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Analysis of Soil Moisture in the Guinotia Dentata Crab Burrows Of Analysis of Soil Moisture in the Guinotia dentata Crab Burrows of Dominica Haley Stehling Dominica Study Abroad 2014 Dr. Tom Lacher Dr. James Woolley Texas A&M University Analysis of Soil Moisture in the Guinotia dentata Crab Burrows of Dominica Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Order Decapoda Family Pseuodothelphusidae Genus Guinotia Species dentata Abstract The terrestrial freshwater crab, Guinotia dentata, was the focus of this study. The experimental approach was used to test the hypothesis that the carapace of Cyrique crabs would have a direct increase with a higher percentage of soil moisture. Data was taken from three different levels on the Archbold Research Station. The first level was near the large rock wall adjacent to the verandah, the second was by the Springfield River, and the third was by the deeper bathing pool near the fig tree. Soil moisture measurements from each of the twelve occupied burrows were taken and compared to the size of Cyrique crabs. The carapace measurements increased closer to the water source. The hypothesis was rejected that the soil moisture of the burrows directly increased with the crab carapace. Key Words: Dominica, Cyrique, burrow, crab, soil moisture, Guinotia dentata Introduction The Nature Island of Dominica is home to 20 different species of crabs. The Guinotia dentata, commonly known as Cyrique, is an abundant species. Pierre Andre Latreille first described Guinotia dentata in 1825. In another genus the specific epithet dentata means “toothed” in Latin. In 1965 Gerhard Pretzmann established the Genus Guinotia after Daniele Guinot who was a French biologist studying crabs in exotic locations. The data were collected around the field station for convenience and to narrow down the possible species. Yellow claws with white tips sticking out of burrows can identify Cyrique crabs. Chace and Hobbs describes the coloration in life by saying the “carapace is chocolate brown and yellow, or orange; anterior and anterolateral margins with a narrow band of yellow (Chace and Hobbs 1969). It’s common for the burrows to be nestled along tree roots and rocks for support. Brian Miculka, a study abroad student working on burrowing behavior says “Burrow mouths were often larger than its carapace width, allowing them to sit facing outward at nights. Tunnels were usually narrower, giving the crab just enough room to move back in forth when turned sideways” (Miculka 2009). Cyrique crabs have complex tunnels that make it difficult to catch them once they retreat into the burrow. Cyrique crabs reproduce year round and occupy areas on the island that are close to a freshwater source. Females carry the eggs in a marsupium or brood pouch and release them into water to hatch. The young hatch into juveniles and do not have to pass through larval stages. Cyrique crabs are nocturnal because they are avoiding the heat of the day and diurnal bird predators. During the day they are able to obtain moisture from the soil using modified gills that allow them to be away from the water source. This study looked further into the burrows that these crabs depended upon. The focus of this study was to see if the crabs would increase in size if they were closer to the water and moist soil because it is essential to their iteroparous life cycle. Since juveniles are hatched into water it is also possible that smaller crabs would be the most abundant. Materials and Methods The first stages of data collection were to tag burrows that Cyrique crabs were observed in. Bright plastic flagging tape was used to mark the burrowing holes so they could be returned to on later excursions to catch crabs. Four burrows were studied at each of the three levels along the trail at the Archbold Tropical Research Field Station. The levels had a fairly even distance between them and a different proximity to the water source of the Springfield River and the bathing pool by the fig tree. With the help of another student a 100ft tape measure was used to approximate the distance of the burrow to the nearest water source. A soil moisture meter was used to take a moisture sample at each burrow. To make the data unbiased the soil adjacent to the burrow opening was also measured. Green tape was wrapped around the soil meter four inches from the base of the probe so the same length was inserted each time. The burrow width and height dimensions were taken using a measuring tape. To take the burrow depth, a sturdy bamboo stick was measured at one and two feet with a marker. At each burrow the bamboo was inserted until it hit the back of the wall. On further excursions the crabs were already located and captured by several different methods. One good method to capture medium sized crabs was to flip over rocks. During the final stages of data collection a hand shovel was used to dig crabs out. This worked well with a dip net to capture them so they could not crawl away. Thick gloves were used to protect hands from the claws while handling them. On several occasions the crabs were captured at a different hole from the burrows previously marked. New measurements had to be taken and updated on the excel sheet. A 0-150mm caliper with a digital screen was used for precise measurements of the crabs. At first the carapace and claws were measured, then it was decided that claws were unnecessary for comparing the crab size as a whole. All of the crab carapaces were measured from the longest diameter. A Precision spring scale was used for weight of the crabs in grams. All of the data was compared in an excel spreadsheet and trends were evaluated. Results Variable Correlation Significance Moisture % -.231 .471 Width -.743 .006 Height -.435 .158 Depth -.624 .030 Carapace -.663 .019 Weight -.631 .028 Table 1: Pearson Correlation of measurements of burrows and crabs with the distance to a water source and Significance sample size (N) 12 crabs Moisture % 30 25 20 15 10 Moisture % Moisture % Moisture 5 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 Distance from Water Graph 1: Burrow Moisture % Correlation to Distance from Water Burrow Width 10 8 6 Width Width 4 Width 2 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Distance from Water Graph 2: Burrow Width Correlation to Distance from Water Burrow Height 10 8 6 Height 4 Height 2 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Distance from Water Graph 3: Burrow Height Correlation to Distance from Water Burrow Depth 25 20 15 Depth 10 Depth 5 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Distance from Water Graph 4: Burrow Depth Correlation to Distance from Water Crab Carapace 100 80 60 40 Carapace Carapace 20 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 Distance from Water Graph 5: Crab Carapace Correlation to Distance from Water Crab Weight 60 50 40 30 Weight Weight 20 Weight 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Distance from Water Graph 6: Crab Weight Correlation to Distance from Water Burrow Moisture Width Height Depth Carapace Weight Distance to Number % (in.) (in.) (in.) (mm) (g) water (ft.) 1 16.9 5.5 2.5 10.2 46.3 32 57 2 15 5 2 8.5 40.85 18 38 3 16.3 3 3.5 6 28.09 5 91 4 13.8 2 2.5 4.3 23.16 3 78 Table 2: Burrow and Crab Measurements for 1st level Burrow Moisture Width Height Depth Carapace Weight Distance to Number % (in.) (in.) (in.) (mm) (g) water (ft.) 1 11.5 6.5 5 15 29.13 6 34 2 12.2 2 3 9.5 34.03 10 52 3 13.2 6 3.4 10.2 42.04 21 17 4 15.4 4 3.5 11.4 79.26 51 26 Table 3: Burrow and Crab Measurements for 2nd level Burrow Moisture Width Height Depth Carapace Weight Distance to Number % (in.) (in.) (in.) (mm) (g) water (ft.) 1 25.7 5 2 7.5 66.15 39 43 2 17 4 2 8.5 30.8 6 37 3 22.6 7.5 5 23.5 83.34 53 9 4 19.5 8.5 9 7.5 75.22 46 18 Table 4: Burrow and Crab Measurements for 3rd level Discussion Pearson correlation statistical tests were taken to find trends. Six variables were compared to the distance from water. The soil moisture and the distance from water were not significantly correlated. The height and width of burrows increased the closer to the water source. Burrow depth increased closer to water. For the tests to be considered significant a value must be at or below the .05 level. Table 1 summarizes the data and is found on page five. At a sample size (N) of 12 crabs, the carapace measurements ranged from 23.16 mm to 83.34 mm. The average carapace size was 48.2 mm. To get an even distribution in N, the same carapace lengths that had been previously measured weren’t recorded. Crab carapace and weight also increased the closer to a water source. Crabs with a larger carapace may have a size advantage with intraspecific competition for resources. Table 2, 3, and 4 show raw data for these measurements. The hypotheses that crab sizes would increase the closer to a water source was accepted. This is supported by evidence that carapace and weight increased closer to the water at three different levels of the station.
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