T

Tabernaemontana coronaria alkaloid tabersonine which is reported (Jacq.) Willd. to show hypotensive effect on anaes- thetized cats. Synonym  T. divaricata (L.) R. Br. Coronaridine showed autonomic as Ervatamia coronaria (Jacq.) Staph. well as CNS activity when tested for bi- E. divaricata (L.) Burkill. ological action in animals. It produced Family  Apocynaceae. analgesia and was effective in suppress-  ing foot-shock-induced rage in mice. Habitat Sub-Himalayan tract. Indole alkaloid (I) inhibited HC- Cultivated in gardens. induced ulcer in mice by .%. English  East Indian Rosebay. The crude alkaloid extracts of the Ayurvedic  Tagar, Nandivriksha (The leaves, bark and flowers exhibit an- Wealth of India); Nandi Pushpa. tibacterial activity against Staphylococ- (Tagar is equated with Valeriana cus aureus. hardwickii and Nandivrksha with Cedrela toona.) Siddha/Tamil  Nandiyavattam. Tabernaemontana dichotoma Roxb. Folk  Tengari, Chaandani.  Action  Leaves—milky juice, anti- Synonym Ervatamia dichotoma inflammatory; applied to wounds. Blatter. Flowers—mixed with oil, used Rejoua dichotoma Gamble. in skin diseases. Root—acrid, Family  Apocynaceae. anodyne; relieves toothache, also Habitat  Western Ghats at low used as a vermicide. elevations. Various parts of the plant are used English  Eve’s Apple, Forbidden in the indigenous system of medicine Fruit. for the treatment of skin diseases and Siddha/Tamil  Kandalaippalai, cancer. A decoction of leaves is used as Kattalari-palai. antihypertensive and diuretic. The plant from Sri Lanka (root, Folk  Tengari (Var.). leaves and flowers) contain several in- Action  Seed, leaves, bark— dole alkaloids including voacristine, purgative. Latex—cathartic. voacangine, coronaridine, vobasine, tabernaemontanine and dregamine. The fruit gave the alkaloid, coro- Isovoacristic hydrochloride, found in naridine. Root bark gave alkaloids— the plant, caused bradycardia in frogs heyneanine and voacristine hydrox- and rabbits. The flowers contain an yindolenine. The petroleum ether-ex- 642 Tacca aspera Roxb.

tractable alkaloids of the fruit showed Habitat  Entire Deccan Peninsula, CNS depressant and hypotensive ac- extending into Madhya Pradesh and tivities. Bihar. Tabernaemontana heyneana Wall., English  Fiji Arrowroot, Tahiti synonym, Ervatamia heyneana Cooke Arrowroot. is also equated with Tengari of Indian medicine. Ayurvedic  Suurana. (Instead of The wood and stembark yielded in- wild var., cultivated elephant-foot- dole alkaloids; ursolic acid, beta-amy- yam, Amorphophallus paeoniifolius rin and beta-amyrin acetate. A number var. campanulatus, is used.) of alkaloids showed cytotoxic activity. Siddha/Tamil  Karachunai. (Phytochemistry, , .) Action  Tuber—acrid, astringent, carminative, anthelmintic. Used in the treatment of piles, haemophilic Tacca aspera Roxb. conditions, internal abscesses, colic, enlargement of spleen, vomiting, Synonym  T. integrifolia Ker-Gawl. asthma, bronchitis, elephantiasis Habitat  Aka hills in Arunachal and intestinal worms. Pradesh. The tuber, macerated and repeated- Ayurvedic  Vaaraahikanda (substi- ly washed with water, yield a starch tute), Vaaraahi. (Dioscorea bulbifera (.%). is equated with Vaaraahikanda.) The presence of beta-sitosterol, ceryl alcohol and taccalin (a bitter principle) Folk  Duukarkand (Gujarat). has been reported in the tuber. Action  Tuber—nutritive and Taccagenin and leontogenin have digestive; applied to haemorrhagic been isolated froma acid hydrolysate diathesis, cachexia, leprosy and of leaf extract. Diosgenin and its other cutaneous affections. derivatives, isonarthogenin and isonu- T atigenin together with nuatigenin have The tuber contains gamma-amino- also been isolated. butyric acid, glycine, leucine, valine, A bitter extract, prepared by wash- − quercetin--arabinoside, D ( )-ribose, ing the grated tubers in running water, n-triacontanol, betulinic acid, castano- is a rubefacient; and is also given in genin and taccalin. diarrhoea and dysentery.

Tacca pinnatifida Forst. f. Tagetes erecta Linn.

Synonym  T. leontopetaloides (Linn.) Family  Compositae; Asteraceae. Kuntze. Habitat  Native to Mexico; Family  Taccaceae. cultivated in gardens all over India. Tamarindus indica Linn. 643

English  Big Marigold, Aztec or Dosage  Leaf—– ml juice. African Marigold. (CCRAS.) Ayurvedic  Jhandu, Gendaa. Unani  Sadbarg, Gul-hazaaraa, Talinum triangulare Willd. Gul-jaafari. Family  Portulaceceae. Siddha  Thuruksaamanthi. Habitat  Native to tropical America; Action  Whole plant—infusion growninTamilNadu. useful in cold and bronchitis, English  Ceylon Spinach, Surinam also in the treatment of rheuma- Purslane, Flame Flower, Sweet tism. Heart, Water Leaf, Ceylon Spinach.  Flowers—alterative; juice used for Folk Pasali, Cylon-keerai (Tamil bleeding piles. Leaves—styptic, app- Nadu) lied externally to boils and carbun- Action  Leaves—used in polyuria. cles; muscle pains. Leaves and florets— Diabetics and invalids use the leaves emengagogue, diuretic, vermifuge. as a substitute for Amaranthus The flowers gave lutein esters of gangeticus Linn. dipalmitate, dimyristate and mono- myristate. Fresh petals gave hydrox- yflavones, quercetagetin and tagetiin. Tamarindus indica Linn. The plant yields an essential oil con- taining limonene, ocimene, linalyl ac- Synonym  T. occidentalis Gaertn. etate, linalool, tagetone and n-nonyl T. officinalis HK. aldehyde as major components. Family  Caesalpiniaceae. The aqueous extract of flowers Habitat  Indigenous to tropical showed activity against Gram-positive Africa; now distributed throughout bacteria. the plains and sub-Himalayan tracts Tagetes minuta Linn., synonym of India. T T. glandulifera Schrank (North-west Himalayas; native to South America), English  Tamarind tree. known as Stinking-Roger, gives high- Ayurvedic  Amli, Amlikaa, Suktaa, est yield of the essential oil with high Chukraa, Chukrikaa, Chinchaa, carbonyl content, calculated as tage- Chandikaa, Tintidika. tone among the Tagetes sp. grown in Unani  Tamar Hindi India.  Tagetes patula Linn. (Native to Mex- Siddha/Tamil Puli, Aanvilam. ico; cultivated in Indian gardens) Action  Pulp of fruit—cooling, known as French Marigold, is cred- digestive, carminative, laxative, ited with nematocidal properties. The antiscorbutic; infusion prescribed juice of flower heads is used on cuts in febrile diseases and bilious and wounds. disorders; used as a gargle in sore 644 Tamarix aphylla (Linn.) Karst.

throat; applied as a poultice on in gargles and mouthwash for apthous inflammatory swellings. sores.

 The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of In- Dosage Fruit pulp without seeds— dia recommends the fruit pulp in tired- – g. (API, Vol. IV.) ness without exertion. Leaves—juice, used for bleeding piles, bilious fever and dysuria. Stem- Tamarix aphylla (Linn.) Karst. bark—antipyretic and astringent. Used for diarrhoea. Bark is also Synonym  T. articulata Vahl. prescribed in asthma and amenor- T. orientalis Forsk. rhoea. Seed-kernel—stimulant; used Family  Tamaricaceae. as a supporting tonic in sexual debility  in Unani medicine. Habitat Saline soils of Punjab, Water stored in the tumbler, made Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat. out of the wood, is given for treating English  Athel, Tamarisk. splenic enlargement. Ayurvedic  Maacheeka, Maachikaa. Ethanolic extract of the seed coat exhibited antioxidant activity. Kernel Unani  Maayin Khurd. gave polysaccharides composed of D- Siddha/Tamil  Sivappattushavukku. glucose, D-xylose, D-galactose and L- Folk  Laal jhaau. Galls—Chhoti- arabinose in a molar ratio of  :  :  : . Polysaccharides showed immunomod- Maayin. ulatory activities such as phagocytic Action  Galls—astringent. Contain enhancement, leukocyte migration in- % tannin. Bark—contains % hibition and inhibition of lymphocyte tannin. proliferation. The leaves gave flavone C-glycosi- Galls used as a substitute for oak- des—orientin, vitexin, iso-orientin and galls and sumac. T iso-vitexin. The leaves and fruits gave Galls contain polyphenols—gallic tartaric acid and malic acid. The acid, ellagic acid, dehydrodigallic acid, fruit pulp yielded amino acids—ser- dihydrojuglone--glucoside, isoferulic ine, beta-alanine, proline, pipecolinic acid and juglanin; flavonoids including acid, phenylalanine and leucine. quercetin, its glucoside, isoquercitrin, A bitter principle, tamarindienal, its methyl derivative, tamarixetin and isolated from the fruit pulp, showed tamarixin. fungicidal and bactericidal activity against Aspergillus nigar, Candida al- bicans, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus Tamarix dioica Roxb. aureus, E. coli and Pseudomonas aerug-  inosa. Family Tamaricaceae. The ash of the bark is given in colic Habitat  Throughout in river beds and indigestion. The ash is also used and near sea-coasts in Tamil Nadu. Tanacetum vulgare Linn. 645

Ayurvedic  Maachikaa (related Habitat  North Indian saline or species). water-logged soils; on sandy banks Siddha/Tamil  Nirumari. in West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and South India. Folk  Jhaau. Galls—Maayin. English  Takut Galls. Action  Twigs and galls—astringent.  Tannin content—leaves %, twig- Ayurvedic Jhaavuka, Bahugranthi- bark %, galls %. kaa, Shaavaka. Unani  Maayeen Kalaan (large The leaves gave tamarixetin, kaemp- galls), Maayeen Khurd (small galls). feride, quercetiin and D-mannitol.  Aerial parts contain trans--hydroxy- Siddha/Tamil Sirusavakku. methoxycinnamic acid and isorham- Folk  Jhaau. netin. Hexane extract gave hentriacon- Action  Galls—astringent, given in- tan--ol. ternally in dysentery and diarrhoea. The flavones (tamaridone and tama- Infusion used as a gargle for sore done) have also been isolated from throat. Decoction applied to foul ethanolic extract, along with hexaco- and sloughing ulcers. Pulverized syl-p-coumarate, gardenin, nevaden- galls, mixed with Vaseline, used for sin and apigenin. Gardenin B exhibit- piles and anal fissures. Manna— ed antiviral and anti-invasive activity mild laxative and expectorant. against solid tumours. Tannin content—galls –%, bark .%; tannin and non-tannin ratio, quite high as compared to oak Tamarix ericoides Rottl. bark.

Family  Tamaricaceae. Alcoholic extract of the whole plant exhibited antiallergic activity. Habitat  South India, in river beds.  Ayurvedic  Maachika (related Dosage Gall, leaf, root—– g species). powder. (CCRAS.) T Folk  Jhaau. Action  Galls—astringent. Leaves— Tanacetum vulgare Linn. decoctionisgivenfortreating enlarged spleen; also cough. Synonym  Chrysanthemum vulgare (L.) Bernh. Family  Compositae; Asteraceae. Tamarix indica Roxb. Habitat  Native to Europe; found as Synonym  T. troupii Hole. an escape in some parts of Kashmir. T. gallica auct. non Linn. English  Tansy. Family  Tamaricaceae. Folk  Peilmundi (Kashmir). 646 Taraktogenos kurzii King.

Action  Plant—anthelmintic, bitter It has been shown that Feverfew tonic, emmenagogue. Used for extract inhibits prostaglandin produc- migraine, neuralgia and nausea; tion and arachidonic acid release (this as a lotion for scabies. Toxicity activity, at least partly, explains the depends upon thujone content herb’s antiplatelet and antifebrile ac- of the part used. Tansy oil is tion). The extracts also inhibit secre- used as a liniment for gout and tion of serotonin from platelet granules rheumatism. and proteins from polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN’s). Since serotonin is Aerial parts afforded terpenoids— implicated in the aetiology of migraine tanacetin, vulgarones A and B, tamirin, and PMN secretion is increased in tanacin and tanavulgarol; germacano- rheumatoid arthritis. Feverfew is used lides, stearic acid, and flavonoids— in migraine and rheumatoid arthritis. apigenin trimethyl ether, apigenin, (Potter’s New Cyclopaedia.) Somehow, luteolin, chrysoeriol, diometin, iso- beneficialeffectswerenotobserved rhamnetin, quercetin and axillarin. in a double-blind placebo-controlled The leaves contain parthenolide, caffe- trial on  women with rheumatoid ic, chlorogenic, iso-chlorogenic acids arthritis. (WHO.) and vibernitol. Indian chemotype contains beta- Taraktogenos kurzii King. thujone (.%) as the major con- stituent of the essential oil. Other Synonym  Hydnocarpus Kurzii constituents are: beta-thujyl alcohol (King.)Warb. ., l-camphor . and cineol .%. H. heterophyllus Kurx. The leaves contain parthenolide, caf- Habitat  Throughout upper Assam feic, chlorogenic, isochlorogenic acid and Tripura in evergreen forests. and vibernitol.  Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz Folk Chaalmogra. Bip. (native to Europe and British Action  Kernel yields the true Chaal- T Isles), known as Feverfew, is available moogra Oil (Oleum Chaulmoograe), in India for prophylactic treatment used externally in leprosy. of migraine. The characteristic con- Bark—astringent, rich in tannins, stituents of the herb (dried, whole or also used as a febrifuge. fragmented parts) are sesquiterpene lactones of which parthenolide, a ger- macanolide, is the major component. Taraxacum officinale (Indian species, T. vulgare leaf also Weber ex Wiggers. contains parthenolide). Family  Compositae; Asteraceae. ESCOP recommends the herb for  the management of migraine for at least Habitat Temperate Himalayas, afewmonths. Khasi Hills, Mishmi Hills, Gujarat (See ESCOP and WHO mono- and in hills of South India. graphs.) English  Common Dandelion. Taverniera cuneifolia Arn. 647

Ayurvedic  Dugdh-pheni, Luutaari, The polysaccharides and aqueous Payaswani. extracts exhibited antitumour activi- Unani  Kaanful, Kaasani Dashti, ty in animals. The anti-inflammatory Kaasani Sahraayi, Hind-baa-al- activity has also been confirmed in Barri. (Not to be confused with Ci- animal studies. chorium intybus, known as Kaasani.) The high K+ content of roots and  leaves is considered responsible for the Folk Dudhli, Dudhal. diuretic activity. Action  Root—diuretic, cholagogue, Dosage  Root—– g powder. pancreatic and bile duct stimulant, (CCRAS.) stimulant to portal circulation, choleretic, urinary antiseptic, detoxicant, promotes elimination of plasma cholesterol. Tarenna asiatica (Linn.) Alston. Used chiefly in kidney and liver Synonym  Webra corymbosa Willd. disorders, for rheumatism and as  a general tonic. A decoction is given Family Rubiaceae. for infective hepatitis. Habitat  Peninsular region, ascending to an altitude of , m,  Key application In dyspepsia, and in Assam. loss of appetite, and for diuresis.  (German Commission E, ESCOP.) Folk Kuraa (Maharashtra). ESCOP indicates its use for Action  Fruit—smashed and applied restoration of hepatic and biliary to boils to promote suppuration. function. Leaves—usedinskindiseases. Most of the diuretics cause loss of Thewholeplant,includingtheroots, potassium, but dandelion leaves con- contained D-mannitol. The leaves con- tain high levels of potassium. tain a flavone, corymbosin. The leaves and root contain sesqui- terpene lactones (bitter substances); T triterpenesandsterols—beta-sitosterol, Taverniera cuneifolia Arn. beta-sitosterol-glucosides, taraxasterol,  psi-taratexol and taraxol; flavonoids, Synonym T. nummularia Baker including among others, apigenin-- non-DC. O-glucosides and luteolin--O-gluco- Family  Papilionaceae; Fabaceae. sides; mucilages; inulin (–%, high Habitat  Plains of Punjab, Gujarat values in autumn). The amaroids are andtheDeccaninwasteplaces. cholagogic and secretolytic. (PDR.) An English  East Indian Moneywort. appetite-stimulating bitter has been  identified as eudesmanolides (previ- Folk Jethi-madh (Maharashtra). ously called taraxacin). Action  Leaves—used as a poultice The vitamin A content is higher than for sloughing wounds. Root—used in carrots. as a substitute for liquorice. 648 Taxus baccata Linn.

Taxus baccata Linn. response). The ester alkaloids in higher doses are cardiotoxic. Family  Taxaceae. Dried needles contain biflavonoids, Habitat  Temperate Himalayas, including sotetsuflavone, sequoifla- Khasi Hills and Manipur. vone, sciadopitysin, ginkgetin, kayafla- vone, amentoflavone, beta-sitosterol, English  European Yew. Himalayan heptacosanol and surcose. Ye w is equated w it h Taxus wal- The needles gave several phenolics. lichiana Zucc., synonym T. baccata Betuloside (rhododendron) exhibited Linn. subspecies wallichiana (Zucc.) hepatoprotective activity against hepa- Pilgoe, T. baccata Hook. f. totoxins in rats. Ayurvedic  Thunera, Sthauneya, The seeds are poisonous and contain Sthauneyaka, Shukapushpa, taxine. Dhaatri-patra, Vikarna. (Not The aqueous extract of leaves a substitute for Taalisapatra.) showed a depressant effect on the cen- tral nervous system in rats. Unani  Zarnab. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of In- Siddha/Tamil  Taaleespatri Bhedam. dia attributedantirheumatic, anticatar- rhal, insecticidal and wound-healing  Folk Birmi, Thuno. properties to the dried needles of Hi- Action  Herb—CNS depressant; malayan Yew and indicated the use of reduces motor activity; analgesic, thedrug in powderform(– g)indis- anticonvulsant. Leaf used in orders due to vitiated blood, tumours, nervousness, epilepsy, hysteria, dermatosis and helminthiasis. asthma, chronic bronchitis. Leaf  and fruit—antispasmodic, sedative, Dosage Leaf—– g powder. (API, emmenagogue. Vol. III.) Leaf, bark—– g powder. (CCRAS.) Berry—used in chronic bronchitis. T Taxol—antimitotic; also being tried for the treatment of severe drug-resistant human malaria. (Chem Abstr, , , Tecoma stans (Linn.) H. B. & K.  j.) (The taxol content in Hi-  malayan Yew varied with season and Synonym Stenolobium stans (L.) D. location from .–.%.) Don. The needles contain diterpene es- Bignonia stans Linn. ters of taxane-type (mixture is known Family  Bignoniaceae. as taxine .–.%). Taxine consists of  compounds of which only tax- Habitat  Cultivated in gardens. ine A and B have been characterized. English  Yellow Elder, Yellow Bells. Taxol, the diterpene amide, is found active against ovarian cancer in hu- Siddha/Tamil  Sonapaati, Thanga mans. (clinical results showed –% Arali, Naga Sambagam. Tectona grandis Linn. f. 649

Action  Leaves—hypoglycaemic A quinonoid—lapachol, veratric acid (tecomine and tecostanine are and dehydrotectol are also reported hypoglycaemic alkaloids). from the bark. Root—diuretic, vermifuge. Water soluble portion of the alco- The flowers contain beta-carotene holic as well as chloroform extracts of and zeaxanthin. The plant gave pheno- the bark shows smooth muscle relax- lic acids, beta-sitosterol and triterpe- ant, mild cardiotonic and chloretic ac- noids—ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and tivities. alpha-amarine. An indole-metaboli- Dosage  Flower, bark—– ml zing enzyme, indole-oxygenase, has decoction. (CCRAS.) been isolated from the leaves. Antidia- betic activity of the plant was tested on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Tectona grandis Linn. f. Family  Verbenaceae. Tecomella undulata Habitat  A tree occurring in (G. Don) Seem. Western Peninsula, Central India and Bihar. Synonym  Tecoma undulata G. English  Teak tree. Don. Bignonia undulata Sm. Ayurvedic  Shaaka, Bhuumisaha, Dwaaradaaru, Varadaaru, Kharach- Family  Bignoniaceae. hada, Saagawaan, Saagauna. Habitat  North-West and Western Siddha/Tamil  Thekku. India, and in the outer Himalayas. Action  Flower—used in bronchitis, English  Rohida tree. biliousness and urinary discharges.  Ayurvedic Rohitaka, Rohi, Flower and seed—diuretic. Daadimpushpaka, Daadimchhada, Plihaghna. (Amoora rohituka is also Wood—expectorant, anti-inflam- known as Rohitaka.) matory, antibilious, anthelmintic. T  Used for inflammatory swellings. Action Bark—relaxant, cardiotonic, Bark—astringent. Used in bronchi- choleretic. (Heartwood toxic due to tis. Root—used for anuria and reten- lapachol.) Used for the treatment tion of urine. Nut oil—used in the of leucorrhoea, diseases of the liver treatment of scabies and other skin dis- and spleen, leucoderma, syphilis eases; also for promoting hair growth. and other skin diseases. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of In- The bark contains tecomin (veratryl dia recommends the heartwood in beta-D-glucoside), alkanes, alkanols lipid disorders, also for treating threat- and beta-sitosterols. The bark also ened abortion. yielded chromone glycosides—undu- The wood is rich in anthraquinones, latosides A and B, and iridoid glu- naphthalene compounds and triter- cosides—tecomelloside and tecoside. penic and hemi-terpenic compounds. 650 Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers.

The Leaves contain tectoleafqui- cough, bronchitis, adenoids, asthma none. The bark contains .% tan- and rheumatism. Juice is applied to nin. The seed oil contains linoleic acid skin eruptions. A liniment prepared (about %), along with lauric, myris- from the root is employed in elephan- tic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linolenic tiasis. Oil from seeds—specific against and arachidic acids. The kernels yield eruptions of the skin, eczema, scabies, .% of a fatty oil. leprosy. Seed extract—hypoglycaemic. Powdered aerial parts prevented  Dosage Heartwood—– g elevation of SGOP,SGPT and bilirubin powder. (API, Vol. III.) levels. Hepatoprotective effect of aerial parts was evaluated against (+)-galac- Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. tosamine-induced and carbon tetra- chloride-induced hepatotoxicity in Synonym  T. hamiltonii Drumm. rats. Family  Papilionaceae; Fabaceae. The leaves contain rutin and rote- noids (.–.% on dry basis). Rote- Habitat  All over India; also grown noid content is highest in the seed as green manure and as cover crop. (.–.%). English  Purple Tephrosia, Wild The leaves also contain a triterpe- Indigo. noid, lupeol, and beta-sitosterol. Ayurvedic  Sharapunkhaa, Seeds contain a diketone-pongamol; Vishikha-punkhaa, Sarphokaa. a dimethylchromene flavanone iso-  lonchocarpin; furanoflavones karan- Unani Sarponkhaa, Sarphukaa. jin and kanjone; a flavanone purpurin; Siddha/Tamil  Kattu-kolingi, and sitosterol. A flavonoid, lanceolarin Kolingi, Paavali, Mollukkay, B, is also present in seeds. Kollukkayvelai. The plant extract led to marked low- Action  The drug is considered ering of blood glucose level in normal T specific for the treatment of and alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. inflammation of spleen and liver (is In diabetic rabbits the extract exerted known as Plihaa-shatru, Plihaari in –% hypoglycaemic effect as com- Indian medicine). pared to tolbutamide. Shveta Sharapunkhaa (stems: cov- Dried herb—diuretic, deobstruent, ered with white hair; flowers: pale pink laxative. Given for the treatment of or pale violet) is equated with T. villosa cough, bronchitis, bilious febrile at- Pers. tacks, insufficiency of the liver, jaun- The roots gave a prenylated fla- dice (not effective in infantile cirrho- vanone -methylglabranin; pods con- sis), kidney disorders and for the treat- tain rotenoids—villosin, villon, vil- ment of bleeding piles, boils, pim- losol, villosinol, villinol and villosone. ples. Also used as a gargle. Root—de- Thefreshrootiscreditedwithhy- coction used in dyspepsia, diarrhoea, poglycaemic properties, but leaves did Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) W. & A. 651 not show any such effect. The juice Action  Fruit—astringent, stom- of the leaf is given in dropsy. Ayurve- achic, febrifugal; also used as dic classical texts describe it as a spe- a nervine tonic in tuberculosis, cial drug for treating sterility in wom- haemoptysis, rheumatism and en. paralysis. Considered invigorating Boiled leaves of T. uniflora sub- in Indian medicine. species petrosa (Kant-punkhaa) are used for the treatment of syphilis. The The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of In- medicinal properties of the plant are dia recommends the plant in spermat- more or less similar to those of T. pur- orrhoea. purea, but to a milder degree. In Ayurvedic texts, Maashaparni T. spinosa Pers. (South India, as- and Mudgaparni together form a group cending to  m in hills) is also of rejuvenating drugs. known as Kant-punkhaa (Mulukolingi Mudgaparni is equated with Phaseo- in Tamil Nadu). lus trilobus. Maashaparni and Maasha The root is applied to inflammations (Vigna mungo) are different drugs. and swellings of joints; a decoction is Dosage  Whole plant—– g given in rheumatism. powder. (API, Vol.III.) Chalcones, spinochalones A and B and flemistrictin A have been isolat- ed from the root. Spinochalone C and Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) W. & A. spinoflavonones A and B, and fulvin- ervin A have been isolated from the Family  Combretaceae. plant. Habitat  Throughout the greater Dosage  Plant, root, seed—– g part of India, also grown as an powder. (CCRAS.) avenue tree. English  Arjun Terminalia. Ayurvedic  Arjuna, Dhananjaya, Kaakubha, Kakubha, Aartagala, T Teramnus labialis Spreng. Indravriksha, Paartha, Virataru, Viravriksha. Family  Papilionaceae. Unani  Arjun Habitat  Punjab, eastwards to  Bengal, extending southwards into Siddha Marudam. Peninsular India. Action  Bark—used as a cardiopro- tective and cardiotonic in angina Ayurvedic  Maashaparni, Mahaasa- and poor coronary circulation; as haa, Suuryaasani, Lomash-parni, a diuretic in cirrhosis of liver and for Kaamboja, Krishna-vrintaa. (In symptomatic relief in hypertension; Kerala different species of Vigna are externally in skin diseases, herpes used as Maashaparni.) and leukoderma. Powdered bark is Siddha/Tamil  Kattu-ulandu. prescribed with milk in fractures 652 Terminalia bellirica Roxb.

and contusions with excessive ec- Oral administration of bark pow- chymosis, also in urinary discharges der ( mg/kg body weight) for  and strangury. Fruit—deobstruent. days produced significant increase in circulating histamine, a little increase The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of In- in -HT, catecholamines and HDL dia recommends the powder of the cholesterol, and decrease in total lipid, stembark in emaciation, chest diseases, triglycerides and total cholesterol in cardiac disorders, lipid imbalances and normal rats. polyuria. Casuarinin, a hydrolyzable tannin, The bark extract contains acids (ar- isolated from the bark, exhibited anti- junolic acid, terminic acid), glyco- herpes virus activity by inhibiting vi- sides (arjunetin, arjunosides I–IV), ral attachment and penetration. % and strong antioxidants—flavones, ethanolic extract of the bark exhibited tannins, oligomeric proanthocyani- significant increase in the tensile of the dins. incision wounds. The bark extract ( mg every h) Dosage  Stembark—– g powder. given to ( male) patients with sta- (API, Vol. II.) ble angina with provocable ischemia on treadmill exercise, led to improvement in clinical and treadmill exercise pa- rameters as compared to placebo ther- Terminalia bellirica Roxb. apy. Family  Combretaceae. These benefits were similar to those  observed with isosorbide mononitrate Habitat Throughout deciduous ( mg/day). (Indian Heart J. , forests of India. (), .) English  Belleric Myrobalan, Arjunolic acid exhibited significant Bastard Myrobalan. cardiac protection in isoproterenol- Ayurvedic  Bibhitaka, Vibhitaka, induced myocardial necrosis in rats. Bibhitaki, Bibhita, Baibhita, Aksha, T (Mol Cell Biochem, ,  (–), Akshaka, Kaamaghna, Kalidru Kali, –.) Astudydemonstratedthatthe Karshaphala. alcoholic extract of Terminalia arjuna Unani  Balelaa, Baheraa. bark augmented endogenous antioxi-  dant compounds of the rat heart and Siddha/Tamil Thaanrikkaai, prevented from isoproterenol-induced Thandri. myocardial ischemic reperfusion in- Action  Fruit—purgative when jury. (Life Sci. ,  (), – half ripe, astringent when ripe; .) Cardiac lipid peroxidation in antipyretic; used in prescriptions for male Wistar rats was reduced by .% diarrhoea, dyspepsia, biliousness; .% at a dose of  mg/kg, in a study cough, bronchitis and upper based on aqueous freeze-dried extract respiratory tract infections, tropical of the bark. (Phytother Res. , (), pulmonary eosinophilia and allergic –.) eruptions. Terminalia chebula Retz. 653

The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of In- Family  Combretaceae. dia recommends the drug in powder Habitat  Cultivated throughout form in emesis and worm infestation, hotter parts of India, also in the in addition to other therapeutic appli- Andamans. cations.  The fruits contain beta-sitosterol, English Indian Almond, Tropical gallic and ellagic acids, ethyl gallate, Almond. galloyl glucose, chebulagic acid and Siddha/Tamil  Natuvadom. a cardiac glycoside, bellaricanin. Folk  Jangali Baadaam, Desi The fruits produce hepato-protec- Baadaam. tive effect in CCl-induced liver injury Action  Bark—astringent, an- in mice. Alcoholic extract of the fruit tidysenteric, mild diuretic. Leaf— exerted a negative chrono-and inotrop- antiseptic, anti-inflammatory. Oil ic and hypotensive effect of varying from kernel—substitute for almond magnitude in a dose dependent fash- oil; contains oleic, linoleic, palmitic ion on isolated rat and frog atria and and stearic acids. Fresh kernels rabbit heart. resemble almonds; contain fat ., The fruit contains all components protein ., sugars as glucose of Chebulic myrobalan (T. chebula)ex- .%. Leaf—sudorific; applied to cept corilagin and chebulic acid. rheumatic joints. Ointment made The fleshy fruit pulp contains .% from juice—used in scabies and tannin, both condensed and hydrolys- other cutaneous affections. able types. The flower showed spermicidal ac- The husk and endocarp contain tan- tivity. nins and pentosans. The heartwood Dosage  Fruit—– g powder. and stembark contain beta-sitosterol (API, Vol. I.) and its palmitate. The heartwood, in addition, contain terminolic acid and triterpenic methyl esters. Terminalia bialata Steud. T Family  Combretaceae. Terminalia chebula Retz. Habitat  Andamans.  English  White Chuglam, Silvergrey Family Combretaceae. Wood. Habitat  Abundant in Northern Action  Bark—cardiac stimulant. It India. Also occurs in the forests of contains tannins and is used as an Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, adulterant to cutch. especially in Konkan. English  Chebulic Myrobalan, Black Myrobalan. Terminalia catappa Linn. Ayurvedic  Haritaki, Kaayasthaa, Synonym  T. procera Roxb. Pathyaa, Shreyasi, Shivaa. (Jivanti, 654 Terminalia citrina Roxb. ex Flem.

Puutanaa, Vijayaa, Abhayaa, Rohini, lated from the fruits. A new triterpene, Chetaki, Amritaa—according to chebupentol, and arjungenin, termi- some scholars, these represent seven noic acid and arjunolic acid were also varieties of Haritaki; now used as isolated from the fruit. synonyms.) Antioxidant constituents of the plant, phloroglucinol and pyrogallol Unani  Harad, Halelaa siyaah, Halelaa zard, Halelaa Kaabuli have been isolated along with ferulic, (varieties). vanillic, p-coumaric and caffeic acids. Ether extract showed higher antioxi- Siddha/Tamil  Kadukkai. dant activity than BHA and BHT, Acid Action  Gentle purgative, astringent esters present in phenolic fraction of (unripe fruits are more purgative, extract, were found most effective. ripe ones are more astringent; Dosage  Pericarp of mature fruit— sennoside A and anthraquinone – g powder. (API, Vol. I.) glycoside is laxative, tannins are astringent), stomachic, antibilious, alterative. Used in prescriptions for treating flatulence, constipation, Terminalia citrina Roxb. ex Flem. diarrhoea, dysentery, cyst, digestive disorders, vomiting, enlarged liver Family  Combretaceae. and spleen, cough and bronchial Habitat  Foothills of Himalayas asthma, and for metabolic harmony. from Nepal eastwards to Assam. Bark—diuretic. Folk  Haritaki (Bengal); Monalu The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of In- (Assam), Suravaari Harad (Gujarat). dia, along with other therapeutic ap- Action  Bark—diuretic, cardiotonic. plications, indicated the use of powder Fruits—used as those of T. chebula. of mature fruits in intermittent fevers, chronic fevers, anaemia and polyuria. The tannin in the fruit is reported to T The fruits of T. chebula are used be between –% of the dry weight. in combination with Emblica offici- nalis and T. bellirica (under the name Triphalaa) in the treatment of liver and kidney dysfunctions. The main Terminalia coriacea purgative ingredient of Triphalaa is T. Wight & Arn. chebula (the purgative principle is in Family  Combretaceae. the pericarp of the fruit). Shikimic, gallic, triacontanoic and Habitat  Western Andhra Pradesh palmitic acids, beta-sitosterol, daucos- and Central India. terol, triethyl ester of chebulic acid and English  Leathery Murdah. ethyl ester of gallic acid; a new ellag-  itannin, terchebulin, along with puni- Folk Tani (Andhra Pradesh) calagin and teaflavin A have been iso- Action  Bark—cardiac stimulant. Terminalia tomentosa W. & A . 655

carboxylic acid, beta-sitosterol, a gly- Terminalia myriocarpa  Heurck & Muell.-Arg. coside , -di-O-methylellagic acid- -monoglucoside and O-pentamethyl Family  Combretaceae. flavellagic acid have been isolated. Habitat  Eastern Himalayas, from The bark contains % tannins, also North Bengal eastwards to Assam, beta-sitosterol. Khasi Hills and Arunachal Pradesh.  English Hollock. Terminalia tomentosa W. & A . Ayurvedic  Kakubha(alsoasyn- Synonym  T. alata Heyne ex Roth. onym of Arjuna tree). Family  Combretaceae. Action  Bark—cardiac stimulant,  mild diuretic. Habitat Common in the forests, especially in the humid regions of The bark gave beta-sitosterol, and India, including the sub-Himalayan about % tannins. Ellagic, gallic, che- tracts of North-West provinces, bulinic and chebulagic acids—main Nepal and Sikkim; also southwards constituents of ellagitannins, and leu- throughout the Peninsula. co-cyanidin, an important precursor to English  Laurel (trade). (The Wealth flavonoid tannins, have been isolated. of India.) Ayurvedic  Asana (Asana is equated with Bridelia montana Terminalia paniculata Roth. Willd.) Bijaka (also equated with Pterocarpus marsupium Family  Combretaceae. Roxb.) (Asana and Bijaka are Habitat  Forests of Western Ghats considered as synonyms in Indian and Eastern Ghats up to , m. medicine.) Jaranadrum, a substitute of Ashwakarna, and Kaushik are  English Flowering Murdah. also doubtful synonyms.  T Folk Kinjal (Maharashtra); Siddha/Tamil  Karramarda. Neemeeri, Nimiri (Andhra Folk  Sarj, Saaj. Sain (Dehra Dun). Pradesh); Pekadukkai (Tamil  Nadu); Pilamuruthu, Pillamurda Action Bark—astringent, antidiar- (Kerala). Kindal (trade). rhoeal, styptic, antileucorrheal. Used for haemorrhagic diseases,  Action Bark—diuretic, cardiotonic. skin diseases, erysipelas, leuco- Juice of the bark, mixed with derma. The bark contain .% purified butter and rock-salt, is tannin. applied in parotitis. Beta-sitosterol, arjunic and arjuno- The heartwood gave ,-O-di- lic acids, arjunetin, betulinic and el- methylellagic acid and ,,-O-tri- lagic acids have been isolated from the methylflavellagic acid. A triterpene bark. 656 Tetracera indica Merrill.

Hydrolysis of gum gave oligo-sac- hill stations, and in the Deccan, in charides, disaccharides and monosac- Mysore. charides. Leaves and fruits gave beta- English  New Zealand Spinach. sitosterol. Laurel is native to Mediterranean re- Folk  Chikesoppu (Karnataka). gion and is equated with Laurus nobilis Action  Used as a substitute for Linn. (Lauraceae.)Theleavesandes- Spinacia oleracea,asarichsource sential oil are stomachic, cholagogue, of calcium, phosphorus, iron and stimulant and diaphoretic. The oil has vitamins A, B and C. Given in been used against dandruff, also as an pulmonary and intestinal affections. external application for rheumatism. The shoots of the plant contain saponin, but the seeds do not. The Tetracera indica Merrill. saponin has low toxicity which disap- pears on boiling the leaves. A sam- Synonym  T. assa DC. ple of the plant contained .% oxal- Family  Dilleniaceae. ic acid, combined as calcium oxalate which is higher than found in com-  Habitat Assam. mon spinach. Losses of phosphorus Siddha/Tamil  Anaittichal. (A andirononcookingarealsoreported related species T. laevis Vahl, is to be high. found in the forests of Kerala.) The roots, leaves and immature fruits gave positive reaction for the Action  Leaves—an infusion of shoots is given in pulmonary presence of alkaloids. Cerebroside has haemorrhages and is used as a gargle been synthesized. in aphthae. The leaves yielded beta-sitosterol, lupeol, betulin and betulinic acid. Tetrastigma serrulatum Planch. T T. laevis (Vennelvalli, Piripul) also Synonym  Vitis capreolata D. Don. possesses similar properties. A decoc-  tion of leaves, mixed with rice-gruel, is Family Vitaceae. given for the treatment of aphthae. Habitat  From Garhwal to Bhutan, up to an altitude of , m. Folk  Charchari (Nepal). Tetragonia expansa Murr. Action  Alcoholic extract of Synonym  T. tetragonioides (Pall.) aerial parats, when injected O. Kuntze. intramuscularly in rats, showed anticancer activity. Family  Tetragoniaceae. Habitat  Cultivated in the hills of The plant was found toxic to adult North Bengal, Shillong and other albino mice. Thalictrum foliolosum DC. 657

Teucrium chamaedrys Linn. The herb contains iridoids, includ- ing harpagide and acetyl harpagide; fu- Family  Labiateae; Lamiaceae. ranoid diterpenes; also choline, rutin, Habitat  Native to Europe. Imported quercetin, iso-quercetin, stigmasterol, for use in Unani medicine. beta-sitosterol, beta-amyrin, chloro- genic and ursolic acids. English  Germander, Wall German- der. Unani  Usqurdiyun, Kamaazariuus. Thalictrum foliolosum DC. Action  Gastric stimulant, diuretic, sudorific. Used in spleen disorders Family  Ranunculaceae. and rheumatism; topically in skin Habitat  The temperate Himalayas diseases. from , to , m, in the Khasi hills and in Kashmir, Punjab, Delhi, The herb contains iridoid glyco- Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Orissa. sides, including harpagide and acetyl harpagide; clerodane and neoclero- Ayurvedic  Pitarangaa, Piyaaraan- dane diterpenes; phenylpropanoids; gaa. Pitamuulikaa (substitute). volatile oil, containing about % ca- Unani  Mamiri. (Mamiraa is ryophyllene; tannins and polyphenols. equated with Coptis teeta Wall.) One of the major furanoneoerodane diterpenes, teucrin A, is hepatotoxic. Action  Plant—used against gout Ether extract of the flowering herb and rheumatism. Root—febrifuge, shows antibacterial activity. antiperiodic; a bitter tonic during convalescence.

The root contains alkaloids berber- Teucrium scordium Linn. ine and magnoflorine. (Berberine causes a stimulant action on the move-  Family Labiatae, Lamiaceae. ments of the gastrointestinal tract, a de- T Habitat  Native to Europe; found in pression of both the auricles and ven- Kashmir. tricles and distinct dilatation of the  heart. Magnoflorine induces hypoten- English Water-Germander. tion.) Berberine content is reduced to Action  Stimulant, antiseptic, one-fourth and magnoflorine to traces sudorific. Given for phthisis and after  months. The root also contains cough. An infusion is used as palmitine and jatrorrhizine. laxative in piles, as a gargle in sore Thalictrum sp. (about  species are throat and stomatitis. An extract found in India)—alkaloidal structure of the herb is given in lupus and exhibits antitumoral activity. actinomycosis. Flower tops and Over  isoquinoline and diter- leaves—astringent, diaphoretic, penoid alkaloids have been isolated. vermifuge. (See The Wealth of India, Vol. X.) 658 Themeda arundinacea (Roxb.) Ridley.

Following are the important Thalic- English  Cocoa, Theobroma, trum sp. occurring in India: Chocolate tree. T. alpinum Linn. (the alpine Hi- Action  Leaves—Central nervous malayas and western Tibet at altitudes system stimulant, local anaesthetic between , and , m); T. ele- (due to cocaine). gans Wall. ex Royle (the sub-alpine Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim Seeds—stimulating and diuretic at altitudes from , to , m); (due to caffeine). T. foetidum Linn. (North-West Hi- Cocoa contains methylxanthine, malayas); T. javanicum Blume (the which acts as a diuretic. Preparations temperate Himalayas from Kashmir ofCocoaareusedforliver,bladderand to Sikkim, Khasi hills, Kodaikanal kidney ailments, diabetes, as a general and Nilgiri hills); T. minus Linn. (the tonic and as an astringent for diar- temperate Himalayas); T. reniforme rhoea. Cocoa and cocoa products can Wall. (the temperate Himalayas from cause migraine headache, can also re- Kulu to Sikkim between , and sult in constipation. , m). Included among unapproved herbs by German Commission E.

Themeda arundinacea (Roxb.) Ridley. Thespesia lampas Synonym  Anthistiria gigantea (Cav.) Dalz. & Gibs. Hack. subspecies arundinacea  Hack. Synonym Azanza lampas (Cav.) Alef. Family  Gramineae; Poaceae. Family  Malvaceae. Habitat  The Himalayas and plains  of India. Habitat Grown as an ornamental.  T English  Ulla Grass. Karad grass Ayurvedic Tundikera. is equated with T. quadrivalvis (L.) Folk  Bana-Kapaasi. Raan-bhendi Kuntze. (Maharashtra).  Folk Sarkharaa, Kapoor Ghass. Action  Flowers—used for cuta- Action  Febrifuge. neous diseases. Roots and fruits— used for treating gonorrhoea and syphilis.

Theobroma cacao Linn. Gossypol is reported to be present  in the plant—roots ., flower buds Family Sterculiaceae. ., seeds ., leaves . and stems Habitat  Native to tropical America; .%. The flowers contain quercetin cultivated in South India and Orissa. and protocatechuic acid. Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. 659

Thespesia populnea Thevetia peruviana Soland. ex Correa. (Pers.) K. Schum.

Synonym  Hibiscus populneus Linn. Synonym  T. neriifolia Juss. ex Family  Malvaceae. Steud. Habitat  Coastal regions of India Family  Apocynaceae. and the Andamans; and also grown Habitat  Native to tropical America; as an ornamental. cultivated as hedge plant in the English  Portia tree, Tulip tree, plains throughout India. Umbrella tree, False Rosewood. English  Yellow Oleander. Ayurvedic  Paarisha, Kapitana, Ayurvedic  Pita-Karavira, Ash- Paarshvpippala, Gardabhaanda. vaghna, Divyapushpa. (White  Siddha Poovarsu. and red-flowered var. is equated Action  Specific for skin dis- with Nerium oleander, the yellow- eases. Root, fruit and leaf—used flowered var with T. peruviana.) in psoriasis, scabies and other Siddha/Tamil  Pachiyalari. cutaneous diseases. Lupenone,  lupeol and alkanes show activity Action See Nerium oleander. against both Gram-positive and Bark and leaves—bitter cathartic, Gram-negative bacteria. Bark— emetic; poisonous. Roots—a plaster used for the treatment of haem- is applied to tumours. orrhoids and chronic dysentery. All parts of the plant produce poi- Leaf— anti-inflammatory. sonous latex. Karnels contained near- The flowers gave populnetin, herba- ly seven times as much glycosides as cetin, populneol, quercetin and its gly- leaves, stems, flowers or fruit pulp. The cosides, kaempferol and its glycosides, roots and bark also contain glycosides. rutin, gossypol, beta-sitosterol and Of all Thevetia glycosides, peruvo- its glycosides, nonacosane, lupenone, side is the most important cardiac gly- T myricyl alcohol, lupeol and gossypetin. coside. It produced a fall in right arteri- Presence of thespesin (.%) and al pressure and a rise in cardiac output. herbacetin has been reported from A few cases of arrhythmia responded fruits. Thespesin has been proved to well to peruvoside. Thevetin and oth- be optically active gossypol. Gossypol er glycosides are reported to exhibit occurring in cotton plant is optically digitalis-like effect. As a cardiac glyco- inactive, whereas the gossypol from T. side, the potency of neriifolin is mod- populnea has a high dextro-rotation. erate. Cerberin is even weaker than It exhibits antifertility, anti-tumour, neriifolin. Cerebroside is the weakest anti-amoebic and anti-HIV activities. glycoside in its cardiac effect. The ethanolic extract of fruits In addition to seeds, neriifolin and showed antiviral and anticancer ac- peruvoside have been isolated from the tivity in mice. bark in small amounts. 660 Thlaspi arvense Linn.

Dosage  Root—– mg powder. (.%), contains alpha-thujene, (+)- (CCRAS.) sabinene, (+)-camphene, cedrol, ce- drenol and alpha-and beta-pinenes as major constituents. American Arbor-Vitae and White Thlaspi arvense Linn. Cedar has been equated with T. occi- Family  Crucifereae; Brassicaceae. dentalisandisusedasThuja. It was introduced into India from Habitat  The temperate and North America, and grows as a Christ- sub-alpine Himalayas. mas tree in the plains of India. English  Pennycress, Fanweed. Leaves—aninfusionisusedasauter- Folk  Drekaa (Laddakh). ine stimulant, emmenagogue and di-  uretic. Boiled in lard, are applied exter- Action Astringent, diuretic, blood- nally for rheumatism. Bark—astrin- purifier. Seeds—stimulant. Plant— gent, emmenagogue, diuretic. Oil— a good source of vitamin C (– poisonous, disinfectant, insecticidal.  mg/ g). Ripe seeds are Seed and fruit— antibacterial; inhib- poisonous (pouring boiling water ited the growth of Gram-positive mi- over the seeds before use prevents croorganisms. poisoning). The leaves yields a volatile oil, con- Leaves as well as seeds contain a glu- taining thujone as major component, coside, sinigrin. with iso-thujone, borneol, bornyl ac- etate, l-fenchone, limonene, sabinene, camphor, l-alpha-thujene; flavonoids, mucilage, tannins. Thuja orientalis Linn. The heartwood yields a non-toxic antibiotic substance. It gave sesquiter- Synonym  Biota orientalis Endl. pene alcohols—occidentalol and oc- Family  Cupressaceae. cidol; also alpha-beta-and gamma- T Habitat  Native to China; planted eudesmol. all over India in gardens. Thuja is used in homoeopathy for  tissuedegeneration andtumours, warts English Oriental Arbor-Vitae. and fungoid growths, both internally Folk  Morepankhi. and externally. Action  Leaves—diuretic, insectici- dal antipyretic. Thymus serpyllum Linn. The leaves contain rhodoxanthin,  amentoflavone, hinokiflavone, querce- Family Labiatae; Lamiaceae. tin, myricetin, carotene (. mg/ g Habitat  Native to North America; dry basis), xanthophyll and ascorbic also found in temperate Himalayas acid ( mg/ g). Essential oil, ob- from Kashmir to Nepal; grown in tained from twigs (.) and berries gardens in western India. Tilia sp. Linn. 661

English  Mother-of-thyme, Wild Thymol is expectorant and antisep- Thyme. Thymus vulgaris (Garden tic. Thymol and carvacrol are spas- Thyme) is found in the Nilgiris at molytic. Thymol is also urinary tract higher elevations. antiseptic and anthelmintic. Ayurvedic  Ajagandhaa, Vana- Dosage  Whole plant—– g Yavaani. (Not to be confused with powder. (CCRAS.) Yavaani, Ajmodaa, Shataahvaa, Raajikaa and Tilaparni.) Unani  Haashaa, Jangali Pudinaa. Thysanolaena agrostis Nees.  Action  Antiseptic, antibacterial, Synonym T. maxima (Roxb.) antifungal, antiviral, antispasmodic, Kuntze. mild sedative, expectorant. T. Family  Gramineae; Poaceae. serpyllum and T. vulgaris L. are used Habitat  Cultivated in gardens. for coughs and common cold. English  Bouquet-Grass, Broom- Key application  German Com- Grass, Tiger-Grass, Amliso. mission E approved T. vulgaris for Ayurvedic  Juurnaa, Juurnaahv. symptoms of bronchitis, whooping cough and catarrhs of the upper Folk  Junaar, Pirlu. respiratory tracts. Also to treat Action  Root—a decoction is used stomatitis. (ESCOP.) as a mouthwash during fever, also after parturition. The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia recognizes expectorant activity of T. serpyllum. Tilia sp. Linn. T. serpyllum contains more linalool and p-cymol than Garden Thyme (T. Family  Tiliaceae. vulgaris). Major constituent of the Habitat  Temperate regions volatile oil of both the species (high- of northern hemisphere. Spp. T ly variable) is thymol; with carvacrol introduced into India: Tilia cordata (lesser amount in T. serpyllum, high- Mill. (Himachal Pradesh at er in T. vulgaris), ,-cineole, borneol, elevations of , m.) and T. geraniol, linalool. bornyl and lina- europaea Linn., synonym T. vulgaris lyl acetate, thymol methyl ether and Hayne (Kulu, Manali and Simla). alpha-pinene.  Flavonoids include apigenin, lute- English Small-leaved Lime or olin, thymonin, naringenin; other con- Linden and Common Lime or stituents include labiatic acid, caffeic European Linden (respectively). acid, tannins. Action  Flowers—nervine tonic, The flavonoid fraction has shown to spasmolytic, sedative, hypotensive. have a potent effect on smooth muscle An infusion is used for the treatment on guinea-pig trachea and ileum. of hysteria and indigestion. 662 Tiliacora acuminata (Lam.)HK.f.&Thoms.

The flowers contain a volatile oil Chinnaruuhaa, Chinnodbhavaa, up to about .% containing farnesol; Madhuparni, Vatsaadani, Tantrikaa, flavonoids including hesperidin, quer- Kundalini. Guduuchi sattva cetin, astralagin, tiliroside; phenolic (starch). acidssuchaschlorogenicandcaffeic, Unani  Gilo, Gulanchaa. Sat-e-Gilo tannins and mucilage (in the bract). (starch). In Western herbal, the flowers are an ingredient in blood pressure tablets Siddha  Seenil, Amrida-valli. and mixtures and blood pressure me-  dicinal teas. Folk Giloya. Action  Herb—antipyretic, an- tiperiodic, anti-inflammatory, Tiliacora acuminata antirheumatic, spasmolytic, hypo- (Lam.)HK.f.&Thoms. glycaemic, hepatoprotective. Water extract increases urine output. Stem  Synonym T. racemosa Colebr. juice—prescribed in high fever; Family  Menispermaceae. decoction in rheumatic and bilious fevers. Aqueous extract of the Habitat  Throughout tropical India. plant—fabrifuge. Starch—antacid, Siddha/Tamil  Kodaparuavalli. antidiarrhoeal and antidysenteric. Folk  Tiliyaa-koraa (Bihar, Bengal).  The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of In- Action Plant—CVS and CNS dia, along with other therapeutic appli- active, spasmolytic, hypothermic. cations, recommends the dried stems Used externally for skin diseases. in jaundice, anaemia, polyuria and skin The rootbark contains bis-benzyl- diseases. isoquinoline alkaloids—tiliacorine, ti- The stem contains alkaloidal con- liarine, tiliacorinine, nor-tiliacorinines stituents, including berberine; bitter A and B, corine, tiliacine and mo- principles, including columbin, chas- T hinine. The alkaloid tiliacoridine has manthin, palmarin and tinosporon, been reported from the leaves. tinosporic acid and tinosporol. The drug is reported to possess one- fifth of the analgesic effect of sodi- um salicylate. Its aqueous extract has Tinospora cordifolia ahighphagocyticindex. (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. f. & Thoms. Alcoholic extract of the stem shows Family  Menispermaceae. activity against E. coli. Active princi- ples were found to inhibit in vitro the  Habitat Tropical India and the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Andamans. Oral administration of alcoholic ex- Ayurvedic  Guduuchi, Gudu- tract of the root resulted in a significant uchikaa, Guluuchi, Amrita, Am- reduction in blood and urine glucose ritaa, Amritalataa, Amritavalli, andinlipidsinserumandtissuesof Toddalia asiatica (Linn.) Lam. 663 alloxan diabetic rats. (Phytother Res. The mucilage from leaves gave galac-   (), –.) tan, pentosan, methyl pentosan and A significant reduction in levels of sugars. SGOT, SGPT, ALP and bilirubin were observed following T. cordifolia treat- ment during CCl intoxication in ma- Tinospora malabarica ture rats. (J. Toxicol Sci. ,  (), Miers ex Hook. f. –.) The plant extract showed in vitro inactivating activity in Hepatitis- Synonym  T. sinensis (Lour.) Bsurfaceantigen.(Indian Drugs, , Merrill. , .) T. tomentosa (Colebr.) Miers. Anewhypoglycaemicagentwasiso- Family  Menispermaceae. lated from the plant; it was found to be  ,-substituted pyrrolidine. Habitat Throughout India, The starch from roots and stem, ascending to an altitude of , m. used in chronic diarrhoea and dysen- Ayurvedic  Kandodbhava-guduchi, tery, contains a polysaccharide having Vatsaadani, Padma-Guduuchi. – glucan with occasional branching Folk  Gurch. points. Action  Fresh leaves and stem Dosage  Stem—– g powder; – are used in chronic rheumatism.  g for decoction. (API, Vol. I.) Known as “muscle-relaxing vine” in China. Used as a substitute for T. cordifolia. Tinospora crispa The plant is an inferior substitute Linn. Miers ex Hook. f. Thoms. as it contains less of carbohydrates, sterols, alkaloids and tannins. Synonym  T. rumphii Boerl. Alkaloid magnoflorine shows hy- potensive as well as curare-like effect Family  Menispermaceae. in animals. T Habitat  Assam. Ayurvedic  Guduuchi (related species). Toddalia asiatica (Linn.) Lam.  Action  Plant—diuretic, as powerful Synonym T. aculeata Pers. a febrifuge as cinchona. Family  Rutaceae.  The plant contains a bitter principle Habitat Tropical Himalayas, from picrotein and furanoditerpene glyco- Kumaon eastwards to Assam, Khasi side, tinocrisposide. hills and throughout the Western Stem, roots and tubers contain a di- Peninsula. terpenoid—tinosporan, which appears English  Wild Orange tree, Forest to be closely related to columbin. Pepper. 664 Torenia travancorica Gamble.

Ayurvedic  Kanchana. Habitat  Western Ghats in the Nilgiris, Madurai, Coimbatore Siddha/Tamil  Kattu Milagu, and Tirunelveli. (Torenias are Milagaranai. ornamental herbs.) Folk  Jangali Kaali-mirch, Kanja. Folk  Kakapu (Kerala).  Action Whole plant—febrifuge, Action  Used in prescriptions for diuretic, Leaves—antispasmodic. gonorrhoea. Rootbark—antipyretic, diaphoretic, antiperiodic. Torenia polygonoides Benth. (North East India) is used in urinary tract Used as a tonic during convales- infections, topically for aching joints, cence and constitutional debility. (The sores and ulcers. T. thouarsii Kuntze rootbark was used medicinally in the (coastal areas of Mysore) is used for past in Europe under the name Lopez ulcers. Root or Cortex Radicis as an antimalar- ial drug.) Unripe fruits and roots are included Trachelospermum fragrans in liniments used for rheumatism. Hook. f. The rootbark contains alkaloids, in- cluding toddaline, toddalinine, skim- Synonym  T. lucidum (D. Don) K. mianine. The root gave coumarins, in- Schum. cluding toddanol, toddanone, todda- Family  Apocynaceae. sin, pimpinellin, iso-pimpinellin and  toddalolactone. Habitat Temperate and subtrop- Alkaloid toddaline is irritant to the ical Himalaya from Kumaon to mucous membrane, bronchi, intestines Arunachal Pradesh and in Assam, and the bladder. Meghalaya up to , m. Ethanolic extract of var. obtusifolia Folk  Duudhi (Kumaon), Akhaahi- Gemble, found in the Nilgiris, Tamil lataa (Assam). T Nadu, exhibited spasmolytic activity. Action  Used as a substitute for Among the coumarins, chlorocou- Alstonia scholaris. marin is the most important active principle and can be used an alter- T. jasminoides Lem. (Star-Jasmine), native for papaverine obtained from native to China and Japan, is cultivat- poppy. ed all over India. Alkaline extracts of the leaf and stem show activity against yeast. The leaves and twigs contain dambonitol, cyclitol, arctiin, trachelo- Torenia travancorica Gamble. side, beta-amyrin and its acetate, lu- peol acetate, and a mixture of beta- Synonym  T. asiatica Hook. f. in stosterol, stigmasterol and campes- part, non Linn. terol. A flavone glycoside was isolated Family  Scrophulariaceae. from the butanol extract of dried leaves Trachyspermum roxburghianum (DC.) Craib. 665 and several indole alkaloids from the The fruit, in addition to protein alcoholic extract of dried leaves and (.), fat (.), carbohydrates (.) twigs. and mineral matter (.%), contains The leaves, stem and twigs are used sugars, tannins, flavone and sterol. The for treating rheumatic arthritis, ner- seeds contain a phenolic glucoside, vous disorders, urine retention and as -methyl--glucosyloxy--isopropyl a tonic for weak muscles or nerves. phenol. The principal constituents of the Ajowan oil are the phenols, mainly Trachyspermum ammi thymol (–%) and some carvacrol. (Linn.) Sprague. (Crystalized thymol is known in the trade as Ajowan-kaa-phuul, Flower- Synonym  T. copticum Link. of-Ajowan.) Carum copticum Benth. ex Hiern. Thymol is a powerful antiseptic and Family  Umbelliferae; Apiaceae. antifungal. It is an ingredient in de-  odorant mouth-washes, toothpastes Habitat Cultivated in Madhya and gargles. The aqueous portion, Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, left after the separation of essential Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, oil, is known as Omum-water and is Rajasthan and Bihar. prescribed in flatulence and gripe, es- English  Ammi, Lovage, Carum, pecially in children. Ajowan. Dosage   Fruit—– g powder. Ayurvedic Yavaani, Yamaani, (API, Vol. I.) Yavaanikaa, Yamaanikaa, Dipyaka. Unani  Nankhwaah, Desi Ajawaayin. Siddha/Tamil  Omam. Trachyspermum Action  Fruits—carminative, roxburghianum (DC.) Craib. antispasmodic, anticholerin, an- Synonym  Carum roxburghianum tidiarrhoeal, bechic, stimulant. (DC.) Benth. & Hk. f. T The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of In- Family  Umbelliferae; Apiaceae. dia recommendsthedriedfruitsin Habitat  Cultivated throughout tympanitis, constipation, colic and India. helminthiasis. Oil—used as an expec-  torant in emphysema, bronchial and English Ajmud. other respiratory ailments. Ayurvedic  Ajamodaa, Ajamoda, Used externally in cases of rheuma- Ayamoda, Ajmoja, Dipyaka. tism. Leafjuice—anthelmintic. Root— Unani  Karafs-e-Hindi. carminative, diuretic, febrifuge.  The aqueous extract of the fruit is Siddha/Tamil Ashamtagam. a popular remedy for diarrhoea in In- Action  Seeds—carminative, dian medicine. stomachic, stimulant, cardiac tonic. 666 Tragia involucrata Linn.

Used for dyspepsia, vomiting, Action  Root—febrifuge, diaphore- hiccough, bronchitis, asthma, tic, alterative, blood purifier. Given and pain in bladder; also as an in fever when the extremities are emmenagogue. cold; also for pain in arms and legs. Used as a blood purifier in venereal The seeds yield the coumarins— diseases; applied externally to skin bergaptene, -methoxy--methyl cou- eruptions. Fruit—paste used in marin and umbelliferone. Beta-sitos- baldness. terol is also reported.  Major constituent of the essential oil Dosage Whole plant—– g. (API, from the seeds are d-limonene (.), Vol. IV.) alpha-terpinene (.), d-linalool (.), dl-terpineol (.) and dl-piperitone (.%). Thymol content is .%. The fruit (Ajmud) induced hyperac- Tragopogon porrifolius Linn. tivity of the central nervous system in Synonym  T. sinuatum Ave. Lall. mice. It also exhibited activity against Entamoeba histolytica. The ketonic Family  Compositae; Asteraceae. substances exhibit powerful antispas- Habitat  Native to Europe; modic activity. grown in Himachal Pradesh and The fruit left after the extraction of Maharashtra. the essential oil showed pronounced cardiotonic activity. English  Salify, Vegetable-Oyster, The oil produced marked diuretic Purple Goat’s Beard, Oyster Plant. effect in rabbits. It lowered blood pres- Action  Root—specific in ob- sure in dogs and rats. structions of the gall in jaundice; antibilious. Also used for treating arteriosclerosis and high blood pressure. T Tragia involucrata Linn. Family  Euphorbiaceae. T. porrifolius contain several flavo- noids, including orientin and iso-  Habitat Outer Himalayan ranges orientin. eastwards to Assam; southwards The seeds yield an oil which con- to Travancore, throughout warmer tains a saturated epoxy acid viz. cis-, regions of India. -epoxysteric acid and several conju- English  Indian Stinging-Nettle. gated dienoic acids. Cooked flashy roots of T. porrifolius Ayurvedic  Vrishchhikaali, contain sodium , potassium , cal- Vrishchhika-patrikaa. Used in cium , magnesium , iron ., cop- Kerala as Duraalabhaa. per ., phosphorus , sulphur  and Siddha/Tamil  Chenthatti, Sirrukan- chlorine  mg/ g. A large parts of chori. carbohydrates occur as inulin. Trewia nudiflora Linn. 667

 Trapa bispinosa Roxb. Family Ulmaceae. Habitat  Throughout India in Synonym  T. natans Linn. var. bispi- nosa (Roxb.) Makino. humid regions, up to , m. T. quadrispinosa Wall. English  Charcoal tree, Indian Family  Trapaceae. Nettle tree.  Habitat  Throughout India. Siddha/Tamil Ambaratthi, Chenko- lam. English  Water Chestnut. Folk  Gio. Ayurvedic  Shrngaataka, Shrngaata, Shrngamuula, Trikota, Jalapha- Action  Root—astringent and la, Trikonaphala, Paaniyaphala, styptic; prescribed for diarrhoea, Jalkanda,Trikona,Trika. haematuria. Bark—analgesic. Unani  Singhaaraa. Used as poultice for muscular pain. Siddha  Singara Root, bark and leaves—used in epilep- Action  The Ayurvedic Pharma- sy. copoeia of India recommends the The bark contains % tannin. Stem- use of dried kernels in bleeding bark gave triterpenoid alcohols simi- disorders, threatened abortion, arenol and tremetol; a triterpene sim- dysuria, polyuria and oedema. iurenone; octacosanoic acid and - octacosanyl acetate. Flour of dried kernels is used in Alcoholic extract of the roots pro- preparations for breaking fast in In- duced a progressive depression of dia. The flour is rich in proteins and blood pressure (a total of % in  h) minerals. The flour, prepared from in cats. dried kernels, of red and white varieties contain: phosphorus , ; sulphur ., .; calcium , ; magne- sium , ; sodium , ; and Trewia nudiflora Linn. potassium ,  mg/ g; iron T Family  Euphorbiaceae. ., . and manganese ., . ppm, respectively. The starch, Habitat  Throughout moist and hot isolated from flour, consists of % parts of India. amylose and % amylopectin. English  False White Teak, Gutel. Dosage  Dried seed—– g Ayurvedic  Shriparni, Tumri, powder. (API, Vol. IV.) Pindaara. Shriparni is a synonym of Gambhaari (Gmelina arborea). Siddha/Tamil  Attarasu, Nay Kumil. Trema orientalis Blume. Action  Plant—antibilious, antiflat- Synonym  T. amboinensis auct. non ulent, bechic, anti-inflammatory. Blume. Root—carminative, antirheumatic. 668 Trianthema decandra Linn.

Applied as poultice in gout and Trianthema govindia rheumatism. Plant extract showed an- Buch.-Ham ex G. Don. tileukaemic activity. Plant contains a pyridine alkaloid, Synonym  T. pentandra auct. non N-methyl--carboxamide--pyridone. Linn. Leavescontainanalkaloid,nudiflor- Family  Aizoaceae. ine. Habitat  The plains from Punjab Bark yields taraxerone and beta- to Bihar, extending southwards to sitosterol. Seeds contain an alkaloid Karnataka. ricinidine. The seeds also contain a maytansinoid compound, trewiasine Ayurvedic  Varshaabhu (related (TWS). It exhibited significant cyto- species). toxic activity against various human Action  Plant—astringent in cell lines in vitro. stomach diseases, deobstruent, The charcoal made from the wood abortifacient. is rich in potassium (.%). Trewia polycarpa Benth. ex Hook. f. The root and stems contain hentri- (Western Ghats, Konkan and Kerala) acontane, hentriacontanol, beta-sitos- is also a related species of Tumri. terol glucoside, stigmasterol glucoside and nonacos--en--one.

Trianthema portulacastrum Trianthema decandra Linn. Linn.

Family  Aizoaceae. Synonym  T. monogyna Linn. Family  Aizoaceae. Habitat  South India, Gujarat,  Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Habitat Cultivated fields and Haryana. wastelands. T English  Horse Purslane. Ayurvedic  Varshaabhu (related Ayurvedic  Varshaabhu, Vrshchira, species). Vishakharparikaa, Shilaatikaa, Siddha/Tamil  Vellai Sharunnai. Shothaghni, Kshdra. Wrongly equated with Shveta-punarnavaa Folk  Bisakhaparaa. or Rakta-punarnavaa. Varshaabhu and Punarnavaa are two different Action  Root—deobstruent; used for herbs. T. portulacastrum is a rainy asthma, hepatitis and amenorrhoea. season annual. Rakta-punarnavaa The root, leaf and stem gave positive is equated with Boerhavia diffusa, test for alkaloid. The plant is a good Shveta-punarnavaa with white- source of zinc (. .) and flowered species, B. erecta L. (B. copper (. .) mg/ g. punarnava). Tribulus terrestris Linn. 669

Unani  Biskhaparaa. English  Winged Caltrops. Siddha  Sharunai. Ayurvedic  Gokshura (related species). Folk  Pathari, Bisakhaparaa. Unani  Gokharu-kalaan. Action  Root—antipyretic, anal- gesic, spasmolytic, deobstruent, Folk  Desi Gokharu, Aakharaa., cathartic, anti-inflammatory. Hasaka. Action  Fruits—diuretic, anti- Leaves—diuretic; used in oedema inflammatory, emmenagogue. Used and dropsy. A decoction of the herb for uterine and genitourinary is used as an antidote to alcoholic poi- disorders. son. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of In- Seed—astringent, diuretic; given to dia recommends the dried root in dis- women to ensure fecundity. eases of the liver and spleen, anaemia The fruit gave sterols—stigmasterol, and oedema. campesterol and beta-sitosterol; flavo- Ethanolic extract of the aerial parts noids—luteolin, kaempferol--gluco- exhibited hepatoprotective activity in side and rutin; sapogenins—diosge- CCl-induced intoxication in rats. The nin, gitogenin and chlorogenin. Root, acetone-insoluble fraction of the ex- stems, leaves and seeds contain sa- tract is responsible for the activity. pogenins—diosgenin, gitogenin and The red and white flowers con- chlorogenin; sterols—beta-sitosterol tain an alkaloid trianthemine, also and stigmasterol. punaranavine. The plant also gave ecdysterone (. g/kg), a potential chemosterilant; nicotinic acid and as- Tribulus terrestris corbic acid. The plant is rich in phos- Linn. phorus and iron but poor in calcium. Family  Zygophyllaceae. The high content of oxalate affects Habitat  Throughout India, up to the assimilation of calcium. Carotene , m. T (. mg/ g) has also been reported. Trianthema sp. are used as adulter- English  Land-Caltrops, Puncture ant of the roots of Boerhavia diffusa. Vine. Ayurvedic  Gokshura, Gokshu- Dosage  Root—– g powder. (API, raka, Kshudra (Laghu) Gokharu, Vol. IV.) Shvadamshtraa, Swaadu-kantaka, Trikanta, Trikantaka. (Larger var. is equated with Pedalium murex Tribulus alatus Delile. Linn. The fruits of both the varieties  are conical and have four spines, Family Zygophyllaceae. not three as the synonyms denote. Habitat  Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab Hence, Acanthospermum hispidum and Haryana. DC. and Martynia annua Linn. have 670 Trichodesma indicum R. Br.

been suggested as the source of % in diabetic mice) activities have Trikantaka.) been confirmed in several experimen- tal studies. (Pub Med, Medline ab- Unani  Khaar-e-Khasak Khurd. stracts, .) Siddha  Sirunenunji, Nerinjil, Nerunjil. Dosage  Fruit—– g powder. (CCRAS.) Action  Fruits—diuretic, demulcent, anti-inflammatory, anabolic, spasmolytic, muscle relaxant, hypotensive, hypoglycaemic. Used Trichodesma indicum R. Br. in strangury, calculus affections, Family  Boraginaceae. urolithiasis, crystalluria, urinary  discharges, pruritus-ani, as a tonic Habitat The greater part of India in sexual inadequacy; also as in the plains. a supporting medicine in cough Ayurvedic  Adah-pushpi, Adho- and asthma. Leaf—diuretic, mukha, Gandhapushpika, Andhaka. haemostatic. Root—stomachic, Siddha/Tamil  Kalhudaitumbai. diuretic. Folk  Andhaahuli. In addition to all these applications, Action  Herb—Diuretic, emollient, The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India febrifuge. Leaf—depurative. Root— attributes cardiotonic properties to the anti-inflammatory, astringent, root and fruit. antidysenteric. Pounded and The plant contains saponins, which applied to swelling of joints. on hydrolysis yield sapogenins—dios- Flower—sudorific and pectoral. genin, gitogenin, chlorogenin, rusco- genin, D-spirosta-, -diene, among The seeds gave linoleic, linolenic, others. Flavonoids—rutin, quercetin, oleic, palmitic and stearic acids. Hex- kaempferol, kaempferol--glucoside acosane, ethylhexacosanoate, ,- T and-rutinoside, and tribuloside have hexacosadienoic acid ethylester have been isolated from the leaves and fruits. been isolated from the leaves. Theseedscontain carbolinealkaloids— Dosage  Root—– g paste. harmane and harmine. Harmol is also (CCRAS.) reported from the herb. A saponin (unidentified) is report- ed effective for treating angina pec- toris in people with coronary heart dis- Trichodesma zeylanicum R. Br. ease ( cases were treated). (Natu- Family  Boraginaceae. ral Medicines Comprehensive Database,  .) Habitat Peninsular India, crossing Diuretic (more than furosemide), into West Bengal. proerectile aphrodisiac, hypotensive, Ayurvedic  Adah-pushpi (related hypolipidaemic, hypoglycaemic (– species), Jhingi. Trichosanthes bracteata (Lam.) Viogt. 671

 Folk Hetenuriyaa, Jalasirasa. Trichosanthes anguina Linn. Jinghini (Maharashtra). Family  Cucurbitaceae. Action  Flower—sudorific, pectoral.  Leaves—diuretic, emollient, demul- Habitat Cultivated throughout cent. Root—applied to wounds as India particularly in South India. analgesic. English  Snake-Gourd.  Seeds contain a toxic alkaloid supi- Ayurvedic Dadhipushpi, Chichin- nine (% dry seeds). Aqueous extracts da, Shvetaraaji, Ahiphala. of stems, leaves and fruits is very toxic Siddha/Tamil  Pudal. to cockroaches. Folk  Chichindaa, Chichendaa. Action  Root and seed—antibilious, vermifuge, antidiarrhoeal. Fruits— Tricholepis angustifolia DC. improve appetite, cure biliousness.

Family  Compositae; Asteraceae. Alpha-, beta-, gamma-carotenes, cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein, hen- Habitat  Coastal regions of Kerala triacontane, ceryl alcohol, quercetin, and Karnataka. alpha-amyrin, taraxerone, oxalic acid, Ayurvedic  Brahmadandi (related surcose, and beta-sitosterol have been species). isolated from the fruit. The seed Folk  Uuntakataaraa. gave kaempferol, its -O-glucoside and quercetin. Action  Diuretic, bechic. The plant gave cucurbita-,- dienol, -ethylcholesta--enol, - ethylcholesta-, -dienol. Tricholepis glaberrima DC. Family  Compositae; Asteraceae. Trichosanthes bracteata T Habitat  Rajasthan, Madhya (Lam.) Viogt. Pradesh and Peninsular India. Synonym  T. palmata Roxb. Ayurvedic  Brahmadandi. T. lepiniana (Naud.) Cogn. Involucraria lepiniana Naud. Action  Antiseptic (used in leucoderma), nervine tonic (used Family  Cucurbitaceae. in seminal debility), urinary tract Habitat  Throughout India, in moist disinfectant. Root—bechic. places.  The plant contains betulin, spinas- Ayurvedic Indravaaruni (red terol, stigmasterol, stigma--enol and var.), Vishaalaa, Mahaakaala, a triterpenoid—cycloart--en-beta, Mahendra-vaaruni. -diol. Siddha/Tamil  Korattai. 672 Trichosanthes cordata Roxb.

Folk  Mahkaar, Maakaal, Laal Habitat  Found throughout India Indraayana, Kondal. in scrub-jungles and waste places. Action  Same as that of Citrullus Ayurvedic  Amritaphala, Vana- colocynthis. The fruits are poi- Patota, Tikta-Patoli. sonous. The seed extract show Siddha  Kattu Pey Pudal. haemagglutinating activity. Fruit—  cathartic, antiasthmatic (the fruit Action Bitter fruits—blood is smoked in asthma and lung dis- purifier (used in the treatment eases), anti-inflammatory (used for of skin diseases); germicidal; rheumatic affections, weakness of appetizer, laxative (used in bilious limbs, dental diseases, hemicrania). disorders); hepatoprotective. Root and seed—anthelmintic, antifebrile. The root gave tetrahydroxypenta- Whole plant—antipyretic. Root— cyclic triterpenoid, trichotetrol. Cy- cathartic. Leaves—used externally clotrichosantol and cycloeucalenol in alopecia. have been isolated from the leaves. Cucurbitacin B has been isolated from the fruits.The root tuber contains Trichosanthes cordata Roxb. glycoproteins and beta-trichosanthin. The leaves gave luteolin--glucoside, Family  Cucurbitaceae. kaempferol, ,-dirhamnoside and - Habitat  Foot hills of the Himalayas glucoside--rhamnoside, cucurbita- from Garhwal to Sikkim and in cins B and E, oleanolic acid, beta- north-eastern India, up to  m. sitosterol and its D-glucoside. The seed oil showed the presence of puni- Ayurvedic  Vidaari (var.), Bhuumi- cic acid; oleic, linoleic, eleostearic, kushmaanda, Patola (related palmitic, stearic and arachidic acids. species.). Meso-inositol was found to be present Folk  Bhui-kumhraa. in the plant. Action  Tuber—dried powder given T in enlarged spleen and liver; applied externally on leprous ulcers. Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. Used in prescriptions for haemor- Family  Cucurbitaceae. rhagic diseases and in spermatopoietic  tonics. Aerial parts—diuretic. Habitat Warmer regions of India, The seeds yield .% (dry basis) particularly in Uttar Pradesh. Bihar, a fatty oil containing .% of punicic West Bengal and Assam. acid. English  Patol, Pointed Gourd. Ayurvedic  Patola, Kulaka, Raa- jiphala, Karkashchhada, Karkasha, Trichosanthes cucumerina Linn. Bijagarbha. Family  Cucurbitaceae. Unani  Parwal. Tridax procumbens Linn. 673

 Siddha Kommu Patolia. Tridax procumbens Linn. Action  Aerial parts—hypogly- Family  Asteraceae; Compositae. caemic. Fruits—juice of unripe  fruits used in spermatorrhoea. Habitat Waste places, road sides Leaves—febrifuge; prescribed as and hedges throughout India. a diet in enlargement of liver and English  Mexican Daisy. spleen; piles and fistula. Root— Ayurvedic  Jayanti (doubtful cathartic, febrifuge. synonym). The fruits contain free amino acids, Siddha/Tamil  Vettukkaaya-thalai. nicotinic acid, riboflavin, vitamin C, Folk  Akala Kohadi (Bihar). thiamine, -hydroxytryptamine. Ma- Action  Leaves—styptic, antidiar- ture plant and root gave cucurbita-, rhoeal, antidysenteric. Also used -dienol. Colocynthin, trichosan- for bronchial catarrh. thin, hentriacontane have been isolat- ed from the root. The leaf juice exhibits antiseptic, Fatty acids from the seeds comprise insecticidal and parasiticidal proper- elaeostearic, linoleic, oleic and saturat- ties. It is used to check haemorrhage ed acids. from wounds, cuts and bruises, also The whole fruit and pulp produced for restoring hair growth. significant hypocholesterolaemic, hy- An aqueous extract of the plant pro- potriglyceridaemic and hyper-phos- duced reflex tachycardia and showed pholipidaemic effects in normal and a transient hypotensive effect on nor- midly diabetic human subjects. mal blood pressure of dogs; it had also Extracts of seeds exhibit haemagglu- showed a marked depressant action on nating activity. the respiration. Alcoholic extract of the whole plant  Dosage Leaf—– ml juice. (excluding roots) at a dose of  mg (CCRAS.) showed good anti-secretory antidiar- rhoeal activity against E. coli enterotox- T in-induced secretory response in rab- Trichosanthes nervifolia Linn. bit and guinea-pig ileal loop mod- els. Alcoholic extract of aerial parts  Family Cucurbitaceae. also showed hepatoprotective action Habitat  Karnataka, Kerala and against acute hepatitis induced by CCl Tamil Nadu. in albino rats. Ayurvedic  Patoli (related species of The leaves contain fumaric acid. The Patola). plant gave n-alkanes, saturated and un- saturated fatty acids along with dotria-  Siddha/Tamil Kombu Pudalai. contanol, beta-amyrin, beta-amyrone, Action  Herb—bitter tonic, lupeol, fucosterol and beta-sitosterol. febrifuge. Root—purgative. Fruit— Flowers contain glucoluteolin, iso- used as dentifrice. quercetin and quercetin. Presence 674 Trifolium pratense Linn.

of lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, cine, is used as Ispast. The seeds con- arachidic, behenic, palmitoleic, linole- tain xanthosin. ic and linolenic acid is reported in aerial parts except flower tops. Trigonella corniculata Linn.

 Trifolium pratense Linn. Family Papilionaceae; Fabaceae. Habitat  Kashmir to Sikkim, and in Family  Papilionaceae; Fabaceae. Bihar and West Bengal. Cultivated Habitat  Kashmir to Garhwal at in North India. ,–, m, and the Nilgiris. Unani  Pirang. English  Red Clover. Folk  Kasuri Methi, Maarwaari  Unani Ispast, Berseem, Clover Methi, Champaa Methi. (equated with T. alexandricum  Linn.) Action Leaves—rich in phosphorus.  Fruits—bitter, astringent and Folk Trepatra (Punjab). styptic. Applied to swellings and Action  Flower—deobstruent, an- bruises. tispasmodic, expectorant, sedative, anti-inflammatory, antidermatosis. The seeds afforded ethyl-alpha-D- galactopyranoside, glycoflavones—vi- Used for psoriasis, eczema and other texin (apigenin-C-glucoside), apige- skin diseases; and as an expectorant nin---di-C-monoglucoside and its in coughs and bronchitis. Also used monoacetate; also contain triacontane, as antineoplastic against tumours and ,-dihydrostigmasterol, cholineand hard swellings. betaine; saponins on hydrolysis gave The plant contains iso-flavonoids— yuccagenin and diosgenin. calycosin--galactoside, calycosin, pseudobaptigenin, fornononetin, di- T adzein and medicagol; also hydroxy- pterocarpans. Trigonella foenum-graecum The flowerheads contain pheno- Linn. lic glycosides, flavonoids, salicylates, Family  Papilionaceae; Fabaceae. coumarins, cyanogenic glycosides, starch and fatty acids. Flavonoids Habitat  Widely cultivated in many in the flowers and leaves are oestro- parts of India. genic; provide relief in menopausal English  Fenugreek. complaints.  The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia Ayurvedic Methikaa, Methi, recognizes anti-inflammatory proper- Vastikaa, Selu, Methini, Dipani, ty of the flower. Bahupatrikaa, Bodhaini, Gand- Trifolium alexandricum, according haphala. to National Formulary of Unani Medi- Unani  Hulbaa, Methi. Trigonella incisa Benth. 675

Siddha/Tamil  Vendhayam. The aqueous extract is demulcent, promoted healing of gastric ulcers pro- Action  Seeds—used in loss of duced experimentally in rats and ex- appetite, flatulence, dyspepsia, hibited a smooth muscle relaxing effect colic; diarrhoea, dysentery; enlarge- in rabbits without affecting either the ment of liver and spleen; and as heart or blood pressure. alactagogueandpuerperaltonic. Fenugreek has been reported to Key application  German Com- stimulate the liver microsomal cy- mission E reported secretolytic, tochrome P dependent aryl hy- hypermic and mild antiseptic droxylase and cytochrome b in rats; activity of the seed. The British increased bile secretion has also been Herbal Pharmacopoeia reported observed. its actions as demulcent and hy- Fenugreek extract containing trigo- poglycaemic. ESCOP and WHO nelline and trigonellic acid may be used monographs indicate the use of as a hair growth stimulant. seeds in adjuvant therapy for di- abetes mellitus, anorexia, also in Dosage  Seed—– g powder. hypercholesterolaemia. (CCRAS.)

The seeds gave alkaloids, including trigonelline, gentianine and carpaine; saponins, based mainly on the sa- Trigonella incisa Benth. pogenins, diosgenin and its isomer yamogenin, gitogenin and tigogenin; Synonym  T. polycerata auct. non L. flavonoids, including vitexin and its glycosides and esters and luteolin; a Family  Papillionaceae; Fabaceae. volatile oil in small quantities. The  mucilage (–%) is mostly a galac- Habitat Punjab plains and Western tomannan. Himalaya, up to , m. A C-steroidal sapogenin peptide es- Folk  Sainji, Chini, Shirgona T ter, fenugreekine, exhibited hypogly- (Punjab), Chainhari (Delhi), Methi caemic activity. (related species). About % of the total content of free amino acids in the seeds is Action  Seeds—antidiarrhoeic. present as -hydroxyisoleucine, which appears to directly stimulate insulin. Aerial parts and pods contain stero- (Eur J Pharmacol, , ; Natu- idal sapogenins—diosgenin ., .; ral Medicines Comprehensive Database, and tigogenin ., .% respective- .) ly. Saponin rich extracts reduce blood Various plant parts and tissues in levels of the cholesterol. The fibrous culture contain flavonoids, the ma- fraction of seeds also causes a reduc- jor being luteolin, besides kaempferol, tion in blood lipids. quercetin and apigenin. 676 Trigonella uncata Boiss.

 Trigonella uncata Boiss. Habitat Cultivated as a food crop mainly in Punjab, Haryana, Family  Papilionaceae, Fabaceae. Uttar Pradesh., Madhya Pradesh, Habitat  Afghanistan, Persia. Maharashtra, Bihar and Rajasthan. English  Tonkin Bean, Melilot, English  Wheat. King’s Crown. Ayurvedic  Godhuuma. Unani  Iklil-ul-Malik (also equated with Melilotus alba Desv., and Folk  Gehun. Astragalus homosus Linn.). Action  Wheat germ oil is rich Folk  Sainji (white-flowered var.). in tocopherol (vitamin E) content, Action  Beans—anti-inflammatory, total tocopherols  mcg/g, alpha anodyne, diuretic, emmenagogue. tocopherol %. The presence of ergosterol (provitamin D) has also (Indian species, bearing smaller been reported. beans, has been equated with Trigonel- la corniculata and is known as Pirang.) Wheat germ is also used for its minerals, proteins and lipid contents. Germ proteins are rich in lysine (.– . g/ g protein) and possess high Triphasia trifolia biological value (%) and protein ef- (Burm. f.) P. Wils. ficiency ratio (.). Family  Rutaceae. Wheat germ contains haemaggluti- natingandantipyreticfactors, butthese Habitat  Wild in parts of Peninsular India; cultivated in gardens. are destroyed by toasting. It also con- tains haemoproteins, possessing per-  English Lime Berry, Myrtle-Lime, oxidase activity. Chinese Lime. Inadult rats, addition of wheatgerm Folk  Chinese Naarangi. (%) to a high fat (cholesterol) diet sig- T Action  Leaves—used in skin nificantly decreased VLDL-cholesterol diseases and in preparation of bath and VLDL-triglycerides and increased salts. Ripe fruits—used against the HDL-cholesterol after- weeks of cough. feeding. Bran oil contains tocopherols, but The leaves contain the alkaloid O- major part of them (%) is in epsilon methylhalfordinol and coumarins, in- form; alpha-tocopherol forms only % cluding umbelliferone, isomeranzin of the total. and triphasiol. Gluten lipids, associatedwith gluten, contain a high percentage of linoleic acid; lowering of serum cholesterol Triticum aestivum Linn. level has been observed in experi- ments (lipid-free gluten is devoid of Family  Gramineae; Poaceae. cholesterol-lowering effect). Tulipa gesneriana Linn. 677

Sensitivity to gluten has also been Habitat  Native to South America; reported(evenwhenwholewheatflour grownasanornamentalandsalad was used). herb. English  Garden Nasturtium, Indian Cress, Climbing-Nasturtium. Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. Action  Leaves—an infusion  increases resistance to bacterial in- Synonym T. angulata Lam. fections, reduces catarrh formation Family  Tiliaceae. and expels phlegm. Juice of the plant—given internally for treating Habitat  Throughout tropical and subtropical India, up to , m in scrofula. Flowers—used for healing the Himalayas. wounds. Seeds— purgative. English  Burbush, Burweed. Common Nasturtium contains glu- cocyanates (including glycotropeo-  Ayurvedic Jhinjhireetaa, Gippit. line), spilanthol, myrosin (an enzyme), Siddha/Tamil  Ottupullu. oxalic acid and vitamin C. The leaves from the young plant showed greater Folk  Chikti, Biriyaaraa. antibiotic activity than the stems; roots Action  Leaves and bark—astrin- were inactive. gent, anticholerin, demulcent. Used Extracts and preparations of T. ma- in diarrhoea and dysentery. Root— jus are found efficacious in the infec- styptic, diuretic, galactogenic. Hot tions of urinary and respiratory tract, infusion facilitates childbirth and but have no effect on infections of the hastens parturition. Pounded roots biliary tract or in typhoid fever. are given for the treatment of ulcers. Leaves and flowers—used against leprosy. Tulipa gesneriana Linn.

T. rotundifolia Linn., known as Mu- Family  Liliaceae. dappondu in Tamil Nadu and Banki- T  tutturi in Andhra Pradesh and Kar- Habitat Western Himalayas at nataka,isusedasademulcent.Alco- altitudes of ,–, m. holic extract of the root showed anti- English  Common Garden Tulip, inflammatory activity and reduced cot- Late Tulip. Tulip tree is equated ton pellet granuloma formation in albi- with Liriodendron tulipifera. no rats. Alcoholic extract of the whole Unani  Tulipa stellata Hook bulbs plant exhibited antimicrobial activity. are wrongly equated with Suranjaan of Unani medicine. Colchicum luteum Baker is the source of Tropaeolum majus Linn. Suranjaan Talkh (bitter), and Merendera persica of Suranjaan Family  Tropaeolaceae. Shireen (sweet). 678 Turnera ulmifolia Linn.

Folk  Tulip. by German Commission E. The British Action  Bulbs—mitogenic (TG Herbal Pharmacopoeia recognizes its lectin-erythrocyte, and TG lectin- thymoleptic activity. yeast). A cardiotoxic alkaloid has been re- ported from the leaves. Antibiotic Turraea villosa Benn. D-glucosides (tuliposides), inhibit the  growth of Bacillus subtilis, have been Family Meliaceae. isolated from pistils, stalks and leaves. Habitat  Gujarat to Karnataka, both on the hills and the coasts, and in the Anamalai Hills in Tamil Nadu Turnera ulmifolia Linn. up to , m. Folk  Pandre, Kapuur—bhendi Synonym  T. angustifolia Mill. (Maharashtra). Family  Turneraceae. Action   Root—applied to fistula; Habitat West Bengal and Orissa and also administered in leprosy. in the Peninsular India, particularly on the coast. Villosterol, a pregnene steroid, has English  West Indian Holly, been isolated from the plant. Sagerose. T. virens Linn. (Kerala) is reported to be employed in the treatment of fits. Folk  Bhinjir (Maharashtra). Action  Herb—prescribed in indigestion, biliousness (leaves are used against dysentery), chest Tussilago farfara Linn. ailments and rheumatism. Family  Compositae; Asteraceae. The fresh plant yields a mixture  T of cyanohydrin glucosides—deidaclin Habitat Western Himalayas from and tetraphyllin. Seeds, along with Kashmir to Nepal at ,–, m. normal fatty acids, contain a few un- English  Coughwort, Coltsfoot, usual fatty acids, including vernolic, Asses’ Foot. malvalic and octanoic acids. Unani  Fanjiyun. An allied species Turnera diffusa var. aphrodisiaca, a native to the Gulf of Action  Leaves and flowers— Mexico, Southern California, (known anticatarrhal, antitussive, expec- as Damiana) is used in India by ho- torant, antispasmodic, demulcent, moeopathic practitioners as a tonic anti-inflammatory. Used for dry, and sex restorative, and for treating unproductive, irritative cough, premature ejaculation. smoker’s cough, whooping cough, Turnera diffusa Willd. has been bronchial asthma (effect short- included among unapproved herbs lived), laryngitis. Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merrill. 679

Key application  In acute catarrh Habitat  Sub-Himalayas tract from of the respiratory tract with cough Uttar Pradesh to Meghalaya and in and hoarseness; acute, mild inflam- central and Peninsular India. mation of the oral and pharyngeal Ayurvedic  Go-chandanaa. mucosa. Contraindicated during  pregnancy and nursing. (German Action Toxic. Used as a substitute Commission E.) for Cephaelis ipecacuanha as emetic, purgative and febrifuge; The leaves and flowers contain flavo- externally on unhealthy ulcers and noids including rutin, hyperoside and wounds. isoquercetin; pyrrolizidine alkaloids including senkirkine and tussilagine (about .%); mucilage (about %) Tylophora indica consisting of polysaccharides based on (Burm. f.) Merrill. glucose, galactose, fructose, arabinose Synonym  T. asthamatica Wight & and xylose; inulin, tannins. Arn. Polysaccharides are anti-inflamma- tory and immuno-stimulating, as well Family  Asclepiadaceae. as demulcent. Flavonoids also have Habitat  Assam, West Bengal, anti-inflammatory and antispasmod- Orissa and Peninsular India. ic action. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids have English  Emetic Swallow Wort, caused hepatotoxicity in rats fed dai- Indian or Country Ipecacuanha. ly on high doses, but not on daily low dose regimes. These are largely de- Ayurvedic  Antamuula, Muulini, stroyed when the herb is boiled. Arkaparni. The leaf contains an inhibitor of Siddha/Tamil  Nay Palai, Nangilaip- platelet activating factor (PAF). The piratti. PAF inhibitor can account for Colts- Action  Leaves—used for bronchial foot’s efficacy in asthma. The con- asthma and allergic rhinitis. stituent, tussilagone has respiratory T stimulant and cardiovascular (includ- The whole plant yielded alkaloids ing pressor) activities. In animal stud- including tylophorine, tylphorinine, ies, Coltsfoot is reported to have a pres- desmethyltylophorine and desmethyl- soreffectsimilartodopaminebutwith- tylophorinine, and a flavonoid kaem- out tachyphylasis. (Natural Medicines pferol. The root yielded alkaloids, Comprehensive Database, .) tylophorinidine and gamma-fagarine. The leaves gave tylophorinidine, d- septicine, d-iso-tylocrebrine; triterpe- noids alpha-and beta-amyrin; beta- Tylophora fasciculata sitosterol, stigmasterol and campes- Buch.-Ham ex Wight. terol; phenylalanine; and quercetin. Ceryl alcohol has also been reported Family  Asclepiadaceae. from the plant. 680 Tylophora tenuis Blume

The plant exhibited anti-amoebic Family  Typhaceae. activity against axenic and polyax- Habitat  Throughout India, up to enic strains of Entamoeba histolyti- an altitude of , m. ca. Tylophorine and -methoxy--  hydroxytylophorine are  and  times English Lesser Indian Reed-Mace. more effective, respectively, than the Ayurvedic  Gundra, Gundraa, standard drugs Emetine dihydrochlo- Gundraka, Guntha. (Gundraa ride and Metroindazole. Tylophorine has also been interpreted as is found effective in intestinal as well as Bhadramustaa, Cyperus rotundus hepatic amoebiasis in test animals, but Linn.) its gross toxicity excludes its potential Siddha/Tamil  Sambu. use in humans. Tylophorine also exhibits anti-in- Folk  Pater, Gondapateraa. flammatory and anti-tumour proper- Action  Rhizomes—astringent and ties. diuretic. Spikes—ash is used for Desmethyltylophorine gave promis- healing wounds. The pollen, mixed ing results in leukaemia. with honey, is applied to wounds The drug irritates the digestive tract. and sores or taken internally for treating uterine bleeding and haematuria. Tylophora tenuis Blume The plant contains isorhamnetin, Synonym  T. tenuissima (Roxb.) W. pentacosane and sterols. A flavonol &A. glucoside, yielding quercetin on hy- drolysis, has been reported in the plant. Family  Asclepiadaceae. Habitat  Tamil Nadu up to , m, Dosage  Rhizome—– ml and along the back waters in Kerala decoction. (CCRAS.) and West Bengal. T Folk  Nanjaruppan (Tamil Nadu, Kerala). Typha elephantina Roxb.  Action Plant—alexipharmic; used Family  Typhaceae. for the treatment of urticaria,  smallpox, excessive perspiration, Habitat Kashmir and from Uttar biolious swellings, as an antidote Pradesh to Assam, in stagnant, fresh to arsenic poisoning. Leaves—used and brackish-water. for scabies. English  Elephant Grass, Bulrush, Indian Reed-Mace. Ayurvedic  Gundra, Gundraa, Typha australis Schum. & Thonn. Gundraka, Potagala. (related Synonym  T. angustata Bory & species of T. australis.) Chaub. Siddha/Tamil  Anai Korai, Chambu. Typhonium trilobatum (L.) Schott. 681

Folk  Gondapateraa. Typhonium trilobatum Action  Rhizomes—astringent (L.) Schott. and diuretic; used for dysentery.  Pollen—used for internal and Family Araceae. external bleeding; uterine bleeding, Habitat  Peninsular India, and from blood in urine, nose bleeds. Yamuna eastwards; also grown in The herb contains isorhamnetin, South India. pentacosane and plant sterols. Siddha/Tamil  Karu Karunai Kizhangu, Karunai Kizhangu. Action  Tuber—applied as poultice Typha laxmanni Lepech. on scirrhous tumours (fresh tuber is very acrid and a powerful Family  Typhaceae. stimulant). Eaten with bananas, the  Habitat Kashmir (Gilgit), at tubers relax the bowels and provide , m. relief in haemorrhoids (tubers English  Scented Flag. become innocuous on heating or Ayurvedic  Airakaa. drying). Folk  Pizh (Kashmir). The tubers contain carotene, folic Action  Stamens—astringent and acid, niacin, thiamine, sterols and beta- styptic. Used externally. sitosterol.

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