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Les Crabes D'eau Douce D'amérique

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Les Crabes D'eau Douce D'amérique V 'f ••';;; FAUNE TROPICALE XXII GILBERTO RODRIGUEZ LES CRABES D'EAU DOUCE D'AMÉRIQUE FAMILLE DES PSEUDOTHELPHUSIDAE FAUNE TROPICALE* VOLUMES PARUS I. L. CHOPARD. — Orthoptéroïdes de l'Afrique du Nord, 450 p., 658 fig. II. P. RODE. — Mammifères Ongulés de l'Afrique Noire, 206 p., 150 fig. III. R. PAULIAN. — Coléoptères Scarabéides de l'Indochine, 228 p., 105 fig. IV. J. BERLIOZ. — Oiseaux de la Réunion, 84 p., 31 fig. V. A. VILLIERS. — Coléoptères Cérambycides de l'Afrique du Nord. VI. R. JEANNEL. — Coléoptères Carabiques de Madagascar. I. VII. E. FLEUTIAUX, C. LEGROS, P. LEPESME et R. PAULIAN. — Coléoptères des Antilles françaises. I. VIII. P. FAUVEL. — Annélides Polychètes de Nouvelle-Calédonie. IX. A. VILLIERS. — Hémiptères Réduviides de l'Afrique Noire. X. R. JEANNEL. — Coléoptères Carabiques de la Région malgache. II. XI. R. JEANNEL. — Coléoptères Carabiques de Madagascar. III. XII. J. PUYO. — Poissons de la Guyane française. XIII. P. VIETTE. — Rhopalocères de l'Océanie française. XIV. H. FLOCH et E. ABONNENC. — Diptères Phlébotomes de la Guyane et des Antilles françaises. XV. J. RISBEC. — Mollusques nudibranches de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. XVI. Dr G. BOUET. — Oiseaux de l'Afrique tropicale (lre partie). XVII. Dr G. BOUET. — Oiseaux de l'Afrique tropicale (2e partie). XVIII. J. BLACHE, J. CADENAT et A. STAUCH . — Clés de détermination des poissons de mer signalés dans l'atlantique oriental entre le 20e parallèle Nord et le 15e parallèle Sud. XIX. A. CROSNIER, J. FOREST. — Les Crevettes profondes de l'Atlantique oriental tropical. XX. J. BLACHE. — Leptocéphales des poissons angilliformes dans la zone sud du golfe de Guinée. XXI. J. CADENAT et J. BLACHE. — Requins de Méditerranée et d'Atlantique (plus particulièrement de la Côte Occidentale d'Afrique). (*) Anciennement Faune de l'Empire français, puis Faune de l'Union française. I 1 LES CRABES D'EAU DOUCE D'AMÉRIQUE V LES CRABES D'EAU DOUCE D'AMÉRIQUE Famille des Pseudothelphusidae par Gilberto Rodriguez Centro de Ecologia Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas Caracas, Venezuela ORSTOM Editions de l'Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer PARIS 1982 V a La loi du 11 mars 1957 n'autorisant, aux termes des alinéas 2 et 3 de l'article 41, d'une part, que les «« copies ou reproductions strictement réservées à l'usage privé du copiste et non destinées à une utilisation collec- a tive » et, d'autre part, que les analyses et les courtes citations dans un but d'exemple et d'illustration, ce toute « représentation ou reproduction intégrale, ou partielle, faite sans le consentement de l'auteur ou de ses ayants ce droit ou ayants cause, est illicite » (alinéa 1er de l'article 40). ce Cette représentation ou reproduction, par quelque procédé que ce soit, constituerait donc une contre- ce façon sanctionnée par les articles 425 et suivants du Code Pénal ». © O.R.S.T.O.M. 1982 ISBN 2.7099-0513-2 SOMMAIRE Page Préface 7 Abstract 9 Introduction 13 Matériel 14 Caractères taxonomiques 14 Phylogénie 16 Liste des espèces 20 Localités de récolte 21 Remerciements 22 Etude systématique des Pseudothelphusidae 23 Sous-famille Epilobocerinae 25 Sous-famille Pseudothelphusinae 29 Tribu Strengerianini 29 Tribu Hypolobocerini 44 Tribu Potamocarcinini 107 Tribu Pseudothelphusini 126 Tribu Kingsleyini 149 Espèces incertae sedis 189 Rapports morphométriques 193 Bibliographie 197 Appendice. — Répertoire des stations de récolte 201 Addendum 209 Index 213 I PRÉFACE En 1904, le grand zoologiste Eugène Louis Bouvier présentait aux lecteurs des Archives du Muséum le mémoire qu'une carcinologiste déjà renommée, Mary Rathbun, consacrait aux Crabes d'eau douce. L'auteur avait séjourné à Paris et son étude était fondée sur le matériel considérable recueilli par les voyageurs naturalistes au cours du siècle précédent et déposé au Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, auquel elle avait joint des échantillons provenant d'autres musées européens et américains. Il s'agissait de la première monographie portant sur l'ensemble d'un groupe dont les repré­ sentants manifestaient une forte variabilité, apparemment d'ordre phênotypique, puisque Von relevait souvent chez une même espèce, d'un réseau hydrographique ou même d'un cours d'eau à un autre, de sérieuses différences morphologiques. Eugène Louis Bouvier, pouvait très justement écrire que, pour Mary Rathbun, « la difficulté consistait bien moins à établir des groupements qu'à saisir les caractères des formes spécifiques ». Disposant désormais d'une solide base pour leurs recherches systématiques, de nombreux zoologistes ont abordé l'étude des Crabes d'eau douce, mais se sont heurtés aux mêmes difficultés que Mary Rathbun, comme en témoigne une nomenclature actuelle qui est plus souvent quadri- que bino- minale et reflète ainsi la multiplicité des formes. Or, améliorer la connaissance taxonomique de ces Crustacés apparaît aujourd'hui comme une nécessité. Communs dans la plupart des régions tropicales du globe, ils interviennent dans l'équilibre écologique des milieux dulçaquicoles. Jouant un rôle dans l'alimentation humaine, ils sont aussi les vecteurs de redoutables agents pathogènes. Ecologistes et pathologistes ont donc besoin de les identifier et font appel, les uns et les autres, aux taxonomistes, lesquels ne disposent encore malheureusement que d'un petit nombre de monographies portant sur des territoires gêographiquement restreints. Le Dr. G. Rodriguez, lorsqu'il a abordé l'étude des Crabes d'eau douce du Nouveau Monde, a tout de suite rencontré des difficultés d'identification, dues précisément à la dispersion de la documen­ tation bibliographique et à l'insuffisance de certaines descriptions. Il a conçu le projet de remédier à cette situation en élaborant lui-même un instrument de travail à l'intention de tous ceux qui ont à reconnaître ces crabes, en commençant par la famille des Pseudothelphusidae, la plus nombreuse dans les eaux douces américaines. Il a considéré que le lieu le plus propre à la réalisation de ce projet était celui où était réuni le matériel sur lequel Mary Rathbun avait fondé sa magistrale monographie. Au cours d'un séjour à Paris, durant un congé sabbatique d'une année, il a procédé à une révision méthodique des échan­ tillons conservés au Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle ; un travail assidu, dont j'ai pu suivre les progrès, Va conduit à la rédaction du mémoire présenté ici. Appuyé sur une étude bibliographique détaillée et critique, sur l'examen des types chaque fois que cela était possible, et surtout sur l'analyse des traits morphologiques susceptibles de présenter une signification phylétique, ce travail apparaît comme une remise en ordre d'un groupe ou régnait encore beaucoup de confusions. En dehors de vues Préface 7 \ nouvelles concernant Vévolution et la dispersion des crabes d'eau douce sur le continent américain, Vutilisateur y trouvera l'instrument taxonomique qui manquait pour identifier les Pseudothelphusidae. Il sera guidé par de bonnes clefs dichotomiques et par des dessins détaillés, disposera de diagnoses et de descriptions concises, de listes des synonymes et des références, ainsi que des données essentielles sur la distribution. Habitants d'un vaste territoire qui s'étend de l'Amazone à la frontière nord du Mexique et inclut de nombreux pays sud et centre américains, en même temps que les îles Caraïbes, les Pseudothelphusidae forment un élément non négligeable dans les eaux douces de ces régions. G. Rodriguez nous offre aujourd'hui un ouvrage de qualité qui facilitera considérableïnent leur identification. Nous devons lui en savoir gré. L'Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer, qui a pour vocation de contribuer au développement de la recherche dans les pays tropicaux, a toujours favorisé l'amélioration des connaissances dans le domaine de la faunistique, base de toutes les recherches d'ordre fondamental ou appliqué en biologie. C'est dans cet esprit que son directeur, le Pr. G. Camus, a accepté d'accueillir le travail de G. Rodriguez dans la Faune tropicale et je l'en remercie vivement. Il peut être assuré que la qualité de cette publication lui donnera une large audience dans tous les pays d'Amérique latine et qu'elle sera appréciée par tous les spécialistes des Crabes d'eau douce. Jacques Forest Professeur au Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 8 Les crabes d'eau douce d'Amérique ABSTRACT The freshwater crabs of America (Family Pseudothelphusidae) The crabs of the family Pseudothelphusidae with few exceptions inhabit small mountains creeks in tropical America, from the State of Sonora in Mexico to the neighbourhoods of Lima, in Peru, and including the Greater Antilles (except Jamaica) and the Guianas. The discrimination of the species and gênera is made on the basis of gonopod structure. Other characters such as the length of the exognath of the third maxilliped and the opening of the branchial channels are useful in the dérivation of the larger groups. The family, as hère understood, comprises two subfamilies : Epilobocerinae and Pseudo- thelphusinae, the first with one single genus, the second with five tribes, Strengerianini trib. nov., Hypolobocerini, Potamocarcinini, Pseudothelphusini and Kingsleyini. Most of the subgenera created by récent authors (BOTT, PRETZMANN, SMALLEY) are given full generic status in the présent contribution. Of the 32 gênera accepted as valid, 4 hâve been established in a preliminary paper (RODRIGUEZ, 1980) and 2 are new. The family comprises at présent 131 species or subspecies ; 15 of thèse, named in RODRIGUEZ, 1980 and 1 new
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