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Archaeological Excavations in St Giles' Cathedral Edinburgh, 1981–93

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Archaeological Excavations in St Giles' Cathedral Edinburgh, 1981–93 Archaeological excavations in St Giles’ Cathedral Edinburgh, 1981–93 by Mark Collard*, John A Lawson† and Nicholas Holmes‡ *Cotswold Archaeology, Building 11, Kemble Enterprise Park, Cirencester, GL7 6BQ †City of Edinburgh Council Archaeology Service, Huntly House Museum, 142 Canongate, Edinburgh EH8 8DD ‡National Museums of Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh EH1 1JF with contributions by David Henderson, Roderick P McCullagh, Derek Hall, George Haggarty, Julie Franklin, Thomas Addyman, Robin Murdoch and Pamela Graves Scottish Archaeological Internet Report 22, 2006 www.sair.org.uk Published by the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, www.socantscot.org.uk with Historic Scotland, www.historic-scotland.gov.uk and the Council for British Archaeology, www.britarch.ac.uk Editor Debra Barrie Produced by Archetype Information Technology Ltd, www.archetype-it.com ISBN: 0 903903 91 1 ISSN: 1473-3803 Requests for permission to reproduce material from a SAIR report should be sent to the Director of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, as well as to the author, illustrator, photographer or other copyright holder. Copyright in any of the Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports series rests with the SAIR Consortium and the individual authors. The maps are reproduced from Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. ©Crown copyright 2001. Any unauthorized reproduction infringes Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Historic Scotland Licence No GD 03032G, 2002. The consent does not extend to copying for general distribution, advertising or promotional purposes, the creation of new collective works or resale. ii Contents List of illustrations. vi List of tables. vii 1 Summary. 1 2 Introduction. 2 3 Historical Background . 4 3.1 The church. 4 3.2 The parish cemetery. .5 3.3 The hospital of St Giles’. 7 4 The Archaeological Investigations. 8 4.1 Excavations in the South Choir Aisle, 1981. .9 4.1.1 Period 1:?12th century . 9 4.1.2 Period 2a: 12th/13th century . .9 4.1.3 Period 2b: 13th/14th century . 10 4.1.4 Period 3a: late 14th to mid-15th century . 11 4.1.5 Period 3b: mid-15th century to the Reformation . 14 4.1.6 Period 4: Reformation to 1981 . 18 5 The Burials . .19 6 The Coffins . .20 6.1 Introduction . 20 6.2 Construction details. 20 6.3 Discussion . 21 7 The Coffin Wood by Rod P McCullagh.. 23 7.1 Methodology . 23 7.2 Results . 23 7.2.1 The samples. 23 7.2.2 The species . 23 7.2.3 The coffins . 23 7.2.4 The nails . 25 7.2.5 The timber . 25 8 The Human Bones by David Henderson . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27 8.1 Materials and methods . 27 8.1.1 Preservation . 27 iii 8.1.2 Reconstruction. 27 8.1.3 Age estimation. 27 8.1.4 Sex estimation. 28 8.2 Demography . 28 8.2.1 Number of individuals. 28 8.2.2 Age and sex. 29 8.3 Population variability . 29 8.3.1 Non-metric traits. 29 8.3.2 Body size and indices. 29 8.4 Pathology. 30 8.4.1 Trauma. 30 8.4.2 Anthropathies. 30 8.4.3 Spinal degeneration. 32 8.4.4 DISH . 32 8.4.5 Other spinal pathologies. 33 8.5 The teeth. 36 8.5.1 Dental pathology. 36 8.5.2 Childhood morbidity. .37 8.5.3 Dental disease . 37 8.5.4 Sub-adult dentitions. .38 8.6 Summary. 38 9 Other Investigations . .42 9.1 Choir Vestry excavations . 42 9.2 Installation of the new organ, 1990–1. 42 9.3 Reflooring of the Choir, 1993 . 43 9.4 North Transept, 1992 . 45 10 The Finds. .46 10.1 The pottery by Derek Hall & George Haggarty. 46 10.1.1 South Choir Aisle, 1981 . 46 10.1.2 Choir Vestry excavation (1981) and geotechnical trial pits (1977). 50 10.1.3 Conclusions. 50 10.2 The ceramic building material by Derek Hall. 51 10.2.1 Floor tile . 51 10.2.2 Stove tile. 51 10.3 Coins and jetons by Nicholas Holmes. .51 10.4 Other finds by Julie Franklin & Mark Collard. 52 10.4.1 Copper alloy . 52 10.4.2 Iron . 55 10.4.3 Stone. 55 10.4.4 Bone objects (with bone identification by David Henderson). 56 10.4.5 Vessel glass by Robin Murdoch. 56 10.4.6 Window glass and lead by Pamela Graves. 57 10.4.7 Worked stone and building materials by Thomas Addyman . 62 iv 11 The Faunal Remains by David Henderson. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 63 11.1 Methods. 63 11.2 Species present . 63 11.3 Distribution of skeletal elements . 64 11.4 Age at slaughter . 64 11.5 Butchery. 64 11.6 Discussion. ..
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