185* or even labeling them learning disabled human psyche; and Wall Street panics. (available through June 25) Standard Registration = $215* (after June 25) Support: Chapter delegates will be Letters to the Editor reimbursed for travel expenses plus one Letters to the Editor The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi night’s stay at the Kansas City Airport Submission Guidelines 7576 Goodwood Blvd. Marriott. The special Phi Kappa Phi rate per Baton Rouge, LA 70806 Phi Kappa Phi Forum publishes appropriately [email protected] room is $96/night, plus tax. written letters to the editor every issue when *The registration fee includes all group meals submitted. Such letters should be no more *All submitted letters become the and refreshment breaks for delegates and than 300 words. We reserve the right to edit for property of this publication and non-delegates, except for dinner on Thursday. content and length. Send letters to: cannot be returned to the sender.

Summer 2010 3 Dark Times in the White House: Recovery When Presidents Die in Office By John Milton Cooper, Jr.

ince the assassination of John F. Kennedy on Nov. 22, 1963, nearly S half a century has passed without the death of a sitting U.S. president. This has happened only once before in the nation’s history of 44 commanders in chief. Slightly more than 50 years elapsed between April 30, 1790, when George Washington took Photos: Library of Congress public domain LibraryPhotos: of Congress the oath of office as the first president, and April 4, 1841, when the ninth, William Henry Harrison, became the first chief executive to die on the job. During the next 122 years, seven more presidents would die in office, and each of these national traumas would impact the country’s history. German statesman Otto von Bismarck once said, “God protects fools, drunks, and the United States of America.” These two 50-year intervals without the death of a sitting president bear out that observation. In its first decades as a republic under the Constitution, the government was a fragile experiment testing what a democratic land should be and how it should function, and the winds of war and ideological conflict swept through the new nation in the wake Lyndon B. Johnson took the presidential oath of office on Nov. 22, 1963, in the conference room aboard Air of the French Revolution and the rise of Force One at Love Field, Dallas, Texas. Sarah T. Hughes, U.S. District Judge, Northern District of Texas, left, Napoleon Bonaparte. The unsuccessful War administered it in the presence of former first lady Jacqueline Kennedy, right, widow of the assassinated of 1812 against Great Britain was followed John F. Kennedy. by the first stirrings of the conflict over slavery, which was temporarily and shakily after his inauguration Imponderable as Harrison was as a living contained with the Missouri Compromise in bad weather and president, he wrought tremendous of 1821. Given those challenges, the new expired from consequences through his death. nation was indeed fortunate not to lose a complications of president in office. pneumonia just a Insignificant courses Just reciting the words Vietnam, month and a day into Watergate, Arab oil embargo, Iran hostage the four-year term. The second to die in office,Zachary crisis, the fall of the Berlin Wall, the Harrison remains an Taylor, president No. 12, did not cut much demise of the Soviet Union, the end of the enigma as chief of a figure in his year-and-a-quarter in the Cold War, and 9/11 should make William Henry Harrison executive not only White House, and neither did his successor, Americans breathe a sigh of relief that no because of the Millard Fillmore. Like Harrison before sitting president died during the last five brevity of his time in office. Elected as a him, Taylor was a military hero decades. There were two attempted war hero (nicknamed “Tippecanoe” for (nicknamed “Old Rough and Ready” from assassinations, on Gerald Ford in 1975 and winning that battle in 1811 against an the war with Mexico). He was a strong on Ronald Reagan in 1981, and the Indian confederation) who did not take nationalist, who, despite being a national jitters that broke out after the clear stands on current issues, he left few Southerner and slave owner, bristled at second and far more serious of those clues as to what he might have done in secessionist rumblings from his native attempts further underline how fortunate office. region. He died of cholera at age 65 on this respite from losing a serving president Still, it seems doubtful that he would July 9, 1850. also has been. have followed the aggressive pro-Southern The succession of the milder-mannered Looking at the impact of such losses in line of his successor, John Tyler Fillmore may possibly have eased the the past underscores that good fortune and (nicknamed “His Accidency”), to annex passage of the Compromise of 1850, which helps define American politics. Texas as a slave state. This move papered over the conflict about the accelerated the chain of events that led to extension of slavery but really only Opaque indicators the Civil War by upsetting the Missouri postponed an increasingly likely Compromise’s balance between free and showdown over slavery and secession. The first president to die in office, slave states and throwing open the question Unlike the previous succession, this one William Henry Harrison (Feb. 9, of extending territory seized from Mexico probably did not make a great deal of 1773-April 4, 1841), took sick immediately in the war sparked by Texas annexation. difference.

4 Summer 2010 Polar opposites

The third fallen chief executive, who died a little more than one month into his second term, was Abraham Lincoln, president No. 16. He died on April 15, 1865, at the age of 56, hours after being shot by the assassin John Wilkes Booth. Lincoln is generally regarded as the greatest of all presidents. Against tremendous odds, he led the Union to victory in the Civil War and thereby preserved the country as one nation. Likewise, against resistance and criticism, he ended slavery in much of the country by issuing the Emancipation Proclamation. He was also possibly the most eloquent person ever to occupy the White House — one of the great prose poets of the English language — as he proved again and again, especially with his Gettysburg Address and second inaugural address. Inversely, Lincoln’s successor, Andrew Johnson, is generally regarded as one of President Abraham Lincoln, center, delivers his second inaugural address on March 4, 1865, in this photograph the worst presidents. He came into office by Alexander Gardner. Above Lincoln to the right and behind an iron railing stands his assassin, John Wilkes just as the Civil War was ending and the Booth, though he cannot be seen clearly in this photograph. overriding issue facing the country was how to deal with the defeated South and “Grave” consequences who died on Aug. 2, 1923, at the age of 57 several million freed from a heart attack, roughly two-and-a-half slaves — known as The fourth to expire in office,James years into his term. Elected with self- Reconstruction. Garfield, president No. 20, poses the same coined watchwords such as “not heroics Johnson, a former problem of interpretation as Harrison. This but healing, not nostrums but normalcy,” Democrat, botched 49-year-old former Union general and Harding had interpreted his landslide the job from the start Ohio Republican victory as a mandate to avoid international by telling defeated congressman was commitments and return to earlier pro- Confederates (except only six months into business policies favored by his Andrew Johnson for leaders) that all his term when he Republican party. Harding appointed able they needed to do died on Sept. 19, men to his cabinet, particularly Secretary was accept the end of slavery and apply to 1881, from infection of State Charles him, the president, for pardons. This policy caused by wounds Evans Hughes and cut out Congress, whose Republican from an assassin’s Secretary of majority demanded restrictions on those bullet. Garfield made Commerce Herbert white Southerners and aid and a political no major decisions Hoover, and his role for the freed slaves. James Garfield during those months, administration did Johnson refused to compromise, and and he had run on the hew to its promised Congress adopted its own Reconstruction standard Republican platform known as course. policies over his vetoes. When he tried to “Waving the Bloody Shirt” — whipping up Unfortunately, impede implementation of those policies, memories of the Civil War. He had made Harding also brought his opponents in the House voted articles comments in the past about civil service Warren G. Harding with him a bunch of of impeachment, and those in the Senate reform, which would remove government cronies who opened fell just one vote short of convicting him jobs from party patronage and fill them a carnival of corruption, and at the time of and removing him from office. The whole through written examinations. his death the president appeared about to business poisoned chances for a relatively Although his successor, Chester A. move against his felonious friends. amicable Reconstruction and left the Arthur, came from a party machine Successor Calvin Coolidge swiftly presidential office weakened for a background opposed to such reforms, he cleaned house, but otherwise the generation. did not try to block them, and because succession marked a seamless transition People at the time and historians since Garfield’s assassin was a mentally that retained Harding’s best appointees and then have argued over what Lincoln would deranged party office-seeker, an outburst of maintained his policies of disengagement have done about Reconstruction. A few national remorse helped impel Congress to abroad and promotion of business at home. have claimed that, like Johnson, he would pass the law that began converting the have let the ex-Confederates off lightly but federal government to civil service. Like Major ramifications would have done it with a finesse and Harrison, Garfield had more impact as diplomacy that would have satisfied the president in death than in life. In three cases of a president dying Republicans in Congress. Many others in office, however, the deeds of his have claimed that Lincoln would have Business decisions successor did have a big impact and pursued policies resembling congressional sparked controversy from the start about Reconstruction without misleading The sixth chief executive to fall was alleged infidelity to the wishes of the Southern whites about what to expect. Warren G. Harding, president No. 29, fallen leader. Either way, few have doubted that the

Summer 2010 5 politically skilled and deep-thinking Lincoln would have acted differently from the maladroit, fanatically stubborn Johnson. Little doubt exists that this death of a president was an unmitigated tragedy that changed things immeasurably for the worse.

Warring opinions

The seventh and eighth successions — the last ones thus far — have also sparked controversy, but with little agreement about the direction or significance of changes that may have taken place. On April 12, 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) died at the age of 63 of a cerebral hemorrhage, a little more than two months into his fourth term as president No. 32, as World War II was drawing to a close and before the Cold War with the Soviet Union had started. Up to that point, FDR had been trying to cooperate with the Soviet leader, Josef Stalin, in order to end the war faster and forestall post-war conflicts and differences. Questions and arguments quickly arose Franklin D. Roosevelt’s 1945 funeral procession down Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C., included a about the way his successor, Harry S. horse-drawn casket. Truman, ended the war — particularly dropping the atomic bombs on Japan the Soviets. This was the clearest example much greater commitment and legislative — and the way he confronted Stalin and of how perceptions of the changes caused skill, which were essential to putting eventually engaged in a global struggle by the death of a president spawned through the reform program of the Great with the Soviets and the Communist political conflicts in their own right. Society, including fighting poverty, Chinese. Skeptics and critics proclaimed preventing crime, advancing education, and that FDR would have handled things Unlikely bedfellows enacting the most significant civil rights differently and better by not antagonizing laws since Reconstruction. Although the Soviets as Truman did. The death of John F. Kennedy, Kennedy had also served in both houses of In fact, Truman’s predecessor as vice president No. 35, at the age of 46, less than Congress, he had never been a party leader president, Henry Wallace, ran as a third- three years in office, and the succession by or influential insider, as Johnson was — party candidate for president in 1948 on the Lyndon B. Johnson supremely — as, for instance, Senate premise that Roosevelt would not have have spawned similar minority leader, then Senate majority leader, gotten the country into the Cold War. arguments. and, as historian Robert Caro calls him, Wallace did not win, and some people at The arguments “master of the Senate.” Nor did Kennedy the time and later maintained that Truman’s revolve almost show the deep knowledge and passionate tough stances brought welcome and entirely around commitment to humane causes such as civil necessary departures from softness toward whether Kennedy rights and fighting poverty that his successor would have displayed. At the same time, those and other committed hundreds interpreters have acknowledged that the of thousands of wave of national remorse following John F. Kennedy American troops to Kennedy’s assassination greatly aided Vietnam, as Johnson Johnson in enacting his programs. did a little more than a year after he took office. With greater confidence in his Seizing opportunities abilities in foreign affairs and more skepticism about claims about the Finally, one presidential succession effectiveness of armed force advanced by stands by itself in judgments about the the military brass, Kennedy supposedly changes that it would have held back from plunging into wrought. The fifth of what the French President Charles de them and the first one Gaulle famously told him was a in the 20th century “bottomless quagmire.” Yet Johnson relied came on Sept. 14, almost entirely on advisors appointed by 1901, when, a Kennedy, who had repeatedly claimed that year-and-a-half into Vietnam was a critical battleground in the his second term, Cold War. Johnson himself always claimed William McKinley, Harry S. Truman, center left, takes the presidential that he was following faithfully in No. 25, succumbed oath of office administered by Supreme Court Chief Kennedy’s footsteps. This argument still William McKinley to infection caused Justice Harlan F. Stone in the Cabinet Room of the rages nearly five decades after those events. by an assassin’s White House on April 12, 1945. Truman succeeded Conversely, on the domestic side, many bullet. Succeeding him was the youngest Franklin D. Roosevelt. interpreters have credited Johnson with and, by all estimates, one of the most

6 Summer 2010 unusual and most popular of all presidents — nominee of one of the major parties.) Theodore Roosevelt. Ironically, TR’s actions helped insure the Even at first glance, stark contrasts election of the Democrats’ choice, separated the two men. Unlike the Woodrow Wilson, who began the long- 58-year-old McKinley, who was a veteran running and decisive shift of liberalism and of the Civil War, Roosevelt was only 42 progressivism to that party. and too young to have served in that war. It is safe to say that the course of Unlike the formal, dignified McKinley, American politics would not have been the who had no living children and had a same without TR. reclusive, melancholy wife, Roosevelt was a boisterous extrovert with six children, the Political fates oldest age 17 and the youngest age three when he took office, and a lively, He and Andrew Johnson offer the outspoken wife who entertained regularly. clearest examples of the differences that Unlike McKinley, who had risen from successors to a fallen president can make: modest middle-class origins, attending but TR, usually accounted to be for the better; not finishing Allegheny College and the first Johnson, almost undeniably for the reading law with a local attorney, worse. But even the less consequential and Roosevelt came from a cosmopolitan more argued-over successions have had background of wealth and privilege and their impact. was a Harvard graduate and accomplished Theodore Roosevelt waves to a crowd in this For the last half century, the closest naturalist and widely published historian undated photo. America has come to the kind of change (and fifth cousin to FDR). wrought by the death of a president has Changes in the public atmospherics (and later Secretary of State under been No. 37 Richard M. Nixon’s surrounding the White House occurred Roosevelt) Elihu Root and Attorney resignation following the Watergate almost overnight with Roosevelt’s General Philander C. Knox, and continue scandal. His successor, Ford, deserves succession. Again unlike McKinley, who its antitrust and military policies. But TR great credit for alleviating that national had been a consummate political insider always acted with a flair for publicity trauma. Yet, for all their significance, those and spent many years on Capitol Hill as a previously absent, and his showmanship were not the same kinds of event. congressman and then as governor (from became a source of political strength, Fortune has indeed smiled on the Ohio), Roosevelt had bounced around as an which he used to become the first nation in not having the death of a outsider in the New York State Assembly, presidential successor to win election to the president for these last five decades or U. S. Civil Service Commission, and Navy office in his own right. (The others have its first five. ■ Department, and as a governor of New been: Coolidge, Truman, and Lyndon York, with maverick tendencies on Johnson.) In his second term he patronage and business issues. But he also successfully pushed through much stronger John Milton Cooper, Jr., had enjoyed attention and often adoration railroad regulation by the Interstate Professor Emeritus of History at from the press from the moment he had Commerce Commission and established University of Wisconsin-Madison, entered politics fresh out of Harvard, what would become the Food and Drug has written numerous books whereas McKinley had made his way up Administration and the Forest Service. He on American history including slowly through the political ranks and dealt also earned the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 Woodrow Wilson: A Biography largely behind the scenes. for mediating the Russo-Japanese War. (Alfred A. Knopf), a finalist for this year's Pulitzer Roosevelt’s natural gifts and long TR’s popularity also allowed him to Prize in biography or autobiography; The Warrior practice made him a shrewd manipulator of chart a course apart from and sometimes and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore the new public dimensions of politics opposed to the leaders of his party Roosevelt (Harvard University Press, 1983); Pivotal opened by the rise of the mass media in the — something almost none of his Decades: The United States 1900-1920 (W.W. form of big-circulation metropolitan predecessors had been able to do. The soul Norton & Co., 1990); and The Vanity of Power; newspapers and magazines with national of his party, the Republicans, belonged to American Isolationism and the First World War. readership. His well-publicized exploits as McKinley and his circumspect, pro- 1914-1917 (Greenwood Publishing Corp., 1969). a rancher and hunter in the West and his business conservatism. TR represented a Cooper has served on the Pulitzer jury heroic command of troops in combat in the different kind of conservatism — one that for history and on the Council of Foreign Spanish-American War had made him a was sensitive to popular discontents, Relations. He was the chief historian and an force to be reckoned with and placed him skeptical toward business, and, therefore, advisor, respectively, for television biographies on the best springboard for an eventual receptive to government intervention in the of Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt presidential run, the governorship of New economy in order to forestall unwise and on PBS’s American Experience. Educated in York. (Between 1868 and 1948, half the potentially revolutionary changes such as history at Princeton University (B.A.) and elections would feature a governor or government ownership of the railroads and Columbia University (M.A. and Ph.D.), Cooper former governor of New York as a major other steps toward “socialism.” has received a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship, party nominee.) With Roosevelt in the Those differences with his party’s National Endowment for the Humanities White House, the presidency became an leaders later led TR, as ex-president, to bolt Fellowships, a Guggenheim Fellowship, and a object of attention and adulation rivaling the party in 1912 and run as the nominee of Fulbright professorship, among other accolades. big-time sports and entertainment. his newly formed Progressive Party (whose As a member of the Organization of American Some critics of TR (not “Teddy,” a mascot was the Bull Moose). It was a bold Historians, he served on the Frederick Jackson nickname he disliked) scoffed that he move, which allowed him to expound his Turner Award committee; as a member of the offered more show than substance. Like all ideas more fully, and he finished second in American Historical Association, he chaired the F. presidential successors, he pledged to the election, ahead of the Republican Franklin Jameson Prize committee. Cooper also continue the policies of his fallen nominee, incumbent President William was on the editorial advisory committee for the predecessor, and he did retain key Howard Taft. (This remains the only time Papers of Woodrow Wilson and on the advisory appointees from the previous in American history that a third-party committee of the White House Bicentennial administration, such as Secretary of War candidate has finished ahead of the Celebration. Email him at [email protected].

Summer 2010 7 Courtesy of the artist

Christopher Saucedo’s Floodmarker (2008), Franklin Ave., New Orleans, across from the still-vacant Milne Boys Home, serves as a reaction to Hurricane Katrina.

unoccupied residences remained in New Orleans, the highest in the country per When Tragedy Inspires capita.6 Population figures remain vague and arguable,7 and much of the work needed for infrastructure restoration Recovery: Visual Arts remains in dispute.8 There are, however, many stories of inspiration, victory, and success (most recently, the bigger, better, and stronger in Post-Katrina New Orleans “Who Dat Nation”: the Super Bowl victory by the New Orleans Saints on Feb. 7) and By Susan E. Krantz flood waters ate through victims’ homes of persistence, creativity, hope, and and belongings, rendering salvage attempts resolve. This article tells just one of those hen Hurricane Katrina hit New futile.4 stories, the story of the visual arts in Orleans on Aug. 29, 2005, and the New Orleans itself initially was unable post-Katrina New Orleans. W federal levees broke, more than 80 to participate in its own recovery because If, as famed Louisiana writer and percent of the city flooded. The population the devastation was so widespread. For Phi Kappa Phi member Ernest J. Gaines of New Orleans plummeted from 437,198 months, few, if any, businesses in Orleans asserts, “tragedy is the blood of art,”9 in January 2005 to 158,353 in January Parish could reopen. Commercial property Katrina got New Orleans pumping, and as 2006.1 By August 2006, the Louisiana around the city was ruined, and employers in a successful transfusion, the tragic Department of Health and Hospitals and workers disbursed and were blood’s compatibility to the patient soon confirmed 1,464 deaths from the storm,2 unreachable. Homeowners, once they were became absorbed into the total circulatory but the actual death toll is undeniably much allowed to return, could not purchase system of the city’s arts culture. higher. Similarly, six months after the replacement white goods, furnishings, Almost all the primary art galleries storm The Federal Response to Hurricane cleaning supplies, and home repair survived the inundation with little, if any, Katrina: Lessons Learned, a report materials; they could not locate local flood damage. Although there is no official supervised by Frances Fragos Townsend, carpenters, plumbers, contractors, and organizational count of museums and art then Assistant to the President for electricians. galleries in the city, the Web site Homeland Security and Counterterrorism, Picking up the pieces would be long bestofneworleans.com on June 7, 2005, claimed the total damage at $96 billion (in and hard. A RAND Corp. technical report listed 50; only six were located in areas of third quarter 2005 dollars), although predicted a 5- to 10-year recovery time.5 substantial flooding. property values and damage claims As we approach the fifth anniversary of The map at right (page 9) allows for continue to be disputed in courts and Hurricane Katrina, however, the 10-year easy visualization of the higher, unflooded Congress.3 The city was off-limits to prediction seems overly optimistic. For portion of the city. With Lake Pontchartrain residents for six weeks, as contaminated instance, as of August 2009, 65,888 to the north and the Mississippi River to

8 Summer 2010 basement offices and storage flooded, its outdoor Bestoff Sculpture Garden suffered extensive damage to its landscaping, lighting, and lagoons, and a staff member died.11 For NOMA, the result amounted to a $6 million restoration project and a closure of six months for the museum and more than four years for the sculpture garden. Despite the general survival of the arts infrastructure in New Orleans, most people did not predict a swift recovery would follow. After all, arts are a luxury, and so many in New Orleans were in what has come to be known as “survival mode.” Also, most were pessimistic that tourism would rebound in the near future. Doug MacCash, art critic for New Orleans’ largest newspaper, The Times-Picayune, believed that most galleries in the major art districts would fail: “I just figured it was a Steve Stevens, University of New Orleans, Geography Dept. Geography of New Orleans, University Courtesy of the artist. Stevens, Map: Steve matter of time before they faded,” he thought, but concludes that “the opposite was true.”12 Above: Mark Bradford’s Partial explanation for the recovery of Mithra (2008), an ark-like the arts in New Orleans again lies in installation set among the geography, this time in neighborhood desolation of Hurricane demographics, especially professional artist Katrina, was displayed cohorts within various neighborhoods. But at one of the 20-plus it also lies in local audiences — with a venues that comprised the greatly reduced tourist population, galleries Prospect 1 art show in had to rely on locals to frequent museums, New Orleans in late 2008. buy art, and patronize arts events. And New Orleanians came through. For a look at fixing Said another way, less than two months after the storm, the New Orleans’ arts communications community rediscovered itself. When the failures from Ogden Museum reopened its doors on Oct. Hurricane Katrina, 27, 2005, re-inaugurating its “After Hours” see page 24. series that combines gallery viewing with concerts and cocktails, more than 600 people jammed the event, a huge turnout the south, the area closest to the river, west of the Warehouse District. To the east given that pre-Katrina attendance usually about a mile wide, stretching along the of the French Quarter is the St. Claude Arts hovered around 100. Artists and patrons, length of the Mississippi to the point where District, an arts destination developed only gallery owners, museum workers, it meets the Industrial Canal, remained dry after Katrina. But again, the majority of volunteers, and members joined young and has come to be known by New galleries and venues can be found in the gallery-hoppers and neighborhood Orleanians as “the sliver by the river.”10 “sliver by the river.” Further to the east and residents. The museum director at the time, The sliver holds great significance, as it below the waterway called the Industrial Rick Gruber, realized that evening that the represents the basic “old city,” which Canal, the levees did indeed give way, Ogden Museum had become the “rallying houses much of its cultural treasures. The flooding the large area to the east, known at point for the art and culture of the city and early settlers in New Orleans chose right, the Lower Ninth Ward (L9). Although L9 region.”13 Similarly, gallery owners in the staking out the highest ground for their provided several venues for the enormous, Warehouse Arts District found their homes. Except for the sliver, a few natural city-wide art extravaganza in 2008 known post-Katrina business much healthier than ridges, and some high-filled land near Lake as Project 1, it is not one of New Orleans’ they had originally predicted. Bob Heriard, Pontchartrain, the rest of the city flooded, art districts. co-owner of Heriard-Cimino Gallery, sold causing a giant bowl of water. The map Much of the arts infrastructure remained more artwork in 2006 than he had in any also delineates the major art districts in viable following the storm. The major year in the previous decade, he told me in New Orleans, through the use of thick red museums survived: there was no water in an interview. And his story is typical of lines. (The colors to the map serve as ways the University of New Orleans Ogden many established galleries. Not only were to distinguish parts of the city.) Where the Museum of Southern Art (Ogden Museum) hurricane victims “replacing” lost art, the Mississippi bends near the center of the in the Warehouse District or in the public floodwater somehow brought with it a map is the world famous Vieux Carre areas of the New Orleans Museum of Art greater appreciation of the importance of (French Quarter) and the still-vibrant arts (NOMA in City Park, located in Mid-City New Orleans to the creative consciousness district on and around Royal Street. Several near Lakeview), although NOMA’s of the nation. top-notch galleries can be found in the French Quarter, but most significant contemporary galleries are located in the For footnotes, go online to http://www.phikappaphi.org/ Warehouse Arts District to the immediate web/Publications/Forum/summer2010/artkatrina. west, and in the Magazine Corridor to the

Summer 2010 9 If the Ogden Museum was the rallying point, the entire city became the canvas for post-Katrina art. Many of those present at the Ogden Museum reopening already had resumed their arts-related work; even before Katrina, large numbers of visual Courtesy of the artist artists had been located in the less- damaged Faubourg Marigny, Bywater, and Lower Garden District area near Magazine Street neighborhoods as well as in Algiers Point to the south of the river, where there are several older neighborhoods on or near the “sliver” with affordable homes and commercial buildings for lease or sale. Of course, many artists did not live in arts neighborhoods and not all arts neighborhoods were spared. Painter Jim Richard and sculptor Christopher Saucedo lived and worked in the Gentilly area, relatively close to the University of New Orleans, at which they teach. For those artists as well as several others nearby, both homes and studios were lost, as well as years of work, sketches, scribbled ideas Jim Richard’s collage Art and Décor (2005) is an example of the rejuvenation the artist underwent when and cuttings, art materials, completed Hurricane Katrina compelled him to evacuate New Orleans and temporarily create from afar. projects and books. The same was true in other areas of the city. Nonetheless, more a gigantic wall-like pattern. Most viewers 81 artists from 39 countries at more arts neighborhoods survived than did not.14 found a part of that work that reminded than 20 venues. The brainchild of Dan Shortly after the Ogden opening, artists them of their own furniture; almost Cameron, director of visual arts at from around the country descended on everyone was impressed by the vastness of the New Orleans Contemporary Arts New Orleans to create something out of the the exhibit that had an epic, catalogue Center, it encompassed all the main arts unfolding tragedy they had witnessed in quality about it; and most everyone read districts in the city and added L9 to its the media. They were hungry to make art the failure of the levees in the gaps list of venues. Artists could pick their here, to bring art here, to join with the between the water-ruined components. In own themes, whether related to Katrina artists here to turn the tragedy into creative fact, many Katrina pieces are profoundly or not. It promised to lure thousands of commentary — confrontational and moving, now as then — I think especially art-loving tourists to New Orleans, and it political, shocking and soothing, at its best, of “Drastic Changes: Trees of New Orleans pledged, as the first biennial of its type, transformative. For the most part, they Then and Now by Wolf Kahn,” presented to return to the city in November 2011. were not interested in or inspired by the at the Ogden Museum. Kahn’s 2002 pastels By all accounts Prospect 1 was “sliver by the river,” but by the vast of New Orleans trees were hung side by successful; by all accounts Prospect 1 was destruction all around it. They were joined side with photographs of the literal location not nearly as successful as promised. by some returning local artists who faced post-Katrina. I watched as viewers cried at Sculptor Saucedo told an interviewer that their personal loss with determination and the transience of nature even as they Prospect 1 “literally put us on the map as a creativity. In L9, for instance, Keith treasured the endurance of art. destination of contemporary art,” although Calhoun and Chandra McCormick had lost While recognizing an arts Renaissance “I didn’t need artists from Brazil and their house and moved to Spring, Texas, in the city, many reputable local artists London to make Katrina art. That’s my but returned to New Orleans to build the were suspicious of supposed help that story. … On the other hand, a lot of it was L9 Center for the Arts.15 Conceptual artist outside artists promised for the city. And so good and so powerful, I just loved it.”18 and Houston native Mel Chin, also displaced residents found it all too His response encapsulates the truth of involved in helping the New Orleans arts heartbreaking for outsiders to see their Prospect 1’s impact: regardless of the community recover, encapsulated the ruined lives and property as displayable sometimes-questionable aesthetics of some nationwide attitude: “The magnitude of the iconography, available to everyone who of the work, and the occasional ignorance tragic situation requires an equal response boarded a bus for the “disaster tour.” As an of or callousness towards local artists and from the creative community.”16 article in The Christian Science Monitor residents, it made an international There was so much activity, in fact, that put it, “Whose Art Is Katrina Art?” One impression and reminded the art world that for a while the arts boom following Katrina local artist, Susan Gisleson, called some of New Orleans was a destination before was discussed in terms of which artists the Katrina work “emotional pornography,” Katrina and should be an even larger one actually had claim to the tragedy, for and Bob Shaffer, a local sculptor, used an after. Covered by The New York Times, The Katrina had become the singular subject of idiomatic Southernism to describe the Wall Street Journal and The New Yorker, so many artists’ output. I can hardly national post-Katrina arts phenomenon in the event attracted upwards of 42,000 remember an opening exhibition in 2006 in New Orleans: “a lot of carpetbaggers and visitors and generated more than $23 which paintings that looked like the mold scalawags coming down here and playing million in economic activity, according to on Katrina walls were absent, or in which on the art scene.”17 its Web site. debris from ruined homes failed to be Nonetheless, the post Katrina arts Like most events of gigantic proportion transformed into mixed-media sculpture or revival marked its high point with the and unbridled ambition, the residuals often installations. Some were clever and opening of Prospect 1, a citywide arts tell the rest of the story. An entirely new moving, like Floodwall, in which artist extravaganza, the largest international arts district developed and was featured Jana Napoli arranged hundreds of water- contemporary art exhibition in the U.S. prominently in Prospect 1, thereby warped bureau drawers, salvaged from It opened on Nov. 1, 2008, and ran collapsing into a few weeks the time trash heaps throughout the city, into a into through Jan. 18, 2009, and featured needed to establish a reputation: the St.

10 Summer 2010 Claude Arts District, which rims Of course, not everything is rosy. preexisting artists’ neighborhood in the Louisiana’s economy has slumped Bywater, now bustles with energy and along with the rest of the nation, and attitude and introduces new artists to the the concomitant threats by the state community on a regular basis through government to reduce arts funding exhibit openings on the second Saturday Courtesy of the artist are increasing. Now that the devastation is of each month. no longer at the forefront of the New Also, local artists turned out not to be as Orleans’ art world, many legislators see no overlooked as they feared in Prospect 1 point in supporting such “luxuries.” They and afterwards; many have experienced seem to have forgotten the invaluable their own artistic renaissances, finding lessons of supporting the creative renewed energy and direction. For economy, especially when there is such instance, the post-Katrina work of painter diversity of opinion in art that is Richard exhibits nothing of the despair and confrontational or oppositional or simply loss he experienced, but takes the bright confusing — in other words, when the art visuals and attention to detail of his earlier does what it is supposed to do. interior decor paintings in a new direction, Nonetheless, the arts community in New at once more ordered and more playful. He Orleans will not succumb to the new also added a new medium, collage, to his realities of budget cuts just as it did not repertoire, using the small scraps he succumb to Hurricane Katrina. Stronger salvaged from his flooded studio. For than before, richer in spirit and reputation, Richard, the creation of an entirely new Leandro Erlich’s Window and Ladder — Too Late for the visual arts in New Orleans turned body of work while exiled in Austin helped Help (2008), a response to Hurricane Katrina, was tragedy to resilience. ■ him reclaim and celebrate his artistic part of a large art exhibition called Prospect 1 in identity outside an oppressive Katrina New Orleans in late 2008. Eighty-one artists from 39 Author’s note: I would like to thank environment (see Richard photo on page countries participated. Lawrence Jenkens, chair of the Fine Arts 10).19 Sculptor Saucedo, too, understands Department at University of New Orleans the cleansing power of the Katrina of New Orleans and head of a coalition of (UNO) for his assistance in researching experience: he has told me and others that eight New Orleans arts organizations that this essay. I would also like to thank the it made him confront his identity as an Getty funded, credits that support for the late Johanna Schindler, UNO’s director of artist and strengthened that identity, arts community’s ability “to design a new publications and communications at the whether or not his subject matter deals strategic plan, create new sources of earned time of her passing, for suggesting this with Katrina. (Floodmarker, on page 8, is revenue, cultivate new collaborations and work to me. She died suddenly from one of Saucedo’s post-Katrina pieces.) continue our artistic programs while complications of a brain aneurysm on Katrina also brought local artists to helping to rebuild the city.”21 In 2008, the March 7 before the article could be major shows in New York and elsewhere as Joan Mitchell Foundation, too, launched a completed. Anything enjoyable or well as introduced prominent artists from new granting initiative, worth up to $5,000 worthwhile in this piece, then, I share with elsewhere to New Orleans. For instance, apiece, to support New Orleans-based them. The faults, of course, I acknowledge Mark Bradford, an internationally opportunities for painters and sculptors as mine. recognized mixed-media artist connected living and working in the Gulf Coast area.22 with the Saatchi Gallery in London, placed No longer the tragic Katrina city, New his three-story, 64-foot ark, entitled Mithra, Orleans has reemerged as a hot spot for the Susan E. Krantz (University in the L9 wasteland, creating a monument visual arts. Project director of the of New Orleans), a native to the hope for survival and the emptiness organization Sculpture for New Orleans, New Orleanian, is Dean of of its promise. (See Mithra photo on page Michael Manjarris, sized up the new the College of Liberal Arts at 9.) Similarly, Argentinean artist Leandro attitude of artists and audiences alike: University of New Orleans. Her Erlich used L9 as his backdrop for Window “Everybody’s excited and busy, and the involvement with the city has and Ladder — Too Late for Help. The wet blanket’s off.”23 included board positions on the Committee for work, which appears to defy gravity, Perhaps most telling is the physical a Better New Orleans, Metropolitan Leadership depicts a ladder propped up against an evidence of creative energy. There is Committee, Ogden Museum of Southern Art, and open brick window superimposed on a literally art everywhere in New Orleans. New Orleans Mayoral Fellows Program. Krantz barren field and overcast skies, and has Thanks to the vision and hard work of was named Woman of the Year by CityBusiness, been at the Sean Kelly Gallery in Manjarris and collaborator Peter Lundberg, New Orleans, in 2004. Trained as a specialist New York City. And NOMA loaned the Sculpture for New Orleans has placed 35 in Shakespeare and early modern drama and exhibition, “The Big Easy in the Big significant pieces throughout the city, and culture, she also has served on the editorial board Apple: Two Centuries of Art in Louisiana about 65 more are planned over the next of Explorations in Renaissance Culture and is past from the Battle of New Orleans to three years.24 The Ogden Museum reports president of the South-Central Renaissance Katrina,” more than 100 works, to the increased attendance at its “After Hours” Association. Her publications include articles AXA Gallery in New York City.20 series of at least 50 percent more than in Renaissance and Reformation/Renaissance And major foundations began to notice pre-Katrina (from about 100 to 150-180). et Reforme; Studies in English Literature 1500- and fund New Orleans artists. By fall 2008, The number of galleries listed in 1800; Explorations in Renaissance Culture; and the Getty Foundation had awarded $2.8 bestofneworleans.com has increased, too, American Speech. Krantz earned English degrees million in grants to local museums and by 75 percent, from 50 to 87, and the work from Newcomb College (B.A.), Mississippi State arts organization. Jay Weigel, executive in them is as diverse and exciting as the University (M.A.), and Tulane University (Ph.D.). director of the Contemporary Arts Center city itself. Email her at [email protected].

To read how the University of New Orleans is recovering from Hurricane Katrina, go online to http://www.phikappaphi.org/web/Publications/Forum/summer2010/UNO.

Summer 2010 11 Photos: stock.xchng Photos:

we tend to inflect it one way or the other. Rather, loss is a necessary and, if you think Accommodating Loss about it, neutral concomitant to change in one’s life. For example, for a couple to By Anne Chandler suffers secondary distress because the marry, both parties must relinquish their intensity of grief is seen not as “normal,” current status and perception of themselves n “Good Grief,” an article in The New but as prima facie evidence that there must as independent individuals (lose something) Yorker on Feb. 1, author Meghan be something “wrong” with the sufferer. in order to wed (gain something). Or when I O’Rourke detailed the history of And that’s usually not true. In my clinical a student graduates, the use of the term changes in mourning over the last century work, I have observed that loss is a “bittersweet” in commencement speeches or so and offered explanations for the shift necessary and intimate part of living and reflects the acknowledgement that from public recognition of death to a more must be accommodated. (My field tries to something has to end for something new to private form of mourning. Death is less a avoid the word “recovery” because it begin. So, even as one embraces what is part of our lives, she implied. For example, implies a return to an original state, and in expected to be a fulfillment, a lack is seldom do multiple generations live loss, that rarely happens.) However, for always occurring. together anymore. And death has been most people, understanding loss and how removed from the home to the sterile to accommodate it is not a process which Confronting loss confines of the hospital, while funeral with they are familiar. The subtitle of parlors now take care of the body. Death O’Rourke’s piece is, “Is There a Better There have been numerous attempts to has become an unknown, thus, something Way to Grieve?” The answer is yes. build a model of accommodating losses. In to fear; acknowledging it or demonstrating 1944 Erich Lindemann, chief of psychiatry distress over it adds to our discomfort. Interpreting loss at Massachusetts General Hospital and an O’Rourke also noted conspicuous early researcher in the field, suggested exceptions of current privatized mourning Loss can be conceptualized in a variety tasks that must be completed to come to by citing deaths of celebrities (e.g., of ways. Tangible losses are those we can terms with loss. They included accepting Princess Diana of Wales and Michael see: death of a loved one; downsizing of a the fact of the loss, adjusting to life without Jackson) whose passing occasioned job; ashes of a burned building; physical the deceased and forming new relationships. widespread public involvement. deterioration of aging; the move of adult Various phase-based theories have been I concur with her about the movement offspring away from their childhood home. posited, most suggesting an initial state of toward the privatization of grief. I’d add Intangible losses are psychosocial and shock followed by various emotional that this is an unfortunate development. As involve no visible manifestation: loss of responses like anger and guilt, and then a a licensed professional counselor, I believe expectations of a happy marriage in reestablishment to former functioning. that in our desire to keep grief private, we divorce; parental disappointment in a (See, for example, Robert E. Kavanaugh, have (especially in Western culture) child’s poor choices; the realization that Facing Death, 1972, and J. William unwittingly created a population ignorant one has advanced in one’s career as far as Worden, Grief Counseling and Grief of the variety of ways people grieve loss. possible. Therapy, 1991.) Most famously, in 1969 That ignorance leads to experiences in The paradox of loss is that it has neither psychiatrist Elisabeth Kubler-Ross which the individual dealing with a loss positive nor negative valence, even though published her groundbreaking treatise,

12 Summer 2010 On Death and Dying, which argued that disorders. It has been well documented that people went through five stages to deal the immune system often is suppressed with loss: denial, anger, bargaining, when grieving a loss, leaving the individual depression, and acceptance. susceptible to illness. (See, for example, Lindemann felt four to six weeks was Steven Schleifer et al., “Suppression of adequate to work through loss. Conventional Lymphocyte Stimulation Following wisdom says that it takes one calendar year. Bereavement” in The Journal of the Research indicates that at least some American Medical Association, 1983.) people may experience grief, chronic Behavioral responses. Loss sometimes sadness or other affective involvement for prompts crying or angry outbursts. Other well beyond one year. (See, for example, manifestations are more extreme: Mary M. L. Vachon et al., “Predictors and withdrawing from relationships; acting out; Correlates of Adaptation to Conjugal becoming hyperactive; becoming lethargic. Bereavement,” in The American Journal Cognition. Loss can compromise of Psychiatry, August 1982.) decision-making and concentration. Thoughts may be obsessive (what if …) or Redefining loss even hallucinatory (when the lost person or object seems to be present). In 1989 in The Journal of Consulting I find that providing a taxonomy of and Clinical Psychology, bereavement reactions to loss often helps grievers cope. scholars Camille B. Wortman and Roxane It provides a normative framework in L. Silver published “The Myths of Coping which experiences are designated as a with Loss,” a comprehensive and function of loss, not a sign of mental influential review of the literature on illness. Knowing the broad range of dealing with loss. In most cases, the “normal” grief also allows individuals to research was based on response to the Beginning,” in Omega: The Journal of assess prior experiences for similar death of a spouse. The authors found that Death and Dying (1992-93), summarized reactions that may signal an unrecognized some commonly accepted beliefs tied to empirical research linking the following or unacknowledged loss. (See Elizabeth J. the theoreticians cited above had little or to complicated mourning: sudden, Bruce and Cynthia L. Shultz’s Nonfinite no empirical support. unanticipated death (especially traumatic Loss and Grief: A Psychoeducational For example, the idea that distress and or violent death); death following a Approach, 2001.) depression are always concomitants of loss protracted illness; loss of a child; an is not supported by empirical studies. Nor ambivalent relationship with the deceased; Looking ahead is the grieving process necessarily finished prior or current mental health problems; in any of the time frames hypothesized by lack of perceived social support. The accommodation of loss is a leading thinkers. In fact, Wortman and Although this research originally complex process still not fully understood. Silver noted that although all theories about focused on individual behavior, it could Although many theories of accommodation dealing with grief postulated a stage of also explain, in part, some responses exist, little empirical evidence to support adjustment, several studies indicate that 25 in collective behavior responding to those theories has been discovered. In to 40 percent of people working through loss. For example, the devastation addition, we have very little information loss may never reach that level. John H. wrought by the January earthquake in about, and little empirical examination of, Harvey, Professor of Psychology at Haiti involved sudden, unanticipated, those individuals who seem particularly University of Iowa and author of violent deaths; deaths of many resilient in dealing with loss. Perspectives on Loss and Trauma (2002), children; and disrupted social support Much more research is needed to notes when loss is associated with trauma systems. We should anticipate that establish best practices in working with (e.g., murder), healing is probably not the adaptation or accommodation of individuals attempting to accommodate achievable; adaptation is more so. the losses of the citizens of Haiti will loss. As O’Rourke noted, we know that Findings like these suggest a more be difficult and may be prolonged. there are better ways to grieve and deal complex and individualized response to with loss. ■ loss be considered. After all, progress Classifying loss toward accommodation or adaptation to loss is typically not linear. Rather, the A challenge of dealing with loss is that Anne Chandler (Virginia individual may feel grief deeply at one it is, fundamentally, an individual Commonwealth University) point, experience a waning of grief, only to experience. From the standpoint of a is Associate Professor of return to deep grief — the latter prompted, therapist, that is hardly surprising. There Rehabilitation Counseling say, by a holiday. But although reminders are few situations where all people will and Senior Associate Dean of like anniversaries of losses are frequently react alike. So from a clinical perspective, the Honors College at Virginia reported as causes of renewed grief, some what to do? Commonwealth University. Her professional intense remorse may seem to be triggered I find it useful to break up reactions to areas of interest include vocational and career by nothing in particular (though of course loss into four categories. They take into development and psychosocial adaptation there’s always a root for it somewhere). account that grief is ultimately an to loss. She has published numerous articles And some losses are perceived to be individual phenomenon but also that grief in these areas in Rehabilitation Literature and relatively minor and occasion little overt includes common responses: Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, among others, response. Loss, then, is frequently Emotional reactions. Loss conjures up and teaches courses about coping with loss. wavelike: coming and going over time. feelings such as sadness, unhappiness or Chandler is licensed as a professional counselor What’s more, factors may predispose loneliness as well as anger, guilt, anxiety, and a member of Chi Sigma Iota, the counseling individuals to be vulnerable to intense or fear, and even relief. honorary society. She received her M.A. and Ph.D. prolonged grieving. Therese A. Rando, in Physical reactions. Loss may cause in Counseling from Michigan State University and “The Increasing Prevalence of Complicated sleeping or eating problems; shortness of a B.A. in Psychology from Vanderbilt University. Mourning: The Onslaught Is Just breath, aches and pains; or menstrual Email her at [email protected].

Summer 2010 13 roentgenologist (a specialist in imaging technology like the x-ray) aboard the Relief, which was characterized as the best-equipped vessel of her kind in the world. Gray, of the Army Medical Museum in Washington, D.C., had experimented with x-rays there as early as June 1896. The shadows from x-rays revolutionized the diagnosis of war injuries by revealing fractured bones as well as locating bullets and shrapnel that often ripped haphazardly through the body. Before the introduction of the x-ray, military surgeons investigated wounds “by feel” with their finger, probe or other instrument. This was an inexact exploratory process that, even with antiseptic procedures, routinely compounded the projectiles’ destructive effect and led to infection and other complications. In fact, seven soldiers died of infectious disease for each one who died from wounds sustained in battle. As a result of following a “do not touch” The “radiological suite” on the Army hospital ship Relief could accommodate many patients. The figure is policy of limited surgical intervention unidentified in this undated photo from the Spanish-American War in 1898. when appropriate, 95 percent of those wounded in the Spanish-American war recovered, and x-rays factored into this success rate considerably. Diagnosing Historic American Despite the technological revolution it helped introduce into the practice of military surgery, radiological progress in the Army Medical Department languished Military Medical Innovations after the conclusion of the Spanish- American War. But veterans, who had By James Curley civilians benefited from crucial cutting- gained an appreciation for this pain-free edge U.S. military medical practices more technology during wartime, called for x-ray he U.S. Navy hospital ship Comfort than 100 years ago. diagnoses after returning home. steamed toward Port-au-Prince, Haiti, The period between the late 19th and One was a retired colonel shot while T days after the devastating January early 20th century was marked by a radical campaigning for political office in earthquake that killed more than 200,000 transformation of medicine, especially in Milwaukee in 1912. He was literally saved people. A fully equipped floating hospital biomedicine, technology, specialization by his speech, the notes to which, folded and one of the largest trauma facilities in and rehabilitation. Wartime medical and placed in his breast pocket along with the United States, with the capacity of practice saved lives and served as a his spectacle case, absorbed the impact and holding more than 1,200 military medical training ground and experimental deflected the bullet. X-rays confirmed its personnel and 1,000 hospital beds, the laboratory, substantively influencing location. A decision was made not to Comfort was launched in 1987 as a military and civilian medicine. New operate and the bullet remained harmlessly treatment facility for combat casualties and technologies like radiographic imaging within his chest wall for the next seven to support disaster relief and humanitarian saved soldiers in the field. The evolution of years until he died. This former soldier, operations. In a country that lacked others such as prosthetics, coupled with the celebrated for the charge up San Juan Hill adequate medical facilities even before the rise of medical specialization such as as leader of the Rough Riders during the earthquake, the Comfort provided orthopedics and plastic surgery, also helped Spanish-American War, was former definitive care on its seven-week mission, the wounded reclaim their lives and President Theodore Roosevelt. He was treating 871 patients (540 critically injured) reintegrate into society. again running for the highest office in the and performing 843 surgeries, according to land, this time on the Progressive ticket, the Navy. X-ray developments marked the spot after having served as commander in chief In one of the first medical procedures of from 1901 to ’09 as a Republican. her mission to Haiti, a young man who had X-rays were discovered late in 1895. World War I, which began in 1914 sustained blunt head trauma was whisked Their usefulness in pinpointing the location although American involvement was not to to the radiology department and slid into of bullets within the body was immediately commence until 1917, played a pivotal role the center of the donut-shaped, state-of- recognized and soon x-ray photographs in legitimizing and popularizing the use of the-art CT scanner for diagnosis. The help were used by Italian, British and German x-rays. Half of all American doughboys provided him echoes critical antecedents in military doctors in late 19th-century hospitalized in France were x-rayed. American military medical history. For it conflicts. By the time of the Spanish- Improved materials and better techniques, was in these same waters near Haiti, American War less than three years after and the relatively inexpensive manufacture surrounding the Greater Antilles, during their discovery, practical diagnostic use of of portable units, allowed for large-scale the 1898 Spanish-American War that the radiographs to treat wounded soldiers was production of radiographs close to battle x-ray was first used by the American conducted at permanent hospitals in the lines. Because of complex injuries and high Medical Corps in wartime. As Haitians United States and on U.S. Army hospital casualty rates in the Great War, radiologists received vital treatment aboard the ships such as the Relief. Dr. William Gray became indispensible to military surgeons. Comfort earlier this year, soldiers and served as a photomicroscopist and After the Treaty of Versailles in 1919,

14 Summer 2010 military medicine the Civil War was the first period in which masses of soldiers were outfitted with rudimentary artificial limbs due to amputations. During World War I, improvements in prosthetics occurred: greater standardization in the manufacturing process that made possible high-quality, mass-produced units for a range of functional options. Alongside these functional improve- ments, reconstructive and rehabilitative programs were initiated by the military. Focused on rebuilding individual soldiers’ lives, these programs offered customized workshops extending from physiotherapy to vocational training such as welding, drafting, painting, and even the crafting of artificial limbs. These programs served the dual aim of rehabilitating the disabled and addressing wartime labor shortages through preparation for reentering the job market. These reconstructive and rehabilitative

Otis Historical Archives, National Museum of Health and Medicine, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Armed Forces Museum of Health and Medicine, National Otis Historical Archives, programs also fostered the establishment of The Peg Leg Department of the Surgical Appliances Association of London, allied with the American Red the new medical professions of orthopedics Cross, supplied American and British armies with splints and surgical appliances, many invented or improved and occupational therapy. by the workers, all of whom were women based in London, England, as this undated photo from World War I suggests. Below: A soldier undergoing facial reconstruction after the loss of his nose smiles for the camera at More wartime injuries need addressing the Base Laboratory Hospital Center, Vichy, France, in this undated photo from World War I. The demands of war have elevated the radiologists well as cosmetic results. Reconstructive efficiency of emergency and long-term professionalized surgery was undertaken in a regimen of medical care. Much has changed through their discipline and multiple tedious procedures. Flaps of skin, successive waves of medical technological the use of x-rays bone grafts and improvised appliances innovation, adaptation and adoption in the attained sound constructed of wire, leather, plaster and past 100-plus years. Today, wars in Iraq footing within the metal were creatively manipulated in the and Afghanistan bring new challenges to practice of military kind of work that civilian surgeons and military medicine. Soldiers are experiencing and civilian dentists would seldom if ever experience. traumatic brain injury, polytrauma and medicine. Oculists, speech instructors, engineers, and massive blood loss. Emerging technologies, sculptors might join a reconstructive team. coupled with the skills of military medical Reconstructive surgery began in WWI For example, an American sculptor, Anna personnel, continue to save lives on the Coleman Ladd, travelled to Paris in 1917 battlefield and assist wounded and disabled The medical response to devastating to craft facial masks for French soldiers at service members — not to mention injured wounds unique to the Great War also gave the American Red Cross Studio for Portrait others in troubled lands like Haiti — in rise to radical reconstructive surgical Masks. She produced approximately 185 returning to a life of health and dignity. ■ techniques and innovative treatments to custom-made facial masks for soldiers, improve healing. Machine guns, heavy concealing disfigurement with thin pieces Editor’s note: The National Museum of artillery, armored tanks, and gas warfare of painted metal. The soldiers with Health and Medicine, which provided the leveled casualties on a massive scale. irreparable traumatic damage to their faces photos for this article, was founded in 1862 While numbers vary by source, more than were able to return to their families and as the Army Medical Museum. For more 110,000 American soldiers died and almost workplaces under concealment. information, go online to nmhm. 206,000 were wounded, and 24 percent of Meanwhile, Vilray Blair, head of the washingtondc.museum. all American physicians served in the Armed Forces plastic surgery section Army. Engaged in trench warfare, during World War I and a leader in thousands of soldiers sustained horrific post-traumatic facial reconstruction, James Curley is a collections facial wounds. Harold Gillies, a London learned techniques from Gillies before manager in the Historical otolaryngologist (ear, nose and throat returning to the United States at the end of Collections Division of the specialist) serving in the Royal Army the war. Blair set up teams of surgeons and National Museum of Health Medical Corps, pioneered the treatment of dentists to treat complex maxillofacial and Medicine, Armed Forces surgery of the face, taking into account not injuries and went on to form one of the Institute of Pathology. After only the repair of damage but also the largest multidisciplinary teams in the earning a psychology degree from St. Louis patient’s post-operative appearance. He is specialty at Walter Reed (Army) Hospital, University, he has accrued more than 15 years of regarded as the father of plastic surgery, a in Washington, D.C., with additional experience working with special collections in specialty that stemmed from injuries facilities at Jefferson Barracks, Mo., and medical historical museums, libraries and archives unique to the war. Ft. McHenry, Md. including at the Wangensteen Historical Library of An estimated 20,000 patients from the Biology and Medicine at University of Minnesota war had brutalized, mutilated faces: gaping Prosthetics supported the wounded and the archives and rare books section of the cheek wounds, severed ears, empty eye Bernard Becker Medical Library, Washington sockets and missing jaws. The work of Artificial limbs merit attention here. University in St. Louis. He is vice president of plastic and maxillofacial (facial and jaw) Even though the recorded history of the use the Medical Museums Association. Email him at surgeons attempted to balance functional as of artificial limbs is long, in American [email protected].

Summer 2010 15 likely to determine in the coming months that the recession ended early in the third quarter of calendar year 2009, when the change in gross domestic product (GDP),

Photos: stock.xchng Photos: the total output of the U.S. economy in a given period, turned from negative to positive. In that quarter, GDP grew at an annual rate of 2.2 percent, following four straight quarters of decline; it then increased to 5.7 percent in the fourth quarter. Despite the likely proclamation of the recession’s end, private-sector payroll employment in the U.S., the biggest portion of the country’s employment base at 83.8 percent when the recession began, still continued to decline as 2009 came to a close. The scale of the employment losses has also been record-setting. The once “Great American Job Creation Machine” — a phrase coined in 1991 by University of California, Berkeley, political scientist Harold L. Wilensky — expired in 2008 and ’09 and was replaced by what can be called the “Great American Job Destruction Machine.” Here’s a key reason why: The two largest annual private-sector job losses occurred in 2009 and ’08, respectively, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), which began compiling payroll employment statistics in 1939. Specifically, in 2008, a new record was set when 3.8 million private-sector jobs were lost from a total private-sector employment base of 115.6 million. But that year quickly relinquished this dubious title when it was eclipsed by the decline of 4.7 million private-sector jobs in 2009 from a total private-sector employment base of 111.8 million. Cumulatively, then, 8.5 million private-sector jobs were lost between December 2007 and December 2009. For comparison, the worst prior job losses in the private sector were 2.3 million in 2001 and 2.2 million in 1945, according to BLS. (In contrast, the public sector gained 103,000 jobs between December 2007 and December 2009.)

Negative numbers

America now faces a troubling U.S. Employment Travels Long, arithmetic of employment recovery because of the depth of the job deficit caused by the recession. The current deficit is measured as the sum of the heavy employment losses Bumpy Road to Recovery that began in December 2007 plus the jobs needed to accommodate the demograph- By James W. Hughes and Joseph J. Seneca ically driven labor force growth (stemming principally from young adults and new immigrants joining the labor force) that he recent Great Recession was the the Business Cycle Dating Committee of took place during the downturn. Even if worst employment setback in the the National Bureau of Economic Research employment losses stabilize, the deficit will T United States since the Great (NBER), a private, nonprofit, nonpartisan deepen anyway because of continued Depression of the 1930s, and now, like think tank in Cambridge, Mass. The slide long-term growth of the labor force going then, the country’s livelihood depends on persisted well into 2009, and by May of that forward. As a result, it may take the nation understanding and reacting to the year became the longest post-Depression until the second half of the current decade ramifications. The Great Recession started downturn. to return to the pre-recession labor market in December 2007, after the peak of the While sustained job losses continued for conditions of 2007, when the unemployment last economic expansion, as determined by the balance of the calendar year, NBER is rate was 5 percent at the end of that year. (It

16 Summer 2010 looking forward to potential economic recovery. However, 2010 will be just the start of a very long recovery period, one without precedent since the Great Depression. The immediate challenge for fiscal and governmental authorities, then, is to wind down the large stimulus programs that saved the nation from plunging into a depression as had occurred in the 1930s. But this must be done in a deft and well-timed manner so as not to ignite inflation or higher interest rates, or otherwise slow the fragile but gathering economic recovery. Our jobs, and the economic well-being of the country, depend on it. ■

James W. Hughes is Dean of the Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. A member of the Rutgers faculty since 1971 and an alum of the school (bachelor’s in engineering; had more than doubled to 10.2 percent by double that of the most recent expansion master’s in city and regional planning; doctorate October 2009 and hovered around 9.7 from 2001 to ’07 of just less than 1 million in urban planning and policy development), he percent in the early part of this year.) Such private-sector jobs per year— the specializes in demographics, housing, and the a long road back is ahead of us even if the implications for a full recovery are economy. His nearly three dozen books include nation is able to achieve above-average sobering. The Atlantic City Gamble (Harvard University annual employment growth for a sustained Of the 2.15 million jobs for annual Press) and, with Joseph J. Seneca, America’s period of time. employment growth, 900,000 will be Demographic Tapestry: Baseline for the New The chasm deepens when the nation’s needed to accommodate the expanding Millennium (Rutgers University Press). His articles labor-force growth is factored into the loss labor force, leaving only 1.25 million jobs have appeared in journals such as Scientific of the 8.5 million private-sector jobs in to counter the current employment deficit. American; Economic Development Quarterly; 2008 and ’09. BLS projected that the This means it will take eight years and Housing Policy Debate; Land Economics; American nation’s labor force would grow by 1.26 three months (10.3 million divided by 1.25 Demographics; and Annals of the American million persons per year during 2008-16, a million), until 2018, to erase the 10.3 Academy of Political and Social Science. Hughes figure comprised of private-sector and million employment deficit and return to the has testified before many New Jersey State government payroll employment as well as labor market conditions existing at the end Legislature committees, provided policy briefings contract (non-payroll) personnel. Thus, the of the last expansion in December 2007. in Trenton and Washington, D.C., and served on U.S. needs to add that many jobs per year And that assumes no further upticks in the New Jersey state governmental commissions and during this period simply to accommodate upward-moving economy in the task forces. Email him at [email protected]. growth in the labor force and hold the meanwhile! unemployment rate constant. A recovery of this duration, and one Joseph J. Seneca is University Of that annual figure, approximately with this level of sustained annual job Professor at the Bloustein School 900,000 would be private-sector payroll growth, would be comparable only to the of Planning and Public Policy, jobs. This means that in 2008 and ’09 the two longest expansions in the nation’s concentrating on environmental nation needed to create 1.8 million history: 1961-69 (106 months) and economics and policy; state and private-sector payroll jobs but, of course, it 1991-2001 (120 months). Given that the local economic development; didn’t since the country lost 8.5 million average length of the 11 economic and government regulation of business. His private-sector jobs. Therefore, the total expansions of the post-World War II era is 200-plus articles have appeared in publications private-sector employment deficit actually 58.5 months, or almost 4.9 years, such as the Journal of Urban Economics; Land totaled 10.3 million jobs at the beginning sustaining an expansion until 2018 (i.e., for Economics; and Journal of Environmental of 2010. eight years) will be a daunting task, indeed. Economics and Management. Major works include, with James W. Hughes, An Economy at Risk: The Worrisome projections Growing pains Imperatives for a Science and Technology Policy for New Jersey, a research report for the New What rates of job growth can be Already one-tenth of the 21st century is Jersey Commission on Science and Technology; anticipated to replenish the deficit? During gone, and most of America should be and, with Douglas D. Ofiara, Economic Losses the powerful 1991-2001 national economic happy about that because the century’s from Marine Pollution (Island Press). Seneca also expansion, private-sector payroll opening 10-year period comprised has collaborated on papers with economist employment growth averaged 2.15 million America’s lost economic decade. For the Jeffrey Rubin. Seneca was for many years the jobs per year, according to our calculations first time since the 1930s, the nation chairman of the New Jersey Council of Economic of BLS employment data from March 1991 experienced a decade-long negative net in Advisors. Between 1991 and 2003 he served as to March 2001. Thus, even assuming this private-sector job creation. vice president for academic affairs at Rutgers. He pace of growth in the future — an As the first year of a new decade earned economic degrees (B.S., M.A., Ph.D.) from assumption that will likely be too generous unfolds, the nation is no longer staring into University of Pennsylvania. Email him at seneca@ since such an annual increase would be the depths of recession, but rather is rutgers.edu.

Summer 2010 17 customer doing the buying. To understand how to raise sales revenues, there still remains no better marketing maxim than “know thy customer.” Granting this central principle, recessions can offer interesting opportunities to marketers. Researchers have cited companies such as Dell, Microsoft, De Beers, and BMW as firms that view recessions as opportunities to expand rather than scale back. In short, the occasion of a recession may call for a particularly aggressive and well-crafted marketing program to counter the pessimism attributed to the hard times.2 The caveat is that not all firms should respond in such a proactive manner; firms need to be prepared by spending their efforts (and promotional dollars) on carefully targeted groups of customers. In recessions most firms commonly cut back on all unnecessary expenses, and this means reducing their advertising expenditures. Advertising rates then drop. It may be no surprise, though, that marketing consultants advise firms to go ahead and advertise, since managers can negotiate media deals at dramatically lower rates. But in fact, only well-financed companies usually exploit these opportunities (as Mercedes- Marketing and the Effects Benz is doing right now). Smart firms increase promotions very selectively in advertising media, building the value of By Mark J. Kay their brands for the long term. During of Recessions the Great Depression in the 1930s, Procter & Gamble heavily promoted recession is an economic results from inventory-cutting measures at Camay, Ivory, Crisco, and other brands. phenomenon of decreased demand. many firms is often shortsighted. In recent Recessions are typically when firms ATechnically, a recession is usually recessions, many firms have fared less need to reevaluate their entire cost position said to exist when the gross national badly than initially forecast. Economic in the market. Enterprises need to learn that product or GNP (the total annual economic contractions in recent years have been tough but necessary organizational value of goods and services that a country relatively short; after a few quarters, discipline of curbing costs by rethinking produces in a given period) declines for companies find that they need to resume the wasteful spending habits developed in two consecutive quarters. Yet influential spending to replace necessary supplies. previous years. Today, for instance, the economist Simon Kuznets, who helped the The problem with reflexive responses is current recovery may be forcing the U.S. Department of Commerce standardize that these cycles can vary considerably and financial industry to become more the measurement of GNP during the 1930s, change consumer buying patterns. Each innovative than ever. Banks and investment knew that GNP is hardly an indicator of the recession affects businesses in distinctly houses are scrambling to determine what to well-being of the nation. different ways, and no recession is quite do with their real estate holding that have Far more important are the human the same as the preceding one. So while gone “underwater” as the debt they carry is costs of economic cycles. With the local jewelry stores may be hurting for far greater than those properties’ market unemployment rate at about 10 percent, customers, secondhand stores and shoe value. the situation has been especially hard repair shops gain business as customers try felt for workers and their families. As to economize and stretch their savings. One How people respond the saying goes, when your neighbor sign of the seriousness of the recent loses his job, it is a recession, but when recession is that the auto repossession Recessions are certainly a sobering YOU lose your job, it is a depression. business has been booming.1 period for many people, requiring changes Some assume that food and beverage in habitual spending and consumption How businesses respond companies may have a degree of immunity patterns. Many difficulties come from a to business cycles since food is a necessity. drop in income, job uncertainty, or With the onset of a recession, managers But sales revenues for food businesses may problems associated with seeking a new often react by severely cutting back on vary for reasons that are difficult to predict job. Tough times can gravely affect orders for raw material and supplies, because, for instance, eating trends have families in subtle and profound ways. fearing that gloomy sales figures for the changed with increased nutritional People can get into a bind as they relocate next quarter will lead to bloated inventories education. It can be difficult for any for work, often many miles away from and financial losses. Austerity measures manager to forecast sales even for the their families and friends, destroying their such as reduced orders can deepen a following quarter. support network and altering social recession. Sales depend on both the type of relationships. Sociologists note increased Yet the economic performance that products being sold and the type of rates of parental conflict and alcoholism in

18 Summer 2010 unknowable to even the best economists, the adjustment process may hearken a profoundly positive change for the nation. American has surely reached a limit — we

Photos: stock.xchng Photos: can no longer benefit from the crutch of continual borrowing and excessive debt.

Prospects for recovery

During recessions, many financial analysts closely watch inventory levels for signs of impending recovery. In the coming months and years, revenue growth may return, yet a full recovery appears likely to be quite slow. The most noteworthy factor at the current time is that the world has just witnessed an economic meltdown that was brought about by a sizable housing bubble. And remember, that bubble was developing for over a decade. Japan crashed in a similar way in the 1990s — the result is the “Lost Decade” of sub-par economic growth. The good news in America is that the economic situation is not nearly as desperate as it was during the Great Depression. Additionally, the stimulus package has clearly slowed job losses and helped spur economic activity. Needed infrastructure projects are being completed The recent recession was brew- report reveals that 40 percent of New that will help productivity, too. What’s Yorkers, or 3.3 million people, are having more, third quarter 2009 growth was 2.2 ing for years. Contrary to myths difficulty affording food, a 60 percent percent annualized and initial fourth- about “deadbeats” who borrow increase since 2003.4 quarter growth was 5.7 percent.6 Few History surely provides a guide to the thought this rebound was remotely possible too much in buying a home, broad societal effects of economic troubles. at the end of 2008. In 1951, Time magazine criticized those Make no mistake, important problems evidence indicates that the vast born into the Great Depression as drab, remain: healthcare, climate change, and the resigned, and overly cautious.5 The lingering costs of war. These do not appear majority of those defaulting economic boom that followed World War II on our national balance sheet, the GNP. on housing loans or declaring gave Americans a profound sense of Social problems present roadblocks to full competence as jobs became plentiful. Yet economic growth, but more important is bankruptcy were largely driven those raised during the Great Depression, how these affect the actual quality of our and labeled the “Silent Generation,” were lives. The hard lessons of the recession are to these actions by sudden health profoundly affected by their experience certainly ones that Americans experience, problems, job cuts, or divorce, with scarcity. Their ingrained spending yet the way in which our nation adapts may habits had taught them to be frugal and help us to prosper in years ahead. ■ not by imprudent spending take nothing for granted; they retained this characteristic even as they grew or recklessness. economically secure and wealthy. Many Mark J. Kay teaches marketing were quite content to leave much of at Montclair State University these circumstances. This stress affects their wealth to their children, the next and consults with businesses children’s attitudes and development. generation. and nonprofits. He has written The recent recession was brewing for As the jobs figures have tumbled, several articles on branding years. Contrary to myths about “deadbeats” many young people and those emerging and conducted numerous case who borrow too much in buying a home, from college are affected by what some studies and will shortly complete his first book, evidence indicates that the vast majority of call the “Great Recession.” Similar Enterprise Marketing. During the 1990s, Kay taught those defaulting on housing loans or to the time of the Great Depression, programs in marketing and logistics in Central declaring bankruptcy were largely driven those leaving college and entering the Europe. He holds a Ph.D. in marketing from City to these actions by sudden health problems, job market of late are in a process of University of New York; an M.B.A. from Baruch job cuts, or divorce, not by imprudent tempering their expectations about the College; an M.A. in religious studies and an M.F.A. spending or recklessness. With prolonged American Dream. Of course, this attitude in art and design from the University of Chicago; unemployment, America’s social safety net adjustment could be psychologically and a B.F.A. from the School of the Art Institute of now strains, as there is inadequate fortifying to the new generation. While Chicago. He also holds a black belt in Kenseikai protection for many hard-working, the duration of the recovery is certainly Karate. Email him at [email protected]. middle-class families.3 Indeed, many of the so-called “working poor” rely upon charities for survival, even while they have For footnotes, go online to http://www.phikappaphi.org/ full-time jobs. The Food Bank For New web/Publications/Forum/summer2010/marketingrecession. York City’s “Hunger Experience 2009”

Summer 2010 19 Era (1992). For instance, in The Secret Sin (1915), Blanche Sweet plays twin sisters who become addicted to opium and morphine, doubling the horror — twice, or even four times. And The Devil’s Needle (1916) follows an up-and-coming young artist whose travails with a socialite drive him to cocaine addiction and recovery. Not all films sounded the alarm.The Mystery of the Leaping Fish (1916), a bizarre comedy written by eccentric Tod Browning, starred Douglas Fairbanks, Sr., as a detective who, like Sherlock Holmes, relies on drugs to solve crime. Coke Ennyday, as he’s called, gleefully uses just about any that come his way. The occasional light treatment would virtually disappear with the Motion Picture Production Code in 1930. Fearful of federal regulation in the wake of the manslaughter trial of star comedian Roscoe “Fatty” Arbuckle; the murder of prolific director William Desmond Taylor; and the Actors John Cho, left, and Kal Penn confront a problem as the respective title characters in the 2008 stoner drug-related deaths of popular actors comedy, Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay. Wallace Reid and Alma Rubens, plus performers Olive Thomas, Barbara La Marr and Jeanne Eagels, the Motion Pictures Producers and Distributors Fade in, Fade out: Addiction, Association adopted this censorious Code of acceptable and unacceptable content for U.S. movies. The Code upheld moral Recovery, in American Film standards and opposed crime, wrongdoing, evil, or sin. Moviemakers dutifully followed the rules. By Stefan Hall D. W. Griffith, was one of the first, writes They partly focused on marijuana, Maurizio Viano in “An Intoxicated Screen: which had been left out of the Harrison inematic depictions of addiction have Reflections on Film and Drugs,” from the Act. Exploitation films tried to scare been a feature of American movies 2002 collection of essays, High Anxieties: audiences straight, particularly susceptible C since their beginning. From early Cultural Studies in Addiction. The movie teens. For instance, in Reefer Madness silent films to recent blockbusters, was loosely based on the issues (1936), high school students light up (and treatment shifts to reflect societal values at surrounding Coca-Cola after passage of the listen to jazz music), then spiral into a the time of their release. An addict in 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act that, among hit-and-run accident, manslaughter, American movies has moved from foreign other stipulations, required drugs — suicide, rape, and insanity. Assassin of invader to social problem to hedonistic including alcohol, cocaine, heroin, Youth (1937) largely concerns a young goof to average citizen. morphine, and cannabis — be labeled with woman up for an inheritance tied to a Practically from the moment of its contents and dosages in order to continue morals clause and greedy relatives inception in 1891, cinema served witness to be legally sold. In the silent film, a scheming to use marijuana to discredit her. to the perils of drugs. In 1894, W. K. L. physician develops Dopokoke, a cocaine- Such exaggerated cautionary tales also Dickson, who worked for Thomas Edison’s infused soft drink, to raise money for his anticipated or reflected the Marihuana Tax motion picture camera company, made shiftless son. The drink is a hit, but the son Act of 1937, which criminalized cannabis Chinese Opium Den for the penny arcades. becomes addicted to it and loses his fiancée and, in the process, legitimized the slang All that remains of the film is a single still, while wasting away. Interestingly, Coca- word. The poster for Marihuana: Weed yet its viewpoint compelled Billy Bitzer to Cola was involved in legal proceedings not with Roots in Hell (1936) — about a youth revisit the topic in Rube in an Opium Joint only because of cocaine in the product but who, after trying marijuana at a beach in 1905. As Ian Christie observes in The also because of the amount of caffeine. party, becomes pregnant and eventually Last Machine: Early Cinema and the Birth The Harrison Narcotics Tax Act turns to drug pushing — shows intravenous of the Modern World (1994), it illustrates a of 1914 — regulating and taxing the drug use with vials labeled “lust,” “crime,” theme in early American cinema: a production, importation, and distribution and “sorrow,” among others, while larger stereotypic country bumpkin threatened, of opiates and cocaine — resulted in a font advertises “Weird Orgies,” “Wild often comically, sometimes maniacally, by spike of anti-drug films. (These drugs Parties,” and “Unleashed Passions!” This an urban menace, in this case, opium. Like had been mostly unregulated and readily propaganda echoes earlier productions that A Chinese Opium Joint (1898) and Fun in available to consumers, even through attacked opiates, particularly in the intent an Opium Joint (1903), it outlined what venerable American institutions like the to scare off usage in the first place, but had become a dangerous tourist trap staffed Sears, Roebuck catalog.) Narcotic Spectre overblown depictions remove many from by exotic Asians who were regarded by (1914), The Drug Traffic (1914), and serious consideration. many as a “yellow plague.” Cocaine Traffic (1914), plus other “socially Other films during the Code era tackled Productions about cocaine and conscious dramas,” addressed the problem, addictions more thoughtfully, as Michael morphine arose as American drugs of Kevin Brownlow notes in Behind the Stark documents in Cocaine Fiends and choice shifted in the early 20th century. For Mask of Innocence: Sex, Violence, Crime: Reefer Madness: An Illustrated History of His Son (1912), directed by legendary Films of Social Conscience in the Silent Drugs in the Movies (1982). For example,

20 Summer 2010 The repeal of the Code also augured a mindful, worldly understanding of addictions that gained momentum in the late 1980s with the major releases Barfly (1987), Clean and Sober (1988) and

Photos: MovieWeb.com Photos: Drugstore Cowboy (1989) and became a main theme in the 1990s with Jacob’s Ladder (1990), Naked Lunch (1991), Bad Lieutenant (1992), Pulp Fiction (1994), Drunks (1995), Permanent Midnight (1998), and Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998). The flush economy made drugs affordable and the fin de siècle made Americans question themselves; thus, cinematic depictions of addiction and recovery were frank, creative, or otherwise intense. For instance, in Rush (1991), a rookie cop (played by Jennifer Jason Leigh) and undercover veteran (Jason Patric) fall in love with each other and their stash while infiltrating a drug ring. And director Danny Boyle’s Trainspotting (1996) dissects the Characters run toward and away from their drug-influenced problems in Trainspotting (1996). disturbing charisma of young heroin addicts in impoverished Edinburgh. Plus, Edwards’ Days of Wine and Roses (1962), the sense of loss permeating performances about a boozy adman (played by Jack — such as Nicolas Cage’s Academy Award Lemmon) who introduces a secretary and for Leaving Las Vegas (1995) as a broke his future wife (Lee Remick) to drinking, Hollywood writer determined to drink causing the dissolution of their marriage. himself to death — partly reflected angst at The film rating system replaced the the loss of the century. It also symbolized strict Code in 1968, partly because of an American promise that had not been challenges to the Code (including from realized, as in director Darren Aronofsky’s The Man with the Golden Arm), increasing Requiem for a Dream (2000). Based on the competition from more open-minded novel of the same name by Hubert Selby, foreign films, and changing social attitudes Jr., who co-wrote the script with via the counterculture. One result: slapstick Aronofsky, it starkly examines four comedies poked fun of pot and considered interconnected addicts whose fixations it less a criminal activity, more a “harmless” span not only drugs but also food, fame, diversion, and sometimes a mandatory rite and red, white and blue values. for the in-crowd. What are the coming attractions for the The satiric writing/performing duo 21st century regarding addiction in American Cheech (Marin) and (Tommy) Chong film? In this age of media saturation, topped this marquee. Their first film,Up in maybe the most pervasive narcotic of all is Smoke (1978), established the template: information. From watching YouTube clips marijuana-fueled high jinks from appealing on cell phones to hunching in front of doofuses, in this case, stoners smuggling a solitary monitors in cubicles, our collective van, made almost entirely from marijuana, screens form contemporary nickelodeons The Man with the Golden Arm (1955), from Mexico to Los Angeles, while being only a click away. What of ourselves is directed by Otto Preminger, showcased pursued by inept law enforcement. reflected there?■ Frank Sinatra as a heroin addict and Cheech and Chong influenced many wannabe drummer who gets clean in films, for instance, writer/director Richard prison but struggles after release with Linklater’s Dazed and Confused (1993), in Stefan Hall (Virginia Polytechnic renewed drug use and a gambling problem. which small-town Texas high schoolers Institute and State University) Reviewers hailed Sinatra’s nuanced look to get wasted (or drunk) on graduation is an Assistant Professor of characterization. Monkey on My Back day in 1976; the cameo-filledHalf Baked Communication and Media (1957) was a fact-based biopic about World (1998), in which dumb stoner roommates Studies at Defiance College and War II veteran and professional boxer raise bail money for their luckless jailed a former Arts and Entertainment Barney Ross and his addiction to morphine. friend by selling pot stolen from a research columnist for this magazine. His most recent A tag line declared, “It Jabs Like a lab; and Harold & Kumar Go to White work, the chapter “Shaken, Stirred, Pixellated: Hopped-Up Needle!” As noted in Norman Castle (2004) and its sequel Harold & Video Gaming as Bond,” appeared in The James Denzin’s 1991 Hollywood Shot by Shot: Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay Bond Phenomenon: A Critical Reader (2nd edition), Alcoholism in American Cinema, the (2008), the first about how the nerdy-cool edited by Christoph Lindner and published by hazards of alcoholism were epitomized in title characters (the former an investment Manchester University Press in September 2009. the melodramas The Lost Weekend (1945), banker and the latter a would-be medical Hall is the Visual and Performing Arts Division which trailed a struggling writer, recently student) get the munchies one Friday night Head for the International Association for the sober, on his devastating bender — and after inhaling, the second about how they Fantastic in the Arts and belongs to the Society earned Academy Awards for best picture, are incarcerated when mistaken for for Cinema and Media Studies and the University actor (Ray Milland), director (Billy Wilder) terrorists but eventually share a joint with Film and Video Association. Email him at and screenplay — and director Blake President George W. Bush. [email protected].

Summer 2010 21 Phi Kappa Phi Forum on Arts and Entertainment

● Wild Boys of the Road (1933). Director William A. Wellman follows “Hooray for Hollywood!” homeless teenagers (played by little-known actors) enduring extreme hardships in the Depression. A forced “happy” ending, courtesy of an understanding judge, only during the Depression somewhat mitigates the film’s indictment of governmental indifference toward the By (William) Arnold Johnston plight of deprived youth. and Deborah Ann Percy ● Our Daily Bread (1934). Director/ co-writer King Vidor advanced the No medium has contributed more greatly MovieWeb.com socialistic suggestion that economic than the film to the maintenance of the recovery depended on the group efforts of national morale during a period featured the common people in this story about a by revolution, riot and political turmoil in down-on-their-luck couple (played by Tom other countries. Keene and Karen Morley) who abandon — Will H. Hays, head of the Motion the city to lead a farming collective. Picture Producers and Distributors Plus, films glorifying gangsters provided Association of America, 1934 vicarious channels for populist anger: ● Little Caesar (1931). LeRoy directed hile President Franklin D. the rise and fall of Rico Bandello (Edward Roosevelt’s New Deal worked to G. Robinson), a mobster with the titular W end the nation’s Great Depression, nickname. He’s betrayed by pal Joe Massara Hollywood tried to dispel the ordinary (Douglas Fairbanks, Jr.), who wants to go person’s lowercase depression. Two types straight, lands a gig as a nightclub hoofer of films topped marquees during the 1930s: and discovers love with his dance partner, escapist fare and social commentaries. Olga Stassoff (Glenda Farrell). The lighthearted parade of cinematic ● The Public Enemy (1931). Directed circuses for the masses offset the breadlines by Wellman, this film about a mama’s boy of the New Deal. Screwball comedies — hoodlum, Tom Powers, launched James madcap romantic escapades of appealing Cagney’s career and features a famous characters in memorable settings — helped scene in which Powers smashes a grapefruit take people’s minds off their troubles. in the face of his moll Kitty (Mae Clarke). Favorites included: It costars Jean Harlow as Gwen Allen, ● It Happened One Night (1934). becomes a star on opening night after the another of his dolls, and Blondell as the Frank Capra directed Clark Gable as an leading lady (Bebe Daniels) sprains an squeeze of Tom’s partner in crime. out-of-work reporter and Claudette Colbert ankle. The film also features Rogers and The viewing public’s humbled as a disgruntled heiress who fall in love Powell and classic songs like the title tune circumstances lacked the stature, glamour, while discovering how the other half lives. and “You’re Getting to Be a Habit with excitement, notoriety and thrill of such The witty war between the sexes was the Me” by composer Harry Warren and movie characters, of course — and the deus first movie to win all five major Academy lyricist Al Dubin. ex machina assistance they often enjoyed. Awards (Oscars): best picture, director, In a more serious vein, optimistic But movies like these helped America actor, actress, and adapted screenplay. melodramas appealed to the idealistic recover from the Great Depression, for at ● Bringing Up Baby (1938). Howard sensibilities of a struggling land. Protagonists least a few hours a week. ■ Hawks directed Katharine Hepburn as a reached within themselves to confront dizzy socialite taken with Cary Grant’s apparently insurmountable obstacles. charmingly stuffy paleontologist. Hepburn’s Capra, the all-American director, best (William) Arnold Johnston pet leopard, “Baby,” contributes to the chaotic represents this subgenre: (Western Michigan hilarity in which the woman is the wooer. ● Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936). University), Emeritus Chair The decade also prompted lavish Capra won the Oscar for directing Gary and Professor of English at musical fantasies, notably with choreography Cooper as a rural Vermonter who donates a Western Michigan University, by Busby Berkeley, renowned for elaborately $20 million inheritance to charity, thereby and his wife Deborah Ann patterned and fancifully costumed routines: throwing his sanity into question, and Jean Percy, a former educator-administrator at public ● One Berkeley interlude for director Arthur as a cynical metropolitan reporter schools in Kalamazoo, Mich., are full-time writers Mervyn LeRoy’s Gold Diggers of 1933 who falls for the altruistic Mr. Deeds. and frequent collaborators. His poetry, fiction, involves a scantily-clad chorus, led by ● Mr. Smith Goes to Washington nonfiction and translations have appeared widely then-contract player Ginger Rogers, (1939). Lewis Foster’s Oscar-winning story in literary journals and anthologies, as have her exclaiming, “We’re in the Money” concerns the lessons learned by a naïve short fiction and prose pieces. Their plays have — partly in pig Latin. The plot concerns a idealist (headliner James Stewart) appointed won awards, production, and publication across millionaire composer, played by Dick through machine politics to fill a vacancy the country. Between them they have written 10 Powell, who creates a stage extravaganza in the Senate. The newcomer eventually books, including his The Witching Voice: A Novel for an unemployed ensemble that also brings down the corrupt bosses through a from the Life of Robert Burns, their anthology The includes Ruby Keeler and Joan Blondell. filibuster suggested by his savvy secretary Art of the One-Act, and their collection of one-acts ● Berkeley tapped out steps for another (Arthur). Duets: Love Is Strange. They’re members of the backstage musical, 42nd Street (1933), Other movies criticized entrenched Dramatists Guild of America and the American about an ailing Broadway producer (played American beliefs and institutions, Literary Translators Association. Email them at by Warner Baxter) who needs a hit in tough investigating their assumptions and [email protected] or JohnstonDA@ times and an understudy (Keeler) who mechanisms: kalamazoo.k12.mi.us.

22 Summer 2010 Phi Kappa PhiPhi Forum Kappa on Phi Workplace Forum on Sports and and Employment Exercise

season, he had won a league-record five regular-season MVP awards, after all. Do You Believe in Magic? Johnson, wise beyond his years at age 20, understood this and played Thirty Years Ago, Earvin “Magic” Johnson Energized the NBA a supporting role during the regular season. The Lakers ended with a league By Joe Cascio best 60-22 record, with Abdul-Jabbar earning his sixth MVP award, averaging n 1979, the National Basketball 24.8 points and 10.8 rebounds. After Association (NBA) suffered from fan rolling through the early rounds of the I revolt and image problems. playoffs, the Lakers faced the 76ers, ● Attendance had dropped 4.9 percent Angeles Daily News Los led by acrobatic Erving, along with from the previous (1978-79) season, the standout point guard Maurice Cheeks and fourth consecutive year of declines. bruising power forward Bobby Jones. ● Fights routinely broke out during The teams split the first four games, games, such as Kermit Washington of the with Abdul-Jabbar averaging almost 32 Los Angeles Lakers ending the career of points. In game five, he injured his ankle, Houston Rocket Rudy Tomjanovich in but returned to score 14 points down the December 1977 with a single punch that stretch (and 40 total), including a three- fractured his skull and cracked his eye point play with 33 seconds left for the win. socket, among other facial damage. But the injury prevented the team captain ● Drug use was rampant, most Earvin “Magic” Johnson (No. 32) plays defense, from playing the next game. notoriously Boston Celtic Marvin Barnes along with teammate Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Johnson knew it was time for some snorting cocaine on the bench during a while helping the Los Angeles Lakers to the NBA “Magic.” 1978-79 game. championship in May 1980. “As we practiced for game six, we ● Even the few marquee names, like the realized that we were faster. We didn’t have high-flying small forward Julius “Dr. J” In an interview prior to the 1979 NBA the guaranteed scoring inside, but we could Erving of the Philadelphia 76ers, didn’t draft, former Lakers head coach and really run. Silk (small forward Jamaal transcend the sport. general manager Bill Sharman spoke Wilkes), Coop (guard/forward Michael Some magic was needed for the league presciently when declaring that “this young Cooper), Normie (shooting guard Norm to recover. man is going to change the game of pro Nixon) and me could get the tempo Enter Earvin “Magic” Johnson and his basketball.” moving,” recalled Johnson in a 2009 electrified play and megawatt smile. interview with Fox Sports television. After leading Michigan State to the Dovetailing pair Lakers head coach Paul Westhead 1979 National Collegiate Athletic inserted sixth-man Cooper in the backcourt Association championship over Indiana But in 1979, All-Star center Kareem with Nixon and started his rookie point State and small forward extraordinaire Abdul-Jabbar was the leader of the Lakers guard at center, even though Johnson Larry Bird, the charismatic and precocious and the best player in the NBA; since hadn’t played center since junior year of sophomore left school to join the Lakers joining the team for the 1975-76 season, he high school. Johnson’s statistics spoke for for a storybook season that would herald a had averaged almost 26 points and 14 themselves: 42 points, 15 rebounds, 7 revolutionary career. Johnson averaged 18 rebounds and took home two league MVP assists and 3 steals in a 123-107 victory. points, 7.7 rebounds and 7.3 assists that awards. The Lakers, however, had not won Some points came from Johnson’s version year, helped his team win the championship the championship since the 1971-72 squad of Abdul-Jabbar’s sky hook, too. partly by equaling or bettering those led by guards Jerry West and Gail A new era, called “Showtime,” began. statistics in the playoffs, and nabbed Most Goodrich and center Wilt Chamberlain. All about high tempo, high scoring, and Valuable Player (MVP) in the Finals, the With such a dominant player like Abdul- Hollywood flash, it would lead the Lakers only rookie to earn such an honor. Jabbar, expectations remained high — and to five championships and Johnson to three In fact, the sixth and last game of the so did disappointment. season and three Finals MVPs over his Finals in May 1980 sealed Johnson’s fate By selecting Johnson as the No. 1 13-year career. The NBA found its “Magic” as the face of the “new” NBA — and a overall pick in the 1979 draft, the Lakers recovery. ■ bright, happy one at that. hoped to meld the stoicism and efficiency of Abdul-Jabbar, who at 7 feet 2 inches, Singular talent had developed an unstoppable offensive Joe Cascio (California State weapon in his sky hook, with the swagger University-Dominguez Hills) is Johnson was unlike any player before and flash of the young man nicknamed Associate Head Coach, Men’s him. At 6’9”, he possessed the height and “Magic” because of his no-look passes and Basketball, and an Instructor in strength of a center. But Johnson brandished court flair. If Abdul-Jabbar brought Kinesiology/Athletics at Santa the ball-handling skills of a point guard, the methodicalness and precision to the Lakers, Monica College. He is primarily position he played and excelled at. Johnson added improvisation and emotion. responsible for team defense, recruiting and post- Given his superior attributes, Johnson Johnson became a type of athletic player development. Earlier in his career, he was could see the court better than other guards sparkplug to make Abdul-Jabbar and the assistant coach for the Redondo Union and and could have specialized in scoring; Lakers — and the NBA — run on all Loyola (Calif.) High School men’s basketball instead, he prided himself on assisting his cylinders. teams. After beginning full-time higher education teammates, distributing the ball, making at age 34, he earned a bachelor’s degree in things go. This mix of confidence and “Magic” moment Kinesiology and a master’s degree in Physical modesty turned him into a type of royalty Education Administration from California State to Hollywood, the Lakers’ home, and to the Yet it was Abdul-Jabbar’s team, and University-Dominguez Hills. Email him at tarnished league. seemingly rightfully so. Going into the [email protected].

Summer 2010 23 Phi Kappa Phi Forum on Science and Technology

records for weeks, according to Crystal Franco et al. in “Systemic Collapse: Messages Lost, and Recovered, Medical Care in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina,” in Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, from Hurricane Katrina Practice, and Science (2006).

By Catherine C. Shoults Key Solutions After Katrina, federal government

he destruction caused by Hurricane Stock.xchng oversight committees, such as the “ Katrina increased dramatically due Townsend contingent and the U.S. T to communications failures,” wrote Government Accountability Office, then-Lt. Col. Heather K. Meeds, U.S. Army spearheaded upgrades for response National Guard, in the abstract to her systems. Efforts include: March 2006 Army War College strategy ● The Post-Katrina Emergency research project, Communication Management Reform Act of October Challenges during Incidents of National 2006. It refocused the Department of Significance: A Lesson from Hurricane Homeland Security and its Federal Katrina. “The communications failures Emergency Management Agency. caused undue death and destruction in the ● The creation in April 2007 of the affected areas.” Office of Emergency Communications. Aug. 28 marks the fifth anniversary It “supports the Secretary of Homeland when the storm grew to a category 5 Security in developing, implementing, and hurricane — the highest classification, with An example of the destruction of Hurricane Katrina. coordinating interoperable and operable winds exceeding 155 mph — and ravaged communications for the emergency the coastlines of Louisiana, Mississippi, famous levees didn’t hold for a city six feet response community at all levels of and Alabama. It killed more than 1,300 below sea level, thus mandating evacuation government,” according to its Web site. people, displaced 770,000 others, and — needed to be interoperable but wasn’t. ● Further impetus for a nationwide caused $96 billion in damage (in third The National Guard, for one, had its electronic medical database. President quarter 2005 dollars), according to The own systems of communications that George W. Bush had signed an executive Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina: others were not able to use. What’s more, order in 2004 to upgrade the U.S. Lessons Learned (published in February some vehicular detachments of stand-alone healthcare system to electronic records 2006), an account headed by Frances communication systems, called Mobile by, it was determined, 2014. Hurricane Fragos Townsend, then Assistant to the Emergency Response Supports, sat idle for Katrina underscored the importance of President for Homeland Security and a time because officials on the ground and this. Consequently, KatrinaHealth.org, Counterterrorism. in Washington, D.C., didn’t know about which compiles medication records about Although some information networks them, the Townsend study points out. evacuees for healthcare professionals and and emergency procedures were in place in And the few systems that were providers, was launched in September what was the most catastrophic natural interoperable, such as landlines and 2005. And one component of The American disaster in U.S. history, many of these tools satellite phones, became overwhelmed with Recovery and Reinvestment Act of February were decimated or overwhelmed by the the high volume of users, Rosanne Prats, 2009 gives incentives to the medical magnitude of the event, concludes the Director of Emergency Preparedness for community to switch to electronic records. September 2005 Congressional Research Louisiana, told me in a recent interview. These communication steps, Service Report for Congress about the “The system was there, it was just so among numerous other overhauls Department of Defense’s disaster response overwhelmed that it couldn’t handle the to and innovations in science and to Hurricane Katrina. sheer amount of calls we were getting,” she technology, further the recovery from said. Hurricane Katrina and should help Key Problems Compounding obstacles, numerous protect us from future calamities. ■ countries such as Switzerland and “The storm crippled thirty-eight 911 Germany offered supplies and financial call centers, disrupting local emergency assistance but no method existed to deliver Catherine C. Shoults (Missouri services, and knocked out more than 3 international aid. “Inadequate planning State University) is pursuing million customer phone lines in Louisiana, delayed the overall process of accepting a master’s degree in public Mississippi, and Alabama. Broadcast and receiving disaster aid from abroad,” health, with a concentration in communications were likewise severely the Townsend study determined. the epidemiology of infectious affected, as 50 percent of area radio Another technological and informational disease, from Yale University’s stations and 44 percent of area television breakdown involved medical records. School of Public Health. She graduated magna stations went off the air,” documents the Communication between patients and cum laude in biology from Missouri State Townsend study. Reports from the field, healthcare providers such as doctors, University’s Honors College and was one of six therefore, were difficult to file or receive. hospitals, clinics, pharmacies and insurance students to earn the school’s highest award, the By September 3, basic communications companies faltered, sometimes fatally, Citizen Scholar, given by its board of governors. were restored in Louisiana, according to because records had been destroyed in the Shoults also won a 2009 Award of Excellence the Meeds findings, but problems remained storm, patients had relocated afterwards from Phi Kappa Phi to help finance her graduate with dispersing information. For example, and were not able to retrieve them, parties studies. Volunteer work about planning for communication between the multiple levels had trouble contacting each other, etc. medical-related disasters has inspired Shoults to of government and the many agencies In fact, of those displaced after the pursue a career in disaster management. Email trying to stabilize New Orleans — whose storm, most couldn’t access their medical her at [email protected].

24 Summer 2010 Phi Kappa Phi Forum on Education and Academics From the Battleground to the Classroom

By Timothy L. Hulsey legal needs of returning veterans. William & Mary Law School opened a pro bono hirty-three percent of the two clinic to represent veterans appealing million-plus U.S. combat veterans their disability ratings. It is staffed by T who served in the wars in Iraq or law students (some of whom are military Afghanistan suffer post-traumatic stress veterans) and psychology graduate disorder (PTSD), according a RAND Corp. students; supervising faculty includes study cited by reporter Gregg Zoroya in two veterans. Virginia Commonwealth’s an Oct. 5, 2009, article in USA Today. Center for Psychological Services and And as of last fall, more than 300,000 Development provides assessment of and former soldiers and their dependents attend therapy for PTSD, traumatic brain injury, American institutions of higher education, public domain Force, Air /U.S. Snyder Jonathan Senior Airman Jaquetta Bice took a College Level and related mental disorders. Lisa W. Foderaro writes in a feature for Entrance Exam Program test in January at Ali Base, This collaboration has produced The New York Times on Jan. 8 of this Iraq. The 407th Expeditionary Services Squadron positive results all around. Law and year. Enhancements in 2008 to the G.I. Education Center gives service members the psychology students gain invaluable Bill, which provides educational benefits opportunity to further their education and career experience while furthering their training. for those honorably discharged from the development. They learn about military culture, the armed forces, are predicted to lead to a impact of brain injuries, and mental 20 percent increase in veteran enrollment particular needs facing veterans,” Rey health distress. They also communicate over the next two years, notes Jay Rey observes in “War Veterans Face Unique better across the disciplines. Veterans in a May 2, 2009, report for The Buffalo Adjustments to College Life,” for The have their needs addressed directly News, referencing findings from the U.S. Buffalo News. “Some are disappointed to in a nonjudgmental environment, Department of Veterans Affairs. find they’re not getting credits for their allowing many to reveal details of their As a result, many onetime military service. Some are older and need more psychological and physical conditions men and women face a new battle when flexibility to juggle school with work and that they had previously withheld from resuming their studies: acclimation. And family. Others struggle with the adjustment everyone, including military superiors schools must help them recover their from soldier to student.” and Veterans Affairs administrators. For educational mindsets. example, some clients learned that their Deploying mindful solutions chronic pain led to symptoms of depression Undergoing academic reconnaissance and anxiety that caused social isolation and To address such issues, “Universities increased irritability that made interactions “For now, most of the students’ problems are creating classes to train students in in the classroom challenging. relate to adjustment, anxiety and stress,” how to treat combat veterans and their “We don’t come back with our souls Foderaro states in her New York Times families suffering from war-related mental excised,” a returning vet remarked in a article, “From Battlefield to Ivy League, health problems,” Zoroya writes in “More workshop, run by New York University’s on the G.I. Bill.” She quotes the executive Colleges Develop Classes on How to creative writing program, for former director of counseling and psychological Treat War Veterans” for USA Today. “As military (in an account by Clyde services at Columbia University who psychologically wounded troops return Haberman, “Moving the Battlefield to the says that PTSD typically involves a from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, Page,” in The New York Times on Nov. 23, “‘symptom cluster’” including flashbacks, the initiatives range from workshops to 2009). “We don’t come back filled with hypervigilance, avoidance and numbing.” semester-long graduate courses.” nothing but violence. We’re still your sons Indeed, for one student, a 26-year-old Zoroya references University of and daughters.” ■ Air Force veteran, every time he goes near Southern California’s military social work a refrigerated soda case, “the squealing program that offers a degree emphasizing door reminds him of the whistle of a treatment of veterans; University of Timothy L. Hulsey (Virginia Katyusha rocket,” Foderaro writes. He sits Washington-Tacoma’s new graduate course, Commonwealth University in the front of the class because of hearing Social Work with Military Personnel and chapter past president) loss from repeated exposure to mortar fire. Veterans; and University of South Florida’s is Associate Professor of He prefers hanging out with other veteran- four-course graduate certification program Psychology and Dean of the students. When a professor in a course on in military culture and counseling. Honors College at Virginia comparative politics showed a video of the In an Oct. 4, 2009, article, “As More Commonwealth University. He co-authored the Iraqi electoral process, a split second Veterans Enroll, Central Texas Colleges 2004 book Moral Cruelty (University Press of included the explosion of a roadside bomb, Adjust,” in the Austin American-Statesman, America), and articles he wrote or co-wrote have and the student, shaking, flashed back to Jeremy Schwartz reports that Texas State appeared in industry publications including the duty in Baghdad. University-San Marcos formed a veterans American Journal of Psychiatry and Journal of Veteran-students “are bringing to the advisory council. The university also has Consulting and Clinical Psychology. Hulsey earned esoteric world of academia the ballast of a team of three professors conduct regular psychology degrees from Texas A & M University- the most real of real-world experiences, presentations to help faculty and staff Corpus Christi (bachelor’s), Trinity University along with all the marks of the military understand the unique challenges veterans (master’s), and the University of Tennessee existence, from crew cuts to frayed nerves face as students. (doctoral) and served as a pre- and post-doctoral to a platoon approach to social life,” The College of William & Mary and fellow at Dartmouth Medical School. Earlier in Foderaro states. Virginia Commonwealth University, at his career, he taught and directed the university “It’s a growing discussion, now that which I am employed, created a program honors program at Texas State University. Email colleges are bumping into some of the in 2009 to address the psychological and him at [email protected].

Summer 2010 25 Phi Kappa Phi Forum on Business and Economics

are often considered an investment in the organization and, by extension, Chambers the community. As with most investments, the investor must take an active role to assure a favorable return. So a small of Commerce business owner may value business- to-business networking opportunities; a midsize business may be interested in advocacy efforts that focus on local Make Good public policy; a large business may want help in negotiating governmental

Ian Wagreich, 2001/© U.S. Chamber of Commerce 2001/© U.S. Wagreich, Ian affairs at the state or federal level. Business Sense The U.S. Chamber of Commerce. Because a C. of C. functions on the value proposition that you get out of it By Philip R. Wahl II what you put into it, membership has remained relatively stable during the recent f the recession has ended, as many economic downturn: a retention rate of economists believe, who is at the wheel roughly 85 percent for small- to medium- I of recovery? You might think it’s the city, sized chambers in 2008, a dip of only 2 county, state, and/or federal government. percent from the previous five years, And in a way, that’s true, through, for according to the most recent ACCE data

instance, their various tax credits and public domain Library of Congress available; and a retention rate of 82.2 related stimulus plans. But for the most percent for large chambers, an increase of part, it’s local businesses. They have a 2.4 percent over the same period. vested interest in the community; provide There’s reason for this. Seventy percent jobs for your neighbors, friends, family, Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, center, of consumers equate C. of C. membership maybe even you; generate revenue for the dedicated the cornerstone of the U.S. Chamber of with good business practices and 82 percent area — and advance their cause through the Commerce in Washington, D.C., on May 16, 1922. believe C. of C.s create jobs and promote chamber of commerce (C. of C.). local economic development, according to a Local business leaders turn most of those agencies which make for progress 2007 study of 2,000 adults nationwide, all to their peers in the C. of C. because and civilization.” “The Real Value of Joining a Local that’s where ideas for revitalization can Chamber of Commerce,” commissioned by be exchanged, visions of growth and Lasting impact ACCE. Further, when consumers know that prosperity restored, and steps in strategy a small business is a C. of C. member, they taken. There are roughly 3,000 C. of C.s in the are 63 percent more likely to patronize it. U.S. with at least one full-time employee C. of C.s are a safe haven and rallying Historical beginnings and there are thousands more as volunteer point for businesses and communities. As entities, according to the American the economy rebounds, C. of C.s must C. of C.s have existed in the U.S. for Chamber of Commerce Executives continue to propagate the patriotic spirit of more than two centuries. The New York (ACCE). C. of C.s range from a few dozen their founders by taking hold of the wheel Chamber, founded on April 5, 1768, is the members apiece to more than 20,000. of recovery. ■ oldest institution of its kind in the world. Members share an ambition of sustainable There were many mercantile associations prosperity for their community. Most are in Europe before its advent, but they ardent proponents of the free market Philip R. Wahl II (Augusta State functioned under strict government control. system and resist public sector attempts to University), Senior Vice President/ They were not, like the New York direct private sector enterprise and Augusta City President for Chamber, absolutely free of official investment. First Citizens Bank in Augusta, regulation, free to express opinion and, C. of C. missions vary, but they all tend Ga., serves as chair of the more importantly, free to act on matters to focus on the same primary goals: Augusta, Ga., Metro Chamber of related to public policy and welfare. Commerce in his spare time. He has 24 years of Just as with today’s C. of C.s, the 20 ● Build a community to which residents, experience in banking. Other outreach includes members who came together on that visitors and investors are attracted being on the Augusta State University Foundation historic April evening in 1768 were ● Promote the community’s strengths board of trustees and the school’s Hull College recognized leaders of the community in its through marketing and economic of Business board of advisors; the University of social, political and commercial activities. development activities Georgia Small Business Development Center A Chronicle of One Hundred & Fifty Years: ● Advocate a pro-business legal and Network advisory council; and the Medical The Chamber of Commerce of the State of regulatory environment College of Georgia’s presidential community New York, Joseph Bucklin Bishop’s 1918 ● Represent the unified voice of advisory council. Wahl’s past chairmanships account, summarizes the organization as “a community employers on key business span the Augusta Convention & Visitors Bureau; body of public-spirited citizens, ready at all issues such as taxes and worker Downtown Development Authority of Augusta; times to uphold and advance good compensation Leadership Augusta; and Junior Achievement government, to secure justice and fair ● Reduce friction between public policy of the Central Savannah River Area. He has sat dealing among men, to cultivate and and private sector interests via well- on numerous area boards such as Augusta maintain a sound public opinion and a true functioning networks, taskforces and Tomorrow; Richmond-Burke Co. Workforce conception of patriotism — as a genuine committees Investment Board; Augusta-Richmond Co. moral force in the land.” The august body, Community Partnership for Children and Families; Bishop states, “has throughout its career Local businesses pay C. of C. membership and the Morris Museum of Art. Email him at exerted a powerful influence in support of dues, typically $100 to $500 annually, that [email protected].

26 Summer 2010 Phi Kappa Phi Forum on Workplace and Employment

● Carry resumes and business cards when running errands, socializing,

Stock.xchng exercising, or volunteering in your community — when, that is, you’re not technically on the job hunt— and welcome unofficial meetings that may result. ● Consider what you’re wearing and how you conduct yourself in public during your downtime because you never know whom you might bump into. Your outfit and demeanor speak volumes if a potential employer is present, and one just might be. ● Practice a mini introduction of your ambitions, background and skill set. It should reflect you fully, not fumblingly, Recognize employment possibilities in atypical circumstances like when grocery shopping. and appear natural, not rehearsed. ● Present a proactive direction for your career as much as, if not more than, a reactive one. ● Listen and add to chance conversations Aisle Three: Bottled Water, in a positive way. Show sincere engagement with the other party. ● Understand that lines bring out the Fruit Juice, Beer — and Jobs best, and worst, in human nature. One interview technique sets out to produce stress in order to prompt reactions from By Kimberly Thompson long-term aspirations, and spoke with such potential candidates: to see if they’re genuine interest in the stranger, that the patient, cooperative, good-natured, and the f I were to give a commencement latter wound up volunteering that he was a like. Long lines double as de facto case speech, I’d encourage graduates not only manager getting ready to add staff to his studies. I to embrace new beginnings but also to department — and was looking for ● Follow up your impromptu seize serendipitous opportunities. To someone with the candidate’s background. conversation with a thank-you note. become part of the workforce, I’d say, they They exchanged business cards that the may need to look beyond the workplace. two happened to have on them and Remember, graduates, I’d say in my And then I’d tell this anecdote: At a arranged for a meeting the next week. commencement speech, career opportunities seminar on job searching not too long ago, Shortly thereafter, the candidate started his can pop up anywhere, even at the super- I overheard a diverse group of jobseekers, first day of work for the stranger. market; so be ready to take stock of your Millennials to Boomers with different While this story might sound like one in inventory and sell yourself because you educations, experiences and demographics, million, it happens more than you think, I’d never know who’s buying. ■ talking about what they had learned during say in my commencement speech. In fact, their pursuit. One remarked she could do this anecdote confirms Stanford University more than simply apply for advertised sociologist Mark Granovetter’s influential Kimberly Thompson, a National openings; she would extend her queries 1973 theory of “the strength of weak ties”; Board Certified Counselor and beyond given employer postings. Peers it argues that people, in this case Licensed Professional Counselor, made similar comments about the jobseekers, are more likely to receive has provided career transition importance of networking with family information about new opportunities workshops and career counseling and friends, and with educational and through someone they know less well than for more than 20 years. She has professional contacts. through their close connections. So if coached all levels of management in both the Someone then silenced the lot because he you’re not ready to take advantage of such public and private sectors, developed numerous had taken this principle about networking to a break from an unexpected source, you career transition programs and consulted with the nth degree — by developing a lead for a may wind up disappointed. employers on establishing career services for position while waiting in the checkout line Here are some lessons, then, I’d say in their employees. Thompson has written widely at the supermarket. The line was long, a my commencement speech, about how to on issues dealing with job loss and contributes a half-dozen or more, and, as often occurs in capitalize on good luck, about how to turn weekly column and blog called “Career Rescue” such circumstances, customers struck up coincidence into fate: for the “Jobs” section of The Houston Chronicle conversations to pass the time. A well- (http://blogs.chron.com/careerrescue/). Purchase dressed middle-aged man started talking to ● Career opportunities can happen when her “Career Rescue” app on iTunes at http://itunes. the candidate about the economy and job you are not focused on job searching even com/apps/careerrescue. She received an M.Ed. market. Exchanged pleasantries led to a if that seems counterintuitive. Be open to in Counseling from University of Missouri and question for the candidate: What do you do possibly unusual ways in which job leads a B.S.W. in Social Work from Harding University for a living? are uncovered, for a traditional job search in Searcy, Ark. Based in Houston, Thompson is a Turns out, the candidate, recently might not work now as it did in the past. member of the American Counseling Association, having earned a degree in business with an ● What wind up as informal meetings National Career Development Association, emphasis in manufacturing operations, may be important even if they occur while Career Planning & Adult Development Network, hoped for a situation in the very field the waiting your turn at the doctor’s office, and American Association of Christian stranger worked in. The candidate, also concession stand, mechanic, bank — in Counselors. Email her at careerrescue@yahoo. sporting fashionable attire, spoke with such long lines that seem an unproductive use of com; be sure to put Phi Kappa Phi Forum in the sincerity and focus on short-term goals and your time. subject line.

Summer 2010 27 About Books

Language is another trait attacked by the regime. As Roberta Kalechofsky points What It Means to Be Human out in her 1983 book, George Orwell, Smith “lives in an upside-down world” in which “language reflects governmental in 1984 and Today aspirations, not individual reality.” When we read that the Party’s “Victory Gin” tastes like nitric acid, we are reminded Editor’s note: What’s your favorite uncomfortably not only of absolutist and book? That was one of about a dozen misguided decrees from on high but also of questions the 274 recipients of $500,000 in our own willingness to accept the cumulative monetary awards from the exaggerated language of a consumer Society last year were asked in a “get to society. know you” email survey. Excerpted But the control of language goes far responses formed the basis of brief profiles MifflinHoughton Harcourt beyond the simple manipulation of of the winners in the winter 2009 annual information. Smith’s colleague at the awards edition of this magazine. To Kill a Ministry, the lexicographer Syme, works Mockingbird by Harper Lee and The at deleting what the rulers Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger, Jane consider to be unnecessary Austen’s Pride and Prejudice and Charlotte words from the language, such Bronte’s Jane Eyre, The Lord of the Rings as honor, morality, justice, by J. R. R. Tolkien and J. K. Rowling’s democracy, and science. Harry Potter series all received multiple Eventually, entire documents votes. George Orwell’s 1984 topped those like the Declaration of worthy reads. How come? Press deadlines Independence are replaced prevented pursuing an answer until now. with one word, “crimethink.” The following appreciation of the dystopian George Orwell Syme tells Smith, “the whole classic, first published in 1949, suggests aim of Newspeak is to narrow some reasons. The 1949 first edition of 1984 ran 25,000 the range of thought.” Without copies in green and red dust jackets. the language to express By Eric D. Lehman discontent, even thinking about it countless dystopian books, not to mention becomes difficult. “Every year fewer and ecause George Orwell’s 1984 is an films, worldwide. Why does 1984 still fewer words, and the range of consciousness existential horror story about a captivate, even if the chronological a little smaller,” Syme crows happily. B repressive totalitarian society, it is anomaly of its titular year seemingly dates Of course, it is not only vocabulary that not in the technical sense an enjoyable the book? Big Brother, the supreme symbol of the read. Frederic Warburg, the publisher who What makes the dark masterpiece both Party projected on ubiquitous telescreens as recommended that his firm, Secker and timeless and timely is that it strikes at the a middle-aged man, warps for authoritarian Warburg, produce this important yet core of what it means to be human by, purposes. Dangerous emotions like anger disturbing work of art and social ironically, shredding universal values are funneled through the “Two Minutes commentary, said, “I pray that I may be — like love, family, and freedom of Hate,” a daily compulsory event when spared from reading another like it. …” thought — one by one. There is in the everyone must watch a short film about Scholar J. R. Hammond, in his George narrative, as Hammond notes in his 1982 the Party’s enemies while screaming in Orwell Companion, stated that “to read it is guide, “a denial of integrity, of truth, of all disgust at democratic ideals. This type a painful experience,” and, as such, an finer human feelings,” that is too shocking of propaganda has been used by various essential one. Even Orwell biographer to avoid. Orwell strips away humanity’s dictatorships to deflect dissatisfaction Laurence Brander observed that “many essentials from protagonist and everyman from the government toward real or cannot read it a second time.” Winston Smith to show us how we must imaginary enemies. And families turn Yet when 1984 arrived more than 50 cherish and protect them. against themselves when children inform years ago, poet and critic Sir Herbert Read A clerk in the Ministry of Truth in on parents about supposed disloyalties, a raved in World Review that it was “the post-atomic war London, Smith rewrites tactic that Orwell and his contemporaries most terrifying warning that a man has ever historical documents to reflect the had seen in Hitler’s Germany. uttered.” Noted intellectual Diana Trilling tyrannical government’s ever-shifting party Worse, physical pleasure has been wrote in The Nation that Orwell “has line. Early on, the introspective Smith muted to a level of uncomfortable disgust. conceived the inconceivable,” the complete writes in his secret diary, “Freedom is the The simple words “I love you” on a piece extinction of freedom, creating a vital freedom to say that two plus two make of paper are a shocking challenge to nightmare of a novel. And the redoubtable four. If that is granted, all else follows.” everything the Party stands for, creating writer Mark Schorer’s New York Times But the powers that be do not grant that unsanctioned individual bonds of loyalty. book review praised how “its horror is freedom of thought and eventually force When Smith and Julia, the reckless worker crushingly immediate.” Smith to conclude the answer is five. After he meets at the Ministry, seem to find this Along with Animal Farm, another all, history demonstrates that a totalitarian love, the Party’s Thought Police catch masterwork of revolution and tyranny by regime must attack freedom of thought to them. Then, O’Brien and his minions Orwell (1903-50), this apparently repulsive control its citizens. As O’Brien, a Party literally torture it out of them. A cage of novel remains mandatory reading in avatar who pretends to be in a resistance rats is strapped to Smith’s face and he is secondary schools and higher education. movement that Smith joins, reveals to the forced to beg that Julia be punished rather Plus, dissident revolutionaries subversively protagonist, “We control matter because we than him. It is not enough that they republish 1984 as a source of progressive control the mind. Reality is inside the break Smith intellectually; he must be inspiration. In addition, it has spawned skull.” emotionally tied only to Big Brother.

28 Summer 2010 Phi Kappa Phi Bookshelf

The reeducation Smith endures echoes the actions and intentions of despots over the eons. Highlighted Releases by Members Still, the root problem lies even deeper than governmental control of language or love or imagination. At an international Understanding conference on Orwell in the year 1984 at the Library of Congress, professor of and Engaging theology and literature Nathan Scott argued Under-Resourced that the profound horror of the book is that happiness is no longer a legitimate concern. College Students In fact, O’Brien asserts that “progress in By Karen A. Becker, our world will be progress toward more Karla M. Krodel and pain,” because to Big Brother, “obedience Bethanie H. Tucker is not enough. Unless [the citizen] is 301 pp. aha! Process, Inc. suffering, how can you be sure that he is Karen A. Becker (May 2009). $39.95 paperback. obeying your will and not his own?” If people cannot strive for happiness, existence becomes meaningless — a condition Orwell felt to be present not only for the his Best Books Award finalist, USA Book News, intends to be a tool to improve masses in Soviet Russia, but for many in student retention rates and graduation rates in higher education. It’s “the first England and America. T book of its kind to provide postsecondary educators, administrators, and student When I asked a student in my science support services personnel with a comprehensive look at the needs of under-resourced fiction class why 1984 was his favorite students through heightened insight regarding the environments associated with book, he couldn’t immediately answer economic classes,” state press materials forwarded by coauthor Karen A. Becker but later emailed me that “it’s true.” That (The Ohio State University), coordinator of the reading and study skills center at sad but vital truth continues to serve as Youngstown State University’s College of Education. Sample topics include causes of a pitiless warning against past, present poverty and resources for success, classroom strategies and community partnerships. and future totalitarian governments and “A paradigm shift is the focus,” as educators “consider the societal experience of their continues to attract readers like a black students from generational poverty.” hole swallowing the light of hope. And yet, paradoxically, through that negation Orwell reminds us who we are: creatures of love and spirit, of language and Seeing the Light: imagination. And in those human values we all can hopefully find a common Religious Colleges in good. ■ Twenty-First-Century America Eric D. Lehman (University of By Samuel Schuman Bridgeport chapter president) 336 pp. The Johns Hopkins University teaches science fiction, along Press (January 2010). $50 hardcover. with travel literature and Samuel Schuman creative writing, at University of Bridgeport. He also heads its composition program. His first book, a nonfiction collection of narratives, Bridgeport: Tales from the am seeking to deepen both my own and my readers’ understanding of a too-often Park City (The History Press), came out in 2009. “ neglected facet of contemporary American higher education (i.e., faith-based His second, Hamden: Tales from the Sleeping Giant, Ischools),” writes Samuel Schuman (University of New Mexico) by email. “My will be released by The History Press in May. entire career, as student, professor and administrator, has been at either public or Lehman’s fiction, travel stories, essays, poems, nonsectarian private colleges and universities,” including being former chancellor of and nonfiction have appeared in print and online University of North Carolina at Asheville and University of Minnesota, Morris, and publications such as Magnolia: A Florida Journal English professor at numerous campuses. “From my perspective as a ‘sympathetic of Literary & Fine Arts; Switchback; Entelechy: Mind outsider,’ I attempted to document the very wide diversity of these institutions, & Culture; and Identity Theory. He earned English recognize their strengths, speak frankly about what I saw as their weaknesses, and degrees from Kenyon College (B.A.) and Penn listen carefully to what they say.” He surveys Roman Catholic, evangelical Protestant State University (M.A.). Visit his blog at http:// and Baptist schools and more. themythofhome.blogspot.com/ or email him at [email protected]. Compiled by Editor Peter Szatmary

Phi Kappa Phi Bookshelf Phi Kappa Phi Bookshelf The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi 7576 Goodwood Blvd. Submission Guidelines Baton Rouge, LA 70806 If you are an author and would like your work to be considered [email protected] for inclusion in the Phi Kappa Phi Bookshelf, send two copies of the book, a color headshot of yourself, contact information, *All submitted books will be added to (address, phone numbers, email), and a one-page synopsis to: the Phi Kappa Phi library housed at the Society headquarters.

Summer 2010 29 Chapter Update Chapter Salutes Student, Wife, Mother of Seven, and Phi Kappa Phi Member By Molly Stauffer

ecent Syracuse University graduate and Phi Kappa Phi initiate Jeanette R Zoeckler did homework side by side with the littler of her seven children while her teenagers sometimes thought she didn’t look deeply into their lives because she was absorbed in her studies. Photo Wainwright Wainwright, Chuck The psychology major in the Honors Program met the younger children’s school bus most days and often guided the teenagers in making frozen pizza for dinner. Her youngest, a seven-year-old who liked to do her assignments next to Zoeckler and then go play in the snow, once commented that she thought Syracuse gave too much homework and felt sorry for her. Meanwhile, Zoeckler’s oldest, 22, toasted her mother as an inspiration at a holiday gathering with extended family last year when the two were college seniors. “Honestly, I think my children are not always happy about the nearly radical change that happened in our family” when Jeanette Zoeckler, center, back row, posed for a family photo during her initiation into the Syracuse University Zoeckler returned to school after being a Phi Kappa Phi chapter in December 2009. Celebrating with her: left to right in the front row, mother-in-law stay-at-home mom for years (and worked Judy Zoeckler and Jeanette’s children Simeon and Olivia; and left to right in the back row, children Reuben as a marketing supervisor evenings). “Some and Charlene, husband Eric Zoeckler, and son Ethan. Children not pictured because they were away at days are difficult and not what they were college: Michele and Vernon used to experiencing. However, this is a time of growth for all of us. In the end, I hope they will observe and model a strong “Honestly, I think my children learning and schedules, she said, as mom work ethic and my enthusiasm for study.” hit the books. Syracuse chapter secretary Vicky Bickel are not always happy about the Zoeckler — who joined Phi Kappa Phi applauds these qualities in Zoeckler. “Even because its values line up with her dedica- in a pool of excellent students, Jeanette nearly radical change. ... In the tion to excellence, she said — equates life shines,” Bickel said, as “a remarkable end, I hope they will observe and with seasons, with change, that she and her person and student who achieved her Phi family know how to adjust to and thrive Kappa Phi success even though she is a model a strong work ethic on. In fact, Zoeckler graduated from dedicated wife and mother.” Bickel added, Syracuse the same weekend in May that “I also happened to observe her once and my enthusiasm for study.” her oldest daughter, who Zoeckler said reassure another much younger student on — Jeanette Zoeckler found school a struggle, earned a degree in how to deal with a particularly demanding music education from Temple University. professor; she was so calm and forthright And the intergenerational homework may with solid life experience-based advice and overseas while husband Eric was stationed continue in the next season of Zoeckler’s her fellow student was truly touched.” in Panama in the U.S. Air Force as a life: she’s applied to grad school and, as of Eric Holzwarth, Syracuse chapter sergeant in ground radio communications. press deadline, was waiting on results. ■ president and Deputy Director of the Obtaining a four-year degree would be Honors Program, agreed. Zoeckler “brings crucial to fulfilling her dreams of working to her coursework a wealth of professional in applied areas of psychology, she said. Molly Stauffer is in her fifth year and personal experience that deepens her Her husband, an IT analyst for a utility as a Chapter Relations Director engagement with her education,” he said. company, and her “hero and champion,” at Phi Kappa Phi. She began her “More importantly, she shares that so took on more of what she called “the career with Teach For America generously with other students.” detailed aspects of parenting” while she (TFA), after graduating with a She long desired this type of achievement. “stayed connected to the hearts” of their B.F.A. in dramatic writing from As Zoeckler approached the milestone children by, for instance, studying in the New York University, at which she was a founding of turning 40 a few years ago, she main rooms of the house where the flurry member of the dean’s leadership circle and wanted to “onramp” into a career, she said, of activities take place and helping out honored as a Founders Scholar. After teaching for after having earned in her early 20s an with rides when possible. The children TFA, she recruited for it and worked with Monster. associate’s degree in behavioral science have been responsible for their own com. Email her at [email protected].

30 Summer 2010 Member Spotlight

My work: novelist My Themes: murder, espionage and government cover-ups My philanthropy: family and adult literacy My honor society: Phi Kappa Phi

David Baldacci is the internationally acclaimed author of numerous best-selling novels and founder of the Wish You Well Foundation® that works to eliminate illiteracy. Baldacci was initiated into Phi Kappa Phi at Virginia Commonwealth University in 1983. For more on the foundation, visit WishYouWellFoundation.org.

Founded in 1897, Phi Kappa Phi is the oldest and most selective honor society for all academic disciplines. Its more than 100,000 active members include great minds in science and medicine, government and law and the military, education and business, along with sports, literature and the arts and just about every other field imaginable. Yvonne Taylor Yvonne

Know of other great minds not featured in the new phi kappa phi great minds campaign? send us your suggestions at www.phikappaphi.org/greatminds. Member News

Compiled by Editor Peter Szatmary and finance. Bozeman is founder and board chair of the Houston-based Woodway Financial Since the spring 2010 edition of Advisors, A Trust Company, which offers wealth Phi Kappa Phi Forum, the following management, estate and trust administration and members assumed new academic financial planning. duties: Carlton Griffin (Northern Arizona Notable Members nd Cynthia Anderson University), 2 Lt., was named Jimmy Carter (Youngstown State University), President, the top Army ROTC cadet in 39th President of the United States Youngstown State University. Promoted from the United States. The May Georgia State University Vice President for Student Affairs. 2009 graduate of Northern Arizona University’s Politics and Hillary Rodham Clinton International Affairs Department bested more Secretary of State of the United States Tammy Bourg (Southeastern University of Arkansas at Little Rock Louisiana University), than 4,500 candidates. He serves as an infantry Provost and Vice President of officer at Fort Benning, Ga., and will soon deploy Rita Dove Academic Affairs, Southeastern to Afghanistan as a rifle platoon leader. Pulitzer Prize Winner in Poetry Louisiana University. Promoted Miami University from Interim. Terry Kay (University of Georgia) won one of the Georgia Renee Fleming Grammy Award-winning Soprano Wade Dyke (University of Wisconsin-Madison), Governor’s Awards in the State University of New York-Potsdam President, Kaplan University. Promoted from Humanities from the Georgia Interim President. Humanities Council last year. Robert M. Gates Ten were given out. Kay, twice United States Secretary of Defense Georgia Author of the Year and a member of Texas A & M University Rick A. Lester (University of North Alabama), the Georgia Writers Hall of Fame, has published Dean of Academic Affairs, LIM College. Immediate many award-winning novels, three of which have Ruth Bader Ginsburg previous position: Professor of Management, United States Supreme Court Justice been made into Hallmark Hall of Fame movies: To University of North Alabama. Cornell University Dance with the White Dog, The Runaway, and The Valley of Light. He also has been a sports writer, Freeman A. Hrabowski, III R. Bowen Loftin (member at large), film and theater critic, public relations executive, President of the University of Maryland, President, Texas A & M University. and corporate officer. His brother, John, a former Baltimore County Promoted from Interim President. pastor and professor, received the citation in University of Maryland, College Park 2001 for his part in establishing the Institute for Jean M. K. Miller Chad Hurley (member at large), Associate Continuing Learning at Young Harris College, Dean of Administrative Affairs, University Cofounder/CEO of YouTube making the brothers the only siblings bestowed Indiana University of Pennsylvania of North Texas College of Visual Arts and Design. the award in its 24-year history. Immediate previous position: Chair, Department George Olah of Art, Towson University. Ruth Kinzey (Coe College) was selected by the Nobel Prize Winner in Chemistry University of Southern California U.S. Chamber of Commerce’s Business Civic C. L. Max Nikias (University Leadership Center as one of seven guest editorial of Southern California), Jim Tressel network contributors. The center works with Head Football Coach President, University of Southern California. leaders from business, government and the at The Ohio State University Promoted from Executive Vice President nonprofit sectors to coordinate public-private Youngstown State University and Provost. partnerships and address the voice of business and its social and philanthropic interests. Her (College or university of chapter initiation) Troy D. Paino Kinzey Company, from its base in Salisbury, N.C., (Truman State University), protects and enhances reputations through President, Truman State strategic planning and communication. highest honor a member of the faculty may University. Promoted from receive, recognizes outstanding achievement Provost and Vice President Heloise B. “Ginger” Levit (Virginia Commonwealth of service to the student body, university and for Academic Affairs. University) was named one of the “Influential community. It includes a $5,000 stipend and the Women of Virginia 2009” sponsored by Virginia honoree’s name is engraved on the base of the Gary Pierzynski (Kansas State University), Interim Lawyers Weekly. She was highlighted as an bell monument on campus. Smathers is adviser Dean, College of Agriculture, and Interim Director, advocate for the arts. Levit also picked up six to three student organizations and past president Research and Extension, Kansas State University. awards, including one first-place honor, for of the faculty senate and has served on numerous Promoted from Head of the Department of articles she wrote about art and antiques in 2008. departmental, college and university committees Agronomy. in a tenure at Clemson that spans more than two Jose P. Perez (University of the Philippines) has decades. Teresa A. Sullivan (University of been appointed as an Associate Justice to the Michigan), President, University Supreme Court of the Philippines. He is the first Kayla Elizabeth Tompkins (Lamar University) of Virginia. Immediate previous appointee to rise to this position from within the earned a Plummer Award, given to Lamar position: Provost and Executive court’s tribunal and is the 167th justice overall. University seniors with the highest grade point Vice President for Academic Perez began his career in the early 1970s as a average in their graduating class, last December. Affairs, University of Michigan. legal assistant in the high court’s Office of the She was one of two out of 1,488 graduating Reporter; his most recent position at the Supreme seniors to win the award. Tompkins had a Other members making news: Court was court administrator. perfect 4.0 grade point average, completed her bachelor’s degree in business administration Judy C. Bozeman (University of Houston) was Webb M. Smathers, Jr. (Clemson in accounting in 2½ years, was a member elected as an independent member of the University), professor of applied of numerous honor societies and campus board of directors of HCC Insurance Holdings, economics and statistics at organizations, played clarinet in the school wind Inc., a Houston, Texas-based international Clemson University, received ensemble, and worked 30 hours a week. She specialty insurance group. She will serve on two the 2009 Class of 1939 Award plans to pursue a master’s degree in business committees: compensation; and investment for Excellence. The award, the administration at Lamar. ■

32 Summer 2010 In Memoriam

Compiled by Editor Peter Szatmary classroom, she still furthered the cause by, for Texas, for 10 years and a reading teacher in instance, publishing educational articles and once Austin. She earned her bachelor’s degree from Stanworth Russell Beckler (member at large), 86, serving as a board member and president of the Louisiana Tech University and her master’s and scaled the heights of music and education. He Peoria County School Employees Credit Union. doctoral degrees from University of Texas at taught at his alma mater, College of the Pacific, Married for 52 years to her late husband, she died Austin. Surviving are a son and daughter from her at which he had earned bachelor’s and master’s on Jan. 1; survivors include three married children, first marriage, five grandchildren, and six great- degrees, and its parent, University of the Pacific, 12 grandchildren, and 19 great-grandchildren. grandchildren.” She loved opera and Broadway from 1951 to ’91. During his tenure, he chaired “She was a very proud member of Phi Kappa Phi touring shows, Al Guevara followed up in a phone the music theory/composition department. His and always wore her pin on a charm bracelet,” call. They were married for 24 years but had works include the opera “Outcasts of Poker Flat,” writes daughter Debby Smith, adding that in later known each other for more than a decade before which has been performed internationally, and years Drake often asked to visit her safety deposit that. Prior to her death on Sept. 21, 2009, the “Fanfare, For a Bunch of Nice People,” for the box to view her Society pin. couple enjoyed camping in Colorado. “She loved 75th birthday of the Stockton Symphony. He also our flowers and birds and our home and our nice served as pianist/accompanist for numerous Robert Garis (University of property,” he recollected. “I miss bringing her a groups and as church organist. The Army Air Oklahoma), 59, exposed wildflower just to show her how pretty it was.” Corps veteran (1942-46) died on March 10 of questionable economic lung cancer and is survived by his wife, son and practices by pharmacy benefit Thomas L. Hartigan (California daughter, and their families. management companies State University-Sacramento), (PBMs). The Creighton University 85, led a Renaissance life. Philip L. Cline (Oklahoma professor helped negotiate fairer contracts with He graduated from the U.S. State University), 64, taught PBMs, which function as an intermediary for Naval Academy in 1947 and management and economics at employer-sponsored prescription drug benefit embarked on a brief military his undergraduate alma mater, programs, pharmaceutical manufacturers, and career. Hartigan then worked for the California Washington and Lee University, retail pharmacies. He won numerous awards for Department of Transportation as a “‘right of for 34 years before retiring teaching and for six years served as director of way” agent, purchasing property for freeways. in 2009. The award-winning professor earned nontraditional pharmacy pathway at Creighton’s Later he served as an attorney for the California master’s and doctoral degrees from Oklahoma school of pharmacy and health professions. Department of Real Estate. In retirement, Hartigan State University, was a Fulbright senior scholar, Garis earned a bachelor’s degree in pharmacy earned a degree in psychology from California and won grants from the United Nations, National from Southwestern Oklahoma State University, State University-Sacramento. He further studied Science Foundation, and Ford Foundation. In a master’s of business administration from gerontology because, he quipped, “I have to keep his spare time, he volunteered with the United West Texas A & M University, and a doctorate up with myself.” Hartigan enjoyed folk dancing Way and American Cancer Society and coached in pharmacy administration from University of and handball and, with his wife, cross-country youth soccer. Cline died on Jan. 12 at his home; Oklahoma Health Sciences Center. He died on skiing and camping. The family man died on survivors include his wife, son and daughter and Nov. 13, 2009, of cancer. March 20, 2009, and is survived by his wife, five their spouses, and two grandsons. sons, 12 grandchildren, three stepchildren, and William C. Green (University four step-grandchildren. Barbara Cloud (University of of Southern California), 53, Nevada-Las Vegas), 71, cherished a commander with the U.S. Karel Frederik Liem (member journalism, education and Navy Reserve and an associate at large), 73, surely would have Phi Kappa Phi. The professor professor of political science at loved to be called fishy. After all, emeritus at University of California State University-San the practical joker and bon vivant Nevada-Las Vegas (UNLV) taught Bernardino (CSUSB), died of a sudden illness made his living studying fish at journalism history and media law for decades on Jan. 26, while on active duty in Germany. He Harvard University’s Museum of and served as department chair and associate specialized in national security, Eurasian politics Comparative Zoology. He specialized in the bony provost for some years. Earlier in her career, and intelligence analysis. At the time of his elements of fish, a complicated undertaking since Cloud was a reporter at the Idaho Falls Post passing he was on one-year mobilization orders fish typically have about 140 bones in their skull, Register and Bend (Ore.) Bulletin. The graduate of as part of his military duties. In 2004, he served while humans have 22 or so. He also taught for Stanford University, University of Oregon and as an election observer for the Organization for many years at Harvard’s extension school. Reared University of Washington served as president of Security and Cooperation in Kazakhstan. As an in the Netherlands, Liem earned bachelor’s and the American Journalism Historians Association in educator, Green won his school’s 2007-08 award master’s degrees from University of Indonesia and the mid 1980s, edited and published Journalism for outstanding teaching. A fellow at the Hoover a doctorate in zoology from University of Illinois. History from 1992 to 2001, and published several Institution, he wrote several books on the Soviet Early in his career he taught at Leiden University books. Her commitment to the Society included Union, Russian military and nuclear weapons. in the Netherlands and then at University of being UNLV chapter president (2004-05) and a Before joining CSUSB in 1995, Green taught at Illinois College of Medicine. For a spell he was member of the 2007-10 Fellowship Committee Boston University and University of Southern associate curator of vertebrate anatomy at the and the 2004-07 Marketing and Member Benefits California, at which he had earned a bachelor’s venerable Field Museum of Natural History in Committee. She died as a result of a cerebral degree (Russian language and literature), master’s Chicago. Liem arrived at Harvard as professor and hemorrhage on Dec. 24, 2009; survivors include degree (international relations) and doctorate curator in 1972 and continued in those roles until her husband of 49 years, a professor emeritus of (international relations). His wife and two children his death on Sept. 3, 2009, from complications of physics at UNLV. survive. pancreatic cancer. Survivors include his wife, son, and daughter. Ruth V. Drake, (Bradley Carroll Parker Guevara University), 95, excelled at just (University of Texas at Austin), 87, Merlin Olsen (Utah State about everything she set her “was instrumental in establishing University), 69, starred on the mind to. She graduated Brockton child development centers gridiron and in Hollywood. The (Mass.) High School with honors. and training a number of the Hall of Fame tackle, at 6 feet 5 At her undergraduate school, community colleges in Texas inches and 270 pounds, anchored Massachusetts State College (Bridgewater), she while employed at the Texas Education Agency in the Los Angeles Rams’ Fearsome was class president, editor of the yearbook and Austin, Texas, where she retired,” writes widower Foursome defensive line in the mid 1960s with first chair violinist in the orchestra. Drake, who also Al Guevara. “ She also helped develop education teammates Deacon Jones, Roosevelt Grier and earned a master’s degree from Bradley University, materials while employed at the Southwest Lamar Lundy. Olsen was the 1962 league rookie taught fifth grade for 35 years, the bulk at White Educational Development Laboratory in Austin. of the year on a Rams team that won only one Elementary School in Peoria, Ill. When not in the She was a home economics teacher in Orange, game. He was voted to the Pro Bowl in 14 of

Summer 2010 33 In Memoriam

his 15 years in the league with Los Angeles before becoming band director at University of and, after serving in the Navy during WWII on and was the league's most valuable player in Tampa, at which he also served as chair of the a minesweeper in the Pacific, a doctorate from 1974. Olsen didn’t miss a single game during departments of music and fine arts. During his University of Illinois. He taught agricultural his career. Upon hanging up the cleats in 1976, tenure at the Tampa campus from 1966 to ’80, education at North Carolina State University he became a color commentator for NBC’s pro he also was principal bassoonistx with the Tampa (1950-73) and at Auburn (73-80) through the football and college Rose Bowl telecasts. Olsen Philharmonic and the St. Petersburg Symphony latter’s vocational and adult education program. also appeared on TV’s Little House on the Prairie Orchestra. In 1981, he joined Texas Woman’s A leader in Future Farmers of America and the (1977-81) and headlined two other series, Father University as chair of music, dance and drama and American Vocational Association, Scarborough Murphy (1981-83) and Aaron’s Way (1988). As eventually was associate dean and interim dean wrote two influential books, Fruit Growing and an undergraduate finance major at Utah State for the college of arts and sciences before retiring Hog Production in the South. Preceded in death by University, he won the Outland Trophy as college in 2005; while at the school, he also performed his wife, he passed away on Sept. 14, 2009, and football’s best interior lineman and was named as a member of the Zephyr Winds chamber is survived by a son and daughter, their spouses, one of the nation’s top scholar-athletes. The ensemble and the Wichita Falls Symphony. He another daughter, and three grandchildren, College Football Hall of Fame member earned a was in his late 60s when he died on Nov. 14, 2009. among others. master’s degree in economics while playing for the Rams. A few months before he passed away William L. Rodman (Virginia Laura Leigh Scarpate (Arizona of cancer on March 11, Utah State renamed its Polytechnic Institute and State State University), 60, spent 18 football field at Romney Stadium in his honor. University), 91, turned a degree of her 20 years as a teacher Perhaps his only regret: never reaching the Super in agricultural science from at Suntree (Melbourne, Fla.) Bowl. Survivors include his wife, three children, Virginia Polytechnic Institute Elementary School before numerous grandchildren, and siblings including and State University, plus a few retiring in 2009. When not brothers Phil and Orrin, both of whom also played years of managing a Virginia farm, into a three- grading tests or illustrating bulletin boards, professional football. decade career with the U.S. Foreign Agricultural Scarpate could be found kayaking or hiking, Service. A graduate of the State Department’s quilting or reading. She is survived by her Joan A. Purvis (University of Maryland), 66, owned senior seminar in foreign policy for high-level husband of 40 years, two sons and daughters- numerous dance schools after training under government officials, he held posts in Canada, in-law, and three grandchildren, among others. Russian-born dancers Alexis Dolinoff and George Argentina, Cost Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, Surrounded by her family at home, she died on Zoritch and earning a bachelor’s degree in theater Australia, Mexico and England. Rodman retired in Jan. 18 of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. and a master’s degree in instructional design 1980 with the rank of Counselor of Embassy. He from University of Maryland, Baltimore County. then became active in community affairs, creating Joyce Barlow King Stoops She ran her Damascus (Md.) Dance Center for with his wife a support group for bereaved (University of Southern more than 35 years. Purvis died at her home from parents, cofounding a center for the homeless, California), 86, devoted herself kidney cancer on Nov. 23, 2009; survivors include and serving as vice chair of the first children’s to education. While working her husband of 43 years, two sons, daughter, medical center committee at the University of as a nurse and a technician granddaughter, and great-granddaughter. Virginia. The World War II Army veteran was a analyzing flame thrower gel company commander in the 3rd Armored Division for impurities during WW II, she earned an Noel “Pat” Ralston (Michigan State University), and earned the Silver Star, Bronze Star with oak undergraduate degree and a teaching certificate 93, was born on a Carthage, Mo., dairy farm, so it leaf cluster, and two Presidential Unit Citations. at Northern Illinois University. A master’s degree was a fairly safe bet he’d wind up working in dairy The avid gardener died on Jan. 7; survivors from California State University-Long Beach and a science and agriculture. After earning degrees include his wife of 67 years, son, daughter, four doctor of education from University of Southern from University of Missouri (B.S. and M.A.) and grandchildren, and two great-grandchildren. California followed. She taught fourth grade in Cornell University (Ph.D.), Ralston taught at Long Beach and advanced to vice principal and University of California-Davis in the early and late Kenneth John Russo (Clemson University), 78, principal. Stoops was a professor of education at 1940s, serving as a nutrition officer for the Army not only studied under renowned architect Louis USC for 23 years, also serving as assistant dean in between. He joined Michigan State College Kahn while at University of Pennsylvania but also of student affairs at the school of education. The Dairy Science Department in 1949, becoming earned the first master’s degree in architecture Distinguished Member of Phi Kappa Phi held department head, assistant dean, and director awarded at Clemson University. Russo taught and numerous USC chapter offices in the late 1970s of the cooperative extension service during his held administrative posts at Clemson for 28 years, and early ’80s including president, vice president tenure. Ralston left in 1966 to be deputy director retiring in 1991. He also spent 17 years as a senior and secretary. She and her late husband (and of the Federal Extension Service and later was project designer at the J. E. Sirrine firm while at USC school of education colleague) gave away appointed associate director of science and Clemson. Russo earned a bachelor’s degree in millions of dollars for education. They first met at education in the Secretary’s Office of the U.S. architecture from Oklahoma State University. her final oral exam for her Ed.D., when he, twice- Department of Agriculture. He returned to the He died of cancer on May 12, 2009, at his home; widowed, substituted for another professor. She Federal Extension Service in 1974 as national survivors include his wife of 56 years, son, died on Dec. 16, 2009, less than nine months after dairy extension specialist and retired in 1979. daughter, their spouses, and two grandsons. her husband, and is survived by a daughter. Honors include receiving recognition from the 4-H and being a fellow of the American Cayce Scarborough (Auburn University), 97, Debra Suchanek (Fontbonne University) Dairy Science Association and a member of the achieved educational accomplishments early understood that family and education mattered. International Adult and Continuing Education and never stopped achieving them. While still a She earned a bachelor’s degree in business Hall of Fame. Preceded in death by his first wife teenager he became a junior high school teacher administration and a master’s degree in human of 43 years and his second wife of 22 years, he and principal in rural Alabama, before finishing resources development yet always wanted to passed away on Nov. 7, 2009; survivors include his agricultural education degree at Auburn teach. But she postponed plans to complete a two daughters and a son and their spouses, eight University. After a few more teaching assignments teaching certificate for 16 years to be a stay-at- grandchildren, and three great-grandchildren. over the next several years, he became a district home mom to an adopted child. Then, in 2009, at supervisor of vocational agriculture in southwest age 52, she finished the coursework. She died on Richard “Dick” William Rodean (Texas Woman’s Alabama. Scarborough went on to earn a master’s Feb. 16 of cancer; survivors include her husband, University) came from and carried on a musical degree in agricultural education from Auburn their four children, and two grandchildren. ■ pedigree. He graduated from the acclaimed Eastman School of Music (bachelor’s and master’s degrees in 1963 and ’64) and Texas Tech For more obituaries, go online to http://www.phikappaphi University (doctorate in ’80). Rodean was a high .org/web/Publications/Forum/summer2010/memoriam. school band director early in his career, then assistant band director at University of Buffalo,

34 Summer 2010 Poetic Pause

Stock.xchng 45 Days Clean and my sister’s eyes have stopped blurring. She smiles now, sometimes: the look of a woman without her purse.

And still I cannot help but curse the years she lied, so many times my sister’s eyes have stopped blurring

like a flag coming down, unfurling in the air, her familiar crime: a woman without money in her purse.

First, days finally stopped whirling. Then, I patiently waited, hoping to find that her eyes had stopped blurring,

that someday she would nurse herself, and find real friends, not the kind who mug any woman with a purse.

I continue to pray. Will it again get worse? I am left without rhymes. My sister’s eyes have stopped blurring. She is a woman, lost without her purse. By Katherine Cottle

Winning Poem, Challenging Form By modifying the villanelle’s strict Sandra Meek is the author of demands, employing half rhymes instead three books of poems, Nomadic ancer, sexual abuse, the recent Haitian of perfect ones (“blurring” and “purse,” for Foundations (2002), Burn earthquake, addiction — these were instance) and modulating the repetition (2005), and her most recent, C some of the difficult subjects (line 3’s “the look of a woman without her Biogeography (Tupelo, 2008), undertaken in the poetry submissions for purse” becomes in line 19, “She is a winner of the Dorset Award, as this “Recovery” edition of the magazine. woman, lost without her purse”), Cottle, a well as a chapbook, The Circumference of Arrival Katherine Cottle’s winning entry, “45 Days runner-up in the summer 2009 Phi Kappa (2001). She also is the editor of an anthology, Clean,” deals with drug addiction and Phi Forum poetry contest, builds into her Deep Travel: Contemporary American Poets Abroad recovery by working within the complex poem’s structure the threat of its potential (2007), which earned a 2008 Independent demands of the villanelle, a fixed form collapse, subtly but powerfully evoking the Publisher Book Award Gold Medal. Her poems consisting of five tercets and a final indeterminacy of the speaker’s — and the have appeared in Agni, The Kenyon Review, Poetry, quatrain. The villanelle requires the exact recovering addict’s — situation. Conjunctions, Green Mountains Review and The repetition of two lines as refrains (line 1 The speaker “continue[s] to pray” for Iowa Review, among other publications, and she must be repeated as lines 6, 12, and 18; line clarity, but is “left without rhymes”: has twice been named Georgia Author of the Year. 3, as lines 9, 15, and 19), as well as end recovery not a given, but a question to be Meek also once served as a Peace Corps volunteer rhyme, in an a-b-a pattern. repeated, day after day. in Manyana, Botswana (1989-91). An active Phi The rigid structure of the villanelle — Sandra Meek, poetry editor Kappa Phi member since her induction in 1986 effectively underscores the need for control at Colorado State University, she is a cofounding necessary to recovery. However, in doing editor of Ninebark Press, director of the Georgia so, it also revives the obsession of addiction Katherine Cottle (University Poetry Circuit, and Professor of English, Rhetoric, itself, “her familiar crime.” This duality, of Maryland at College Park) and Writing at Berry College in Mount Berry, Ga. this uncertainty, is also at the heart of the received her M.F.A. in creative speaker’s own compulsive questioning writing from the University of Editor’s note: The contest is open to — will the addict relapse, or not? Maryland at College Park in active Society members, published or These fixations are mirrored in the very 1997. Her work has appeared unpublished. Poems — one per entrant per structure of the poem, as the two lines and in Poetry East, The Pinch, Willow Springs, The issue — should be up to 40 lines long and two sets of rhymes (sometimes perfect, Greensboro Review, Tar River Poetry, and Puerto reflect the edition's theme. One original, sometimes slant) interweave. The tension del Sol. Her chapbook, My Father’s Speech, was previously unpublished poem is selected for between the sparse language Cottle released by Apprentice House in January 2008. the printed edition. Runners-up may run employs and this intricate form she has She is a distance education instructor for online. The fall theme is “scare tactics.” chosen further embodies the speaker’s Johns Hopkins University’s Center for Talented Entry deadline is 7 a.m. CDT Monday, ambivalent emotions about the sister’s “45 Youth online program. Visit her blog at www. June 7. Entries are accepted by email only days clean”: relief and hope, certainly, but katherinecottle.blogspot.com. Email her at at [email protected]. Go online to also the anticipation and dread of relapse. [email protected] http://www.phikappaphi.org/poetry.

Summer 2010 35 And One More Thing … with Bob Zany

drive 15-year-old me to my successful audition for The Gong Show, a popular amateur talent contest on TV. And he had front-row seats to hundreds of shows thereafter. Even though he was bedridden towards the end of his life, he insisted he was going to see me perform in Las Vegas the week he died. He didn’t make it, but I know that he was, and probably still is, my biggest fan. One of the Golden Formulas in my

Composite illustration from stock.xchng images stock.xchng from illustration Composite business is, “Tragedy plus time equals comedy.” Sometimes I forget the “time” part of the equation. On my weekly radio feature, “The Zany Report,” syndicated nationally on The “Bob & Tom” Radio Network, I focus on current events. And the truth is, celebrity deaths have a short shelf life. I reported that Paul Haney, NASA’s “Voice of Mission Control” during the Gemini and Apollo space flights in the 1960s, passed away on May 28, 2009, at the age of 80. My joke went: “Per his last wish, he’ll be buried in ten, nine, eight, seven …” The day after the show I got a call from a friend of the family who said that Haney had a great sense of humor and would have loved the joke. He played it for the family and they loved it, too. So much so that he asked me if a recording of it could be played at Haney’s wake. I know we’re not supposed to speak ill of the dead, but I guess making fun of them is okay sometimes. Death is inevitable; how we deal with our own mortality and grieve the loss of loved ones are choices. In 1987, comedian By Bob Zany Dick Shawn died as a result of a heart The Grin Reaper attack during his act. Because the self- professed “second greatest entertainer in fter more than 30 years in stand-up It was my birthday, so we ordered a piece the whole wide world” was known for comedy, I know a thing or two about of cake from room service. The waiter offbeat antics, the audience thought it was A dying. “Dying” is the phrase arrived, lit the candle, wished us well and a gag. What a way to go. ■ comedians use to describe the slow and left. A moment later, there was a knock on painful figurative death that occurs while the door. It was our waiter. “I recognized performing to an unreceptive crowd. It is you before,” he said, “but I didn’t know if I Comedian Bob Zany’s “Zany hard to recover from and is synonymous should say anything.” My wife, also a Report” is featured weekly on with “bombing,” but completely opposite comedian, and I looked at each other and I the nationally syndicated “Bob & of blowing the roof off the joint, called knew she was thinking the same thing I Tom” radio show. He is currently “killing” and “destroying,” which, if you was: Once upon a time, this guy saw me touring with The Canadian Mist think about it, makes no sense at all. kill or die. Because he had come back after Bob & Tom All-Stars at concert British actor/director Sir Donald Wolfit I tipped him, I was pretty sure it was the venues across the country and producing stand- (1902-68), perhaps best known for the title latter. But instead, he told us a story about up shows for casinos and resorts nationwide. role in the 1954 movie Svengali, reportedly when his best friend was dying. He said Zany has made more than 800 national television made the deathbed proclamation, “Dying is that they spent a lot of time in the hospital appearances, including The Tonight Show, easy. Comedy is hard.” Clearly, we played watching stand-up comedy on TV and that Roseanne and The Drew Carey Show, and co- a lot of the same clubs. moments before his friend passed, he saw starred in the recent film, The Informant!, starring Of course, dying is no laughing matter … my act, and literally died laughing. Or, at Matt Damon, directed by Steven Soderbergh or is it? I do a joke about Oscar the Cat, the the very least, I like to think, with a smile and now out on DVD. Zany treasures his 16- therapy pet at the Steere House Nursing on his face. year association with The Jerry Lewis Muscular and Rehabilitation Center in Providence, I am a firm follower of the adage, “The Dystrophy Association Labor Day Telethon that R.I., who allegedly curls up next to patients show must go on.” That is particularly has included stand-up spots, co-hosting duties, right before they pass away. I add, “Staffers challenging for comedians. I had to catch a fund-raising and a seat on the board of directors. say it allows the patient to die with comfort plane to get to a gig a few hours after my A Los Angeles native, he lives in the San Fernando and dignity, unlike the other nursing-home dad’s funeral in November 1992. Although Valley with his wife and their certified pre- pet, Slobbers the Great Dane. it sounds cliché, I know that my dad, who owned adopted dogs, Henry, part Rottweiler and In 1991, when my wife and I were in was a proud — and very funny — Doberman pinscher, and Frankie, Dalmation and Miami, Fla., taping a TV show, we had a housepainter, would have wanted it that Pointer. Visit his Web site www. bobzany.com or similar brush with the comedy of mortality. way. In 1977, he took a day off work to email him at [email protected].

36 Summer 2010 The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi offers numerous apparel & accessories benefits to assist our members throughout their academic, professional and private lives, including A B scholarships and awards; career advancement, training and networking opportunities; mentor match pairings; and discounts from corporate partners. Whether you are a student, professional or retiree, you can take advantage of these offerings through your active membership and participation in Phi Kappa Phi! SCHOLARSHIPS & AWARDS Fellowships C D E $330,000 awarded annually to members entering their first year of graduate or professional study. Study Abroad Grants $45,000 awarded annually to undergraduates seeking to further their academic experiences abroad. Literacy Grants $25,000 awarded annually to chapters or individual members to fund ongoing literacy projects or create new initiatives. Society T-shirts Canvas Saddle Bag Love of Learning Awards A $17 C $28 $40,000 available annually to members seeking funding for 100% cotton T-shirt features the circular Society logo Ideal carry-on zippered bag embroidered with Society logo in white. postbaccalaureate studies and various career development in detailed embroidery. Sizes S-XL. opportunities. Unisex Women’s Navy: Item #ACC12 Grey: Item #APP09 Light Pink: Item #APP05 Black: Item #ACC13 Phi Kappa Phi Scholar Navy: Item #APP06 White: Item #APP10 D Satin Pearl Pen $10 and Phi Kappa Phi Artist Navy: Item #APP11 Grey: Item #APP07 Light Blue: Item #APP08 Handsome pearl and silver pen with blue Society $2,000 awarded biennially to a Phi Kappa Phi scholar ($1,000) logo and black ink. and a Phi Kappa Phi artist ($1,000) who have demonstrated the Item #ACC72 ideals of the Society through their activities, achievements and B Framed Certificate $50 and $90 scholarship. Display your membership certificate in style. E Letter Opener $10 Matted Decorative Frame ($50): Item #REC50 Traditional metal opener in classic matte finish. Chapter Awards Shadow Box with Medallion ($90): Item #REC30 More than $300,000 in scholarships and awards given Gold Tone: Item #ACC23 annually by Phi Kappa Phi chapters. Phone orders only. Please allow 8 weeks processing time. Silver Tone: Item #ACC24

Recognition Items DISCOUNTS & PRIVILEGES Buy all three, • Apple get shipping free! save $11.95! • AT&T Be recognized on graduation day with your Phi Kappa Phi stole, • Avis, Budget, Enterprise, and National Car Rental honor cords and medallion. • Bank of America Honor Cord $10 • Barnes&Noble.com Braided navy and gold cords, ending in fringed tassels. • Becker CPA Review Item #REC10 • Dell Stole $24 • Liberty Mutual Insurance Gold satin with navy blue Greek letters. • LifeLock Item #REC20 • Marsh Health Insurance Medallion $11 • The Princeton Review Two-inch detailed Society badge hangs from royal blue ribbon. • Stalla System Item #JE24 • T-Mobile Phone orders only. • Women for Hire Network OrderOrder by phonePhone 1.800.804.9880 1.800.804.9880 ext. 10 For the full catalog, go online to For more information about member benefits, Mon - Thurs 7:00 AM - 4:30 PM CDT www.PhiKappaPhi.org Mon - Thurs 7:00 AM - 4:30 PM CST www.PhiKappaPhi.org Fri 7:00 - 11:00 AM CDT go online to www.PhiKappaPhi.org Fri 7:00 - 11:00 AM Summer 2010 FORUM The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi includes among its vast ranks more than 300 chapters at university and college campuses, mostly in the United States. As part of the nation’s oldest, largest and most selective all- discipline honor society, one million members and counting have ties to these chapters since the Society’s founding at the University of Maine in 1897. Here is a list of current active chapters:

Alfred University, Alfred N.Y. Lycoming College, Williamsport, Pa. University of Houston, Houston, Texas Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Mich. Lynchburg College, Lynchburg, Va. University of Houston-Victoria, Victoria, Texas Appalachian State University, Boone, N.C. McKendree University, Lebanon, Ill. University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho Arcadia University, Glenside, Pa. McNeese State University, Lake Charles, La. University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill. Arizona State University, Tempe, Ariz. Mercer University, Macon, Ga. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Ill. Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Ark. Miami University, Oxford, Ohio University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan. Armstrong Atlantic State University, Savannah, Ga. Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich. University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky. Auburn University, Auburn, Ala. Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Mich. University of Louisiana-Lafayette, Lafayette, La. Auburn University-Montgomery, Montgomery, Ala. Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tenn. University of Louisiana-Monroe, Monroe, La. Augusta State University, Augusta, Ga. Millersville University, Millersville, Pa. University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky. Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, Tenn. Millikin University, Decatur, Ill. University of Maine, Orono, Maine Ball State University, Muncie, Ind. Minnesota State University-Mankato, Mankato, Minn. University of Maryland, Baltimore Campuses, Baltimore, Md. Berea College, Berea, Ky. Minnesota State University-Moorhead, Moorhead, Minn. University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Md. Berry College, Mount Berry, Ga. Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Miss. University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Md. Black Hills State University, Spearfish, S.D. Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, Miss. University of Maryland University College, Adelphi, Md. Bloomsburg University, Bloomsburg, Pa. Missouri State University, Springfield, Mo. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass. Boise State University, Boise, Idaho Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Mo. University of Memphis, Memphis, Tenn. Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio Montana State University, Bozeman, Mont. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. Bradley University, Peoria, Ill. Montclair State University, Montclair, N.J. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn. Brenau University, Gainesville, Ga. Morehead State University, Morehead, Ky. University of Mississippi, Oxford, Miss. Brigham Young University-Hawaii, Laie, Hawaii, Murray State University, Murray, Ky. University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Mo. Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah Muskingum University, New Concord, Ohio University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo. Butler University, Indianapolis, Ind. Nebraska Wesleyan University, Lincoln, Neb. University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Mo. California State University-Chico, Chico, Calif. New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, N.M. University of Montana, Missoula, Mont. California State University-Dominguez Hills, Carson, Calif. New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, N.M. University of Montevallo, Montevallo, Ala. California State University-Fresno, Fresno, Calif. Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, La. University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, Neb. California State University-Fullerton, Fullerton, Calif. North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State University, Greensboro, N.C. University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Neb. California State University-Long Beach, Long Beach, Calif. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C. University of Nevada-Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nev. California State University-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif. North Dakota State University, Fargo, N.D. University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, Nev. California State University-Northridge, Northridge, Calif. North Georgia College & State University, Dahlonega, Ga. University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, N.M. California State University-Sacramento, Sacramento, Calif. Northeastern University, Boston, Mass. University of New Orleans, New Orleans, La. California State University-San Bernardino, San Bernardino, Calif. Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Ariz. University of North Alabama, Florence, Ala. California State University-Stanislaus, Turlock, Calif. Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Ill. University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, N.C. Cameron University, Lawton, Okla. Northwestern State University, Natchitoches, La. University of North Carolina-Wilmington, Wilmington, N.C. Campbell University, Buies Creek, N.C. Ohio Northern University, Ada, Ohio University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Fla. Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa. The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio University of North Texas, Denton, Texas Carroll University, Waukesha, Wis. Ohio University, Athens, Ohio University of Oklahoma, Norman, Okla. Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Wash. Oklahoma City University, Oklahoma City, Okla. University of the Pacific, Stockton, Calif. The Citadel, Charleston, S.C. Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Okla. University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines Clarion University, Clarion, Pa. Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Va. University of Pittsburgh at Greensburg, Greensburg, Pa. Clarkson University, Potsdam, N.Y. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Ore. University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown, Johnstown, Pa. Clemson University, Clemson, S.C. Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa. University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico Coe College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kan. University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, Wash. College of Charleston, Charleston, S.C. Plattsburgh State University, Plattsburgh, N.Y. University of Rhode Island, Kingston, R.I. The College of New Jersey, Ewing, N.J. Plymouth State University, Plymouth, N.H. University of South Alabama, Mobile, Ala. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo. Portland State University, Portland, Ore. University of South Carolina Upstate, Spartanburg, S.C. Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, Colo. Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind. University of South Florida, Tampa, Fla. Columbus State University, Columbus, Ga. Radford University, Radford, Va. University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif. Dakota Wesleyan University, Mitchell, S.D. Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, N.Y. University of Southern Maine, Portland Delta State University, Cleveland, Miss. Sage Colleges, Troy, N.Y. University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Miss. DePaul University, Chicago, Ill. Salem State College, Salem, Mass. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn. Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pa. Salisbury University, Salisbury, Md. University of Tennessee at Martin, Martin, Tenn. East Carolina University, Greenville, N.C. Samford University, Birmingham, Ala. University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tenn. San Diego State University, San Diego, Calif. University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Ky. San Jose State University, San Jose, Calif. University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Mich. Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, W.Va. University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, N.M. Shippensburg University, Shippensburg, Pa. University of Texas-Pan American, Edinburg, Texas Eastern Oregon University, La Grande, Ore. Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pa. University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, Texas Eastern Washington University, Cheney, Wash. South Dakota State University, Brookings, S.D. University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio Elmhurst College, Elmhurst, Ill. Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, Mo. University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Okla. Elon University, Elon, N.C. Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, La. University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah Emporia State University, Emporia, Kan. Southern Illinois University-Carbondale, Carbondale, Ill. University of West Alabama, Livingston, Ala. Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Fla. Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville, Edwardsville, Ill. University of West Georgia, Carrollton, Ga. Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Fla. Southern Oregon University, Ashland, Ore. University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wis. Florida International University, Miami, Fla. State University of New York-Binghamton, Binghamton, N.Y. University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, Green Bay, Wis. Florida Southern College, Lakeland, Fla. State University of New York-Cortland, Cortland, N.Y. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis. Florida State University, Tallahassee, Fla. State University of New York-Oswego, Oswego, N.Y. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wis. Fontbonne University, St. Louis, Mo. State University of New York-Potsdam, Potsdam, N.Y. University of Wisconsin-Platteville, Platteville, Wis. Fordham University, Bronx, N.Y. Syracuse University, Syracuse, N.Y. University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wis. Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kan. Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tenn. University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Stevens Point, Wis. Fort Lewis College, Durango, Colo. Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, Tenn. University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, Whitewater, Wis. Francis Marion University, Florence, S.C. Texas A & M International University, Laredo, Texas University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyo. Georgetown College, Georgetown, Ky. Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas Utah State University, Logan, Utah Georgia College & State University, Milledgeville, Ga. Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas Utah Valley University, Orem, Utah Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Ga. Texas Woman’s University, Denton, Texas Valdosta State University, Valdosta, Ga. Georgia State University, Atlanta, Ga. Troy University, Troy, Ala. Villanova University, Villanova, Pa. Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Mich. Truman State University, Kirksville, Mo. Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va. Hood College, Frederick, Md. United States Military Academy, West Point, N.Y. Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, Va. Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Va. Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, Ill. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala. Washburn University, Topeka, Kan. Indiana State University, Terre Haute, Ind. University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Ala. Wayne State College, Wayne, Neb. Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pa. University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Ala. Weber State University, Ogden, Utah Indiana University-Purdue University-Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Ind. University of Alaska-Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska Wesleyan College, Macon, Ga. Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska West Virginia University, Morgantown, W.Va. Ithaca College, Ithaca, N.Y. University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. West Virginia Wesleyan College, Buckhannon, W.Va. Jackson State University, Jackson, Miss. University of Arkansas-Fayetteville, Fayetteville, Ark. Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, N.C. Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville, Ala. University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, Ark. Western Illinois University, Macomb, Ill. Jacksonville University, Jacksonville, Fla. University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, Conn. Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Ky. James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va. University of California-Davis, Davis. Calif. Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Mich. Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kan. University of Central Florida, Orlando, Fla. Western Oregon University, Monmouth, Ore. Kean University, Union, N.J. University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg, Mo. Western Washington University, Bellingham, Wash. Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Ga. University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn. Westfield State College, Westfield, Mass. Kutztown University, Kutztown, Pa. University of Delaware, Newark, Del. Westmont College, Santa Barbara, Calif. Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas University of Evansville, Evansville, Ind. Wichita State University, Wichita, Kan. Lock Haven University, Lock Haven, Pa. University of Findlay, Findlay, Ohio Widener University, Chester, Pa. Longwood University, Farmville, Va. University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla. Winthrop University, Rock Hill, S.C. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La. University of Georgia, Athens, Ga. Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio Louisiana State University-Shreveport, Shreveport, La. University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, Texas Youngstown State University, Youngstown, Ohio Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, La. University of Houston-Downtown, Houston, Texas

For more information about chapters and to learn about how to start a chapter, go online to http://www.phikappaphi.org/web/About/Starting_A_Chapter.html.