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Não a Verdade não a verdade Destaques do Relatório de 2018 da Diretora-Geral da UNESCO sobre a Segurança dos Jornalistas e o Perigo da Impunidade PROGRAMA INTERNACIONAL PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO DA COMUNICAÇÃO © UNESCO 2019 Esta publicação está disponível em acesso livre ao abrigo da licença Atribuição-Partilha 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/). Ao utilizar o conteúdo da presente publicação, os usuários aceitam os termos de uso do Repositório UNESCO de acesso livre (http://unesco.org/open-access/terms-use-ccbysa-en). Título original: Punish the crime, not the truth: highlights from the 2018 UNESCO Director-General’s report on the safety of journalists and the danger of impunity, publicado pela UNESCO em 2018. Coordenação técnica da Representação da UNESCO no Brasil: Marlova Jovchelovitch Noleto, Diretora e Representante Adauto Cândido Soares, Coordenador de Comunicação e Informação Revisão técnica: Setor de Comunicação e Informação da Representação da UNESCO no Brasil Tradução: Marina Mendes Revisão editorial e Diagramação: Unidade de Comunicação, Informação Pública e Publicações Esclarecimento: a UNESCO mantém, no cerne de suas prioridades, a promoção da igualdade de gênero, em todas as suas atividades e ações. Devido à especificidade da língua portuguesa, adotam- se, nesta publicação, os termos no gênero masculino, para facilitar a leitura, considerando as inúmeras menções ao longo do texto. Assim, embora alguns termos sejam escritos no masculino, eles referem-se igualmente ao gênero feminino. CI-2018/SANS COTE 1.RESUMO EXECUTIVO Em 2016-2017, um jornalista foi morto a cada quatro dias. Uma testemunha foi silenciada a cada quatro dias. O número total de vítimas chegou a 182, com assassinatos acontecendo em todas as regiões. Essas mortes deixam claros os riscos extremos que os indivíduos que exercem essa profissão podem enfrentar. Alguns desses ataques fatais aconteceram em países que antes não eram afetados por tais atos extremos de violência contra jornalistas. No entanto, nem todas Em 2016-2017, um as regiões foram afetadas na mesma medida. Em 2017, jornalista foi morto o maior número de assassinatos ocorreu na região da Ásia e Pacífico (34% do total de assassinatos), ao passo a cada quatro dias. que, em 2016, o maior número de mortes se deu nos Estados Árabes (31%). O aumento do número de jornalistas mortos fora de zonas de conflitos armados pode ser perce- bido nos últimos anos, com a maioria dos jornalistas mortos (55%) em 2017 em países que não vivenciavam tais conflitos. Muitos desses jornalistas estavam trabalhando com temas relativos a corrupção, tráfico e irregularidades políticas. Em conformidade com as observações de anos anteriores, os jornalistas locais continuam representando a grande maioria das vítimas. O aumento do percentual de mulheres jornalistas entre os que foram mortos em 2017 (14%) marca a continuação de uma tendência que se tornou aparente nos últimos anos. No entanto, embora a proporção de mulheres entre os casos fatais tenha aumentado, uma clara maioria dos jornalistas mortos é composta por homens. A impunidade por esses crimes continua sendo um desafio importante. Das 1.010 mortes regis- tradas pela UNESCO nos últimos 12 anos, apenas 115 foram seguidas por um processo judicial que culminou com a condenação de um ou mais autores. Isso significa que 89% dos casos conti- nuam sem solução. A impunidade dos crimes contra jornalistas incentiva autores e produz auto- censura, na profissão e entre o público. O efeito geral é o de impedir o progresso para o “acesso público à informação e proteger as liberdades fundamentais”, que é uma meta aceita do Objetivo de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS) 16.10. Este relatório se debruça sobre o assassinato de jornalistas, a forma mais definitiva de censura. No entanto, é apenas a ponta do iceberg dos ataques contra jornalistas, que vão desde ataques físicos não letais, sequestros, detenções ilegais, ameaças, assédio online e offline, até retaliações a membros da família. Aumentar a segurança dos jornalistas em todo o mundo e combater a impunidade dos crimes cometidos contra eles demanda um esforço conjunto de todas as partes interessadas. Para mais informações, acessar o novo e interativo observatório da UNESCO de jornalistas mortos: https://en.unesco.org/themes/safety-journalists/observatory 1 2.ASSASSINATOS DE JORNALISTAS EM 2016 E 2017: PRINCIPAIS DESCOBERTAS Em 2016 e 2017 a UNESCO registrou 182 assassinatos de jornalistas em todo o mundo. Em 2016, foram registradas 102 mortes, ao passo que 2017 mostrou uma redução, com o número de casos fatais caindo para 80, o índice mais baixo desde 2011. De maneira ge- ral, o número de assassinatos em 2016-2017 é menor do que nos dois anos anteriores, quando foram registrados 213 assassinatos. No entanto, essa tendência não parece se confirmar em 2018, com 80 assassinatos já condenados pela diretora-geral da UNESCO, até o dia 9 de outubro desse ano. FIGURA 1: NÚMEROFigure 1: Number DE JORNALISTAS of journalists killed worldwide in 2006-2017 ASSASSINADOS NO MUNDO EM 2006-2017 124 116 98 102 90 84 77 80 66 65 62 46 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2 2.1 REGIÕES MAIS PERIGOSAS FIGURA 2: FIGURA 3: NÚMERO DE JORNALISTAS NÚMERO DE JORNALISTAS MORTOS POR REGIÃO MORTOS POR REGIÃO EMFigure 2017 2: Number of journalists killed by regionEM in 2016 2016-2017 2016 Estados Árabes 2017 32 27 Ásia e Pacíco América Latina 28 e Caribe América Latina 22 e Caribe 27 Ásia e Pacíco 18 Estados Árabes 6 África 7 África Europa Ocidental Europa Ocidental 5 e América do Norte 6 e América do Norte 2 Europa Central e Leste Europeu 2 Europa Central e Leste Europeu Total: 80 Total: 102 Em 2017, o maior número de ataques fatais Em 2016, as mesmas três regiões registraram (27 assassinatos) aconteceu na região da Ásia os maiores números de assassinatos; no entan- e Pacífico, representando 34% do total, se- to, o maior número de ocorrências fatais, ou guida pela América Latina e Caribe, com 28% 31% dos casos documentados pela UNESCO, foi dos assassinatos (22 mortes). Na região dos então registrado nos Estados Árabes (32 mor- Estados Árabes, a UNESCO documentou 18 tes). A segunda região mais letal em 2016 foi a assassinatos, o que representa 22% das mor- América Latina e Caribe, com 27% do total (28 tes de jornalistas em todo o mundo. assassinatos), seguida pela Ásia e Pacífico, com 27 mortes. Nos dois anos, menos de 10% do número total de mortes ocorreram, respectivamente, na África, na Europa Ocidental e América do Norte, e na Europa Central e Leste Europeu. 3 OS PAÍSES ONDE OS PAÍSES ONDE OCORRERAM OCORRERAM ASSASSINATOS EM ASSASSINATOS EM 2017 FORAM: 2016 FORAM: éico 13 feganistão 13 feganistão 11 éico 13 raue 8 men 11 Síria 7 raue 9 ndia 5 Síria 8 auistão 4 uatemala 7 ilipinas 4 Brasil 5 onduras 3 ndia 5 Somlia 3 auistão 4 Turuia 3 íbia 3 men 3 Somlia 3 Repblica Turuia 3 ominicana 2 Bangladesh 2 Nigéria 2 inlndia 2 Rssia 2 ilipinas 2 Bangladesh 1 Burina aso 1 Brasil 1 Repblica emocrtica 1 Colmbia 1 do Congo inamarca 1 El Salvador 1 uatemala 1 uiné 1 aldivas 1 onduras 1 alta 1 ordnia 1 yanmar 1 yanmar 1 eru 1 eru 1 Sudão do Sul 1 Sérvia 1 Sudão do Sul 1 Ucrnia 1 Estados Unidos 1 Em 2016 e 2017, os dois países com o número mais alto de mortes foram o Afeganistão e o México. Em 2017, 13 jornalistas foram mortos no México e 11 perderam suas vidas no Afeganistão, ao passo que, em 2016, ambos os países sofreram a perda de 13 jornalistas cada. 4 2.2 AUMENTO DO NÚMERO DE MULHERES JORNALISTAS ENTRE OS CASOS FATAIS É uma tendência já notável Além dos assassinatos, as mu- Destas, cerca de 40% afirma- nos últimos anos: o número lheres jornalistas também são ram evitar publicar certas ma- de mulheres jornalistas entre afetadas por riscos de segu- térias, como consequência do os trabalhadores de mídia que rança específicos de gênero, assédio virtual. Cinquenta e foram mortos continua a subir. como assédio sexual, violência oito por cento das mulheres Em 2017, a UNESCO registrou sexual e ameaças de violência. jornalistas entrevistadas rela- o maior número de mulheres Estudos recentes mostram taram já ter sido ameaçadas jornalistas mortas (11 vítimas) que mulheres jornalistas são ou assediadas pessoalmente, desde que o PIDC passou a particularmente afetadas pelo ao passo que 26% disseram ter reportar o assassinato de jor- assédio online.1 sido atacadas fisicamente.2 nalistas em 2006. Em 2016, houve 10 vítimas mulheres, Em um relatório publicado em O assédio contra mulheres comparado com 5, em 2012. A 2018 pela Trollbusters e pela jornalistas muitas vezes toma porcentagem de mulheres en- Fundação Mídia Internacional a forma de ataques pessoais, tre os casos fatais representou das Mulheres (International que tendem a não enfocar o 14% em 2017, em comparação Women’s Media Foundation – conteúdo da matéria jornalís- com 10% em 2016 e 4% em IWMF), uma pesquisa realizada tica, mas sim no caráter ou em 2012. entre 597 mulheres jornalistas partes do corpo da mulher e, e trabalhadoras da mídia reve- em casos mais extremos, inclui Os assassinatos de jornalistas lou que quase duas entre três ameaças de violência sexual.3 mulheres em 2016-2017 acon- respondentes declararam ter teceram em todas as regiões, sido ameaçadas ou assediadas exceto na Europa Central e online pelo menos uma vez. Leste Europeu. FIGURA 4: NÚMERO DE MULHERES JORNALISTAS MORTAS NO MUNDO 2006-2017 recorde: 12 11 vítimas 10 8 6 4 2 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 1 Para mais informações, consultar os estudos da Federação Internacional de Jornalistas (2017), da Fundação Mídia Internacional das Mulheres (2018), da Repórteres sem Fronteiras (2018) e da Organização para a Segurança e Cooperação na Europa (OSCE, 2016), entre outros (links em inglês).
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