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„3E's” (Economics – Environment Some aspects of the „3E’s” (Economics-Environment-Ethics) model for sustainable water usage in the transboundary Slovak and Aggtelek karst region based on some examples from the Bükk mountains Technical University of Košice PhD THESIS WORK László LÉNÁRT 2005 0 Some aspects of the „3E’s” (Economics-Environment-Ethics) model for sustainable water usage in the transboundary Slovak and Aggtelek karst region based on some examples from the Bükk mountains Technical University of Košice Faculty of Mining, Ecology and Geotechnology PhD THESIS WORK Some aspects of the „3E’s” (Economics-Environment-Ethics) model for sustainable water usage in the transboundary Slovak and Aggtelek karst region based on some examples from the Bükk Mountains 100 50 90 45 80 40 70 35 60 30 50 25 Precipitation 40 Nv-17 well 20 Tbp-1 well ] mm Precipitation [ 30 Szinva spring 15 Fluctuation of water level [ % ] level Fluctuation water of Garadna spring 20 10 10 5 0 0 2001.07.15 2001.07.16 2001.07.17 2001.07.18 2001.07.19 2001.07.20 2001.07.21 2001.07.22 2001.07.23 2001.07.24 2001.07.25 2001.07.26 2001.07.27 2001.07.28 2001.07.29 2001.07.30 2001.07.31 2001.08.01 2001.08.02 2001.08.03 2001.08.04 2001.08.05 2001.08.06 2001.08.07 2001.08.08 2001.08.09 2001.08.10 2001.08.11 2001.08.12 2001.08.13 2001.08.14 2001.08.15 Supervisor: Prof. Ing. Tibor Sasvári, CSc. Candidate: Dr. Univ. László Lénárt 1 Some aspects of the „3E’s” (Economics-Environment-Ethics) model for sustainable water usage in the transboundary Slovak and Aggtelek karst region based on some examples from the Bükk mountains Košice/Kassa, 2005. 2 Some aspects of the „3E’s” (Economics-Environment-Ethics) model for sustainable water usage in the transboundary Slovak and Aggtelek karst region based on some examples from the Bükk mountains The results of my work – to my parents, to my family and to those who had helped me; with love and respect (1951) – 1971 – 2005 3 Some aspects of the „3E’s” (Economics-Environment-Ethics) model for sustainable water usage in the transboundary Slovak and Aggtelek karst region based on some examples from the Bükk mountains Contents Personal Motivation 1. Methods of research..............................................................................................................7 1.1. Sustainable mineral resource management.......................................................................... 7 1.2. The 3 E‘s definition of sustainable water resources management....................................... 7 1.3. The problems of transboundary aquifers ............................................................................. 9 1.4. Sustainability of karst water management ......................................................................... 13 2. The database of complete evaluation ................................................................................16 2.1. Data originating from others.............................................................................................. 16 2.1.1. The site of evaluation.................................................................................................. 16 2.1.2. Surface of the substratum............................................................................................ 17 2.1.3. Hydrographic structure ............................................................................................... 20 2.1.4. Geological structure overview .................................................................................... 21 2.1.5. Hydrogeological setting.............................................................................................. 25 2.1.6. Soil cover .................................................................................................................... 28 2.1.7. Flora ............................................................................................................................ 29 2.2. My on-site data collection.................................................................................................. 30 2.2.1. Precipitation ................................................................................................................ 30 2.2.2. Bükk Karst Water Level Monitoring .......................................................................... 30 2.2.3. Measurement of dripping water discharge in caves (cave drip-measurements)......... 32 2.2.4. Systematic measurements of Radon in springs and caves .......................................... 32 2.2.5. Monitoring the condition of cave cleanness and cave cleaning.................................. 33 2.2.6. Assessment of contamination at the sites in the East Bükk........................................ 33 3. The results of my environmental research .......................................................................36 3.1. Changes in precipitation .................................................................................................... 36 3.2. Estimation of evapotranspiration ....................................................................................... 40 3.3. The results of infiltration assessment................................................................................. 41 3.3.1. Infiltration features of the soil cover........................................................................... 41 3.3.2. Infiltration conditions in the epikarst.......................................................................... 42 3.4. Karst water levels, changes in the amount of karst water.................................................. 48 3.4.1. Changes in the karst water level ................................................................................. 48 3.4.1.1. Results of measurements in the Bükk, in the monitoring wells........................... 48 3.4.1.2. Exploitation from Bükk Mountains ..................................................................... 57 3.4.1.3. Water level changes in the mine of Recsk ........................................................... 60 3.4.2. The Bükk karst water level changes by daily averages .............................................. 62 3.4.3. The dynamics of karst water level changes ................................................................ 63 3.4.3.1. Elevation in the karst water level......................................................................... 63 3.4.3.2. Decrease in the karst water level ......................................................................... 64 3.4.3.3. Yields and water levels of springs ....................................................................... 66 3.4.3.4. The lunisolar effect on the study area .................................................................. 73 3.4.3.5. Determining the amount of effective precipitation.............................................. 82 3.4.4. Evaluation of karst waters by temperature on the study area ..................................... 84 3.4.4.1. Categorization of waters by temperature ............................................................. 84 3.4.4.2. The thermal karst water system of the Bükk ....................................................... 88 3.5. The Radon content of the karst waters............................................................................... 97 4 Some aspects of the „3E’s” (Economics-Environment-Ethics) model for sustainable water usage in the transboundary Slovak and Aggtelek karst region based on some examples from the Bükk mountains 4. Economic issues.................................................................................................................102 4.1. Caves in the area, and their influence on water quality................................................... 103 4.1.1. The number and length of the caves, and their location in the study area................ 103 4.1.2. The strain on the caves and their protection ............................................................. 117 4.1.2.1. Protection of the caves....................................................................................... 117 4.1.2.2. Attendance of caves ........................................................................................... 120 4.1.2.3. Illegal pollution of the caves.............................................................................. 121 4.2. Protected zones, environmental values............................................................................ 122 4.2.1. Hydrogeological protected areas and zones.............................................................. 122 4.2.2. Environmental protected zones................................................................................. 125 4.2.2.1. National protection............................................................................................. 125 4.2.2.2. International protection...................................................................................... 126 4.3. Ways to satisfy the ecological water demand.................................................................. 127 4.4. Pollution vulnerability evaluation of the karst areas........................................................ 130 4.5. Further opportunities for karst water exploitation ........................................................... 130 5. Ethics..................................................................................................................................131 5.1. Strengthening the local approach in decision-making..................................................... 131 5.2. Public participation
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