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Download Article (PDF) Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 332 International Conference on Contemporary Education and Society Development (ICCESD 2019) Governance principles of collaboration between state and indigenous peoples of Arkhangelsk Governorate -Based on archive materials Maksim Zadorin1 Mikhail Kuprikov2 Northern (Arctic) Federal University Moscow Aviation Institute named after M.V. Lomonosov, (National Research University), Higher School of Economics, Department 904 Management and Law Moscow, Russia Arkhangelsk, Russia [email protected] [email protected] Nikina Kuprikov3 Antonina Gorbunova4 Moscow Aviation Institute Russian Association of Indigenous (National Research University), Peoples of the North, ANO SRC “Polar Initiative” Department of Law Moscow, Russia and International Cooperation [email protected] Moscow, Russia [email protected] Irina Bashkina5 Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Institute of Law and National Security Moscow, Russia [email protected] Abstract—The legislation of the Russian Empire on the governing of “inorodtsy” was quite progressive for its time due I. INTRODUCTION to the securing the rights of indigenous peoples to local self- Historical experience of the collaboration between the government for the first time and taking the customs government and ‘inorodtsy’ (indigenous peoples) is of established in the aboriginal communities of the North, Siberia tremendous value to developing modern approaches in and the Far East into account. At least two groups of the securing guarantees of their rights to traditional way of life, indigenous population lived in the territory of the Arkhangelsk economic activities and traditional trades. Legislative Governorate: Lapps (Sami) and Samoyeds (Nenets). The study of archival data from the Arkhangelsk Governorate for the initiatives and management decisions in the field of the XIX-early XX centuries allows identifying the principles of national ethnopolitics must be based on solid and secure indigenous communities of the Russian North regional foundation of historical memory applying the most valuable administration as well as the practice of law enforcement and and progressive practices that were the basis of international interaction of regional officials and Russian population with peace and agreement in the past. Aboriginal communities of nomadic reindeer-breeders and fishermen. Identifying the the Russian North are the most vulnerable social layer as historical features of indigenous communities administration in they lead their way of life in unfavorable climatic conditions the North-West gives an idea of the evolution of legislation and resting only upon the experience of the previous generations law enforcement mechanisms in this area of legal relations. of fishermen and reindeer-breeders. Arkhangelsk Considering the presented practices allows improving the Governorate was a vast territory in the North-West of modern regulatory framework for the rights of indigenous Russian Empire, it included a series of regions that now small-numbered peoples. have independent status as the subjects of the Russian Federation: Arkhangelsk region, Nenets autonomous area, Keywords—Arkhangelsk Governorate; Inorodtsy; Samoyeds; Republic of Komi, northern lands of the Republic of Karelia. Lapps; Zyrians; Korels The main groups of indigenous population were Lapps Copyright © 2019, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). 154 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 332 (Sami) [1] and Samoyeds (Nenets) [2]. Korels (Karels) and On what grounds the price for cards for hunting and Zyrians (Komi) can also be mentioned but way of life fishery will be charged; who will be in charge of considered there was a significant difference between them checking if professional hunters or fishermen have and the first two groups, as they led settled way of life and available cards and if they are deprived of the right to were notably assimilated into Russian peasant population trade including what the order of deprivation of the (mode of life, religion, names, even language to an extent) right is; what the penalty for reindeer-breeders is if [3]. In the article the stress is laid on archival sources that they graze reindeer without a card or if in the pasture offer undoubtedly valuable historical material and there are more reindeer than it is mentioned in their demonstration of ‘living law’. cards. Arkhangelsk house of state properties conveyed the II. MATERIALS AND METHODS (MODEL) following to the inquiry of the Governor: While interpreting facts and making judgements the The quantity of reindeer kept by Samoyeds is 26 570 authors of the article proceeded on the basis of the head, by other persons – 123 295 head. multifactorial explanation of history, according to it, origin and development of ethnopolitical processes and phenomena Up to 200 Samoyeds and their families live on is regarded as the result of the interaction between different Kolguyev and other islands, there is no information factors: those of social, political, legal and other nature. The about the quantity of those among them who live following methods of scientific cognition were applied in there as employees. The fact that lots of them are the work: analysis, synthesis, analogy; specific methods heathens and leave to hold the sacrifice ceremonies applied were: historical, legal-historical, value-normative, at seasons determined by their calendar is also anthropological, systemic methods. mentioned as the reason for the lack of information. Cards are supposed to be manufactured near the III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fiscal house, delivery procedure is planned the same way as the one with the forms for passports was. A. Regional authorities and indigenous peoples The aim of the regional authorities, communities of There are no grounds to charge a price. indigenous peoples considered was, first of all, to organize One cannot help noticing that exactly Samoyeds were effectively the collection of natural tax from them and, apart used as constantly residing population for development and from this, to successively include them into imperial cultural support of colonization fund based on the islands of the space by the means of Christianization. arctic coast of the Empire. Moreover, in most cases they Furthermore, in different periods there were diverse formed the main part of the colonists. For instance, in 1909 approaches to the issue of indigenous peoples administration, there were only 98 people in three colonies of Novaya especially nomadic Samoyeds administration. In the Zemlya southern island, 92 from them were Samoyeds [6]. archival case № 32 [4] it is mentioned that in the period In late 60-s of the XX century status of Samoyeds from the 40-s of the XIX cent. Samoyeds administration was changed, they were no longer subordinates to Arkhangelsk handed over to the corresponding department of the House of state properties and were placed under the Ministry of state property. Arkhangelsk Military Governor authority of “arbitration institutions” to wit “arbitrators” approved ‘The rules’ that regulated relations between (“peasant arbitration institutions”). Mezen Samoyeds, these rules were aimed at mitigating their customs. Model statutes were required in order to organize effective inorodtsy administration. In case № 483 [7] of Subsequently Arkhangelsk Military Governor carried Arkhangelsk House of state properties considering the out monitoring and control on the activities of Arkhangelsk Samoyeds foremen and their assistants' supplies with House of state properties. In particular, in case № 43 [5] th statutes there is information about a report made by Pinega there is an inquiry from the Governor dated 17 Ma 1857 № District Office dated 12th April 1864 № 1689 to the House 1132 concerning a number of issues: about the corresponding application. It was delivered to About the quantity of reindeer kept by Samoyeds, Press department of the Second section of His Own Imperial peasants and petty bourgeois, living in tundra Majesty’s Chancellery that in its turn prepared 68 books on (separately for every tundra). inorodtsy governing from the “Code of Laws”, they were issued in 1857. About the quantity of Samoyeds families that left According to the information of Arkhangelsk House of tundra for islands in the Arctic Ocean; acquired th household effects there, what dimensions they are; state properties dated 20 May 1864 books must be passed about the quantity of those, staying there as to the Head of Zapecherskii krai Forestry Officer Gladyshev Russians’ and Zyrians’ employees. in order that he gives the necessary number of copies to Samoyeds foremen and reserves one for himself to What (administration) bodies will be responsible for subsequently give it to the District Superior assistant in cards delivery to get the right to do traditional Zapecherskii krai. economic activities and exercise traditional trades in tundra; what order should be established to claim and In case they were in need Samoyeds were supplied with deliver these cards, what their form will be, including timber on favorable terms [8] equally with ones who had the information by whom they will be signed and lost all their possessions in fire, soldiers and other persons. who will verify these deliveries. Poor families in need of bread were concerned in the
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