Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Volume 2 | Issue 2 Article 7 1911 Sexual Root of Kleptomania Wilhelm Stekel Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons Recommended Citation Wilhelm Stekel, Sexual Root of Kleptomania, 2 J. Am. Inst. Crim. L. & Criminology 239 (May 1911 to March 1912) This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. THE SEXUAL ROOT OF KLEPTOMANIA.' DR. WILHELM STEKEL. In the Zeitschrift filr Sexualwissensclzaft (Verlag Georg H. Wigand, Leipzig), Dr. Wilhelm Stekel, the eminent Viennese psycho-therapeutist and one of the most able representatives of the Freud school, deals with kleptomania and reaches conclusions which should be particularly inter- esting here in America, where the great department stores offer such a rich fielq of labor, not only to the ordinary thief, but also to the klep- tomaniac. Of course, Dr. Stekel by no means asserts that his work has solved the problem of kleptomania once for all. The results that he has so far obtained seem, however, to form the principle of a new conception of kleptomania which he will undoubtedly further develop in his forthcoming work, Die Sprache des Tracumes,"which is based on the criminal element in man. The fact that rich, or at least well-to-do, women are sometimes guilty of theft in the big department stores has always received a certain amount of attention. Duboisson has recently given an exhaustive description of this monomania under the name of "magasinitis." Before that a num- ber of interesting cases, nearly all of which exhibit one and the same psychic mechanism, were communicated by Bontemps (Du vol dans les grands magasins), Lasegue (Le vol aux talages), and Letulle (Voleuses 7onettes). In each case the woman declared that some unknown power had suddenly compelled her to touch some object and put it in her pocket. Afterwards, with some women amnesia exists; others are terribly ashamed and regret their act; many do not even touch the stolen object again. The choice of objects is very interesting. Generally they are trifles: bits of lace, gloves, a small note-book, pencils, etc. In some cases a certain superficial motive can be traced. A well-to-do woman whose child is ill steals a. doll. This is more comprehensible than that a countess should steal lace (Letulle). The latter thus describes her action: "II m'est impossible de dire ce qui c'est pass6 en moi; le tentation a 6t6 plus forte que moi! Je ne sais pas ce qui c'est produit. Mais je pris cet objet et je l'ai cach6 !" It thus appears that we have to deal with the temptation to commit 1"This paper is an abridgment, by Mr. Adalbert Albrecht, of Dr. Stekel's article in the "Zeitschrift ffir Sexualwissenschaft." Not only lack of space prevents our publishing the whole, but also the impossibility of translating certain of the author's "association experiments" into English. WILHELM STEKEL a sin. As Dr. Stekel has repeatedly proved to himself by psycho-analysis, the root of all these cases of kleptomania is ungratified sexual instinct. These women fight against temptation. They are engaged in a constant struggle with their desires. They would like to do what is forbidden, but they lack the strength. Theft is to them a symbolic act.2 The es- sential point is that" they do something that is forbidden, touch. some- thing that does not belong to them. Dr. Otto Gross's suggestive work, Das Freudsche Ideogenitfitsmoment und seine Bedeutung im manisch- depreisiven Irresein Hraepelins (Leipzig, F. 0. Vogel, 1907), contains a careful analysis of a case of kleptomania in a patient who was suf- fering from melancholy mania. The person in question was a young girl of healthy family, without inherited defects, who sustained an injury to the head in her selenteenth year and was later subject to fainting and periodical fits of depression and excitability. After a time she suffered from irresistible attacks of klep- tomania. She said, "At that time I could not see anything lying any- where; without any reason I was compelled to take the objects. They were not things that pleased me particularly; I had to take them, I had no .peace until I did." For four years the patient had maintained inti- mate relations with a sexually impotent man. When he fnally regained his generative power and, she found herself pregnant, her impulse to steal disappeared. (She no longei needed- to take something that did not belong.t her.) The question put to her by a confessor, who examined her in regard to her sexual experiences, whether she had taken the penis in her hand and introduced it herself, made a particular impression on her. Thenumber of objects stolen was very large: stockings, furs, gloves, little bags, bracelets, rings, umbrellas, etc. Whoever has occupied him- -One of the greatest services that Professor Freud has rendered is to have pointed out the "sexual symbolism" in man. His critics, it is true, still scorn to. study seriously this symbolism and its nature. They believe that it can be voluntarily fabricated and consciously produced. But Freud's writings show that it is rooted in the sub-conscious mind. Whenever the control of consciousness is partly or altogether suspended-hence in sleep, in a drowsy condition, when the attention is distracted-suppressed and superseded notions and images rise to the surface. They appear, however, in a7 disguised form; that is, they are expressed or clothed in symbolic terms. Those phildlogists who have studied the psychology'of language also agree with this view. Kleinpaul," for instance, says frankly, "man sexualizes the universe," that -is, imbues, it. with sexual symbols. "But symbols are not made, they already exist; they are not invented, but only recognized" (Kleinpaul). According to Bleuler, symbolism is based on a lower form of associative activity, which, instead of logical, concatenation, possesses only vague analogies. We are not capable of this kind of associative activity as long as we are fully conscious and our attention is alive. Hence this symbolism cannot be voluntarily fabricated.' It is our firm conviction that criminal psychology may obtain from Freud's discoveries the most stimulating suggestions, and we hope that his theories and conclusions will be received with less prejudice here in America than they have encountered in Europe. THE SEXTUAL ROOT OF KLEPTOMANIA self with psycho-analysis will recognize at once that these things have a pronounced symbolic sexual significance. (A little bag, a ring, a brace- let, furs, stockings, gloves are all articles into which we put something; umbrella is a frequently recurring symbol for penis, probably because opening it suggests erection.) In his psycho-analysis, Gross at once recognizes the sexual root of this case of kleptomania. The patient is moved "to do something for- bidden, secretly, or, more clearly expressed, to take something for- bidden, secretly." (Compare the question in the confessional, whether she had "taken the penis in her hand.") Gross remarks, "thus the ori- gin of the symptom of kleptomania is laid bare: 'to take something for- bidden, secretly,' is common to both motives, to the sexual desire and to the impulse to steal; this association causes the emotional energy of the unconscious sexual motive to be transferred to the motive to steal, which, characteristically, as an idea at least, succumbs to a much slighter mental resistance. When the transference has become firmly fixed, as regards the contents, from then on the impulse to steal remains definitely ihe 'symbol' for every desire for sexual gratification and absorbs the whole emotional volume, all the impulsive energy of sexuality-becomes irresistible like sexual instinct. And this displaced accentuation of pas- sion causes the pathological irresistible impulse." Thus it appears that Gross's point of view entirely agrees with that of Freud, which is also Dr. Stekel's, who, however, explains the process more simply. We have to deal with a "suppressed and super- seded" sexual desire that is carried out through the medium of a symbol or a symbolic action. Every compulsion in psychic life is brought about by suppression. The connection between theft and an abnormal sexual life has already been noticed by earlier observers. It was simply forced upon their perception. Descriptions of theft connected with fetichism are especially frequent. In his Psychopathia sexualis, Krafft-Ebing records a number of suggestive observations. They form a curious collection: a workman who stole shoes from the time he was fourteen; a cobbler who stole night- caps, garters and women's underclothes; an apron-thief whose dreams all centered on aprons; a manufacturer who unlawfully appropriated kid gloves; a day laborer who had stolen about 100 women's handkerchiefs; and a man-servant with a similar record. These thefts betray. their sex- ual etiology without further explanation. The stolen object has its value as a sexual fetich which is nothing else than a symbol that has become fixed through certain circumstances. Kersten tells the story of a laborer in a quarry who stole a woman's dress and put it on before sexual WILHELM STEKEL intercourse with his wife. He found coition impossible unless he first put on an underskirt. Women, however, frequently act in another and opposite manner. They hide the stolen articles and do not dare to touch them. This is seen in the case cited by Ladame (Observations de soi-disant kNepto- manie).