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Transferability of Microsatellite Loci to Vellozia Plicata (Velloziaceae), a Widespread Species on Brazilian Inselbergs

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Transferability of Microsatellite Loci to Vellozia Plicata (Velloziaceae), a Widespread Species on Brazilian Inselbergs Braz. J. Bot (2017) 40(4):1071–1075 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40415-017-0396-x SHORT COMMUNICATION Transferability of microsatellite loci to Vellozia plicata (Velloziaceae), a widespread species on Brazilian inselbergs 1 2 1 1 Luiza F. A. de Paula • Ba´rbara S. S. Leal • Juliane Rexroth • Stefan Porembski • Clarisse Palma-Silva2 Received: 13 December 2016 / Accepted: 24 April 2017 / Published online: 12 May 2017 Ó Botanical Society of Sao Paulo 2017 Abstract Inselbergs are isolated, mainly granitic and investigations about speciation processes of inselberg gneissic rock outcrops, forming old landscape elements on specialists. crystalline continental shields on all continents. Many Velloziaceae which occur specifically as mat-formers on Keywords Conservation genetics Á Cross-amplification Á these rock outcrops are well adapted to harsh environ- Monocots Á Population genetics mental conditions and do not occur in the surrounding matrix. Vellozia plicata Mart. is a widespread desiccation- tolerant mat-forming species on inselbergs in southeastern Introduction Brazil, with naturally fragmented populations. Here, we tested the transferability of 53 microsatellite loci previ- In many tropical regions, granitic and gneissic inselbergs ously developed for two Vellozia species (V. gigantea form ancient landscape elements (Porembski 2007). N. L. Menezes & Mello-Silva and V. squamata Pohl) in Monocotyledonous mats (monocot mats) are one of the two populations of V. plicata. We succeeded in the most typical vegetation types, in which predominantly amplification of 11 loci, and six of them were polymorphic. long-lived monocots occur on open rocky slopes, fre- The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 17, the quently forming isolated circular patches (Porembski et al. expected and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.000 1998). Four families of monocots are typical mat-formers: to 0.875 and from 0.000 to 0.895, respectively. Our results Bromeliaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae and Velloziaceae show that cross-amplification works within the genus (Porembski et al. 1998; de Paula et al. 2016). Vellozia, but at a lower level when compared to other The Velloziaceae form a Gondwanan link between monocot families on inselbergs, such as Bromeliaceae and African, Malagasy and South American inselbergs, and in Orchidaceae. This work might help in further studies on particular Vellozia (mainly Brazil) and Xerophyta (Africa/ population genetics of V. plicata, in order to guide con- Madagascar) are very speciose (Mello-Silva et al. 2011). servation actions in the future and also to promote further Many Velloziaceae, which occur as mat-formers specifi- cally on inselbergs, are desiccation-tolerant and well adapted to harsh environmental conditions (such as lack of Electronic supplementary material The online version of this soil and water, high insolation) and do not occur in the article (doi:10.1007/s40415-017-0396-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. surrounding matrix (Porembski and Barthlott 2000), showing a high morphological plasticity. For these mat- & Luiza F. A. de Paula formers, inselbergs form terrestrial habitat islands that are [email protected] characterized by various degrees of geographic isolation (Porembski et al. 2000). 1 Institut fu¨r Biowissenschaften, Allgemeine und Spezielle Botanik, Universita¨t Rostock, Wismarsche Str. 44/45, In Brazil, few studies investigated reproductive systems 18051 Rostock, Germany of Vellozia, which showed that species occurring either on 2 Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, high altitude quartzitic grasslands (Jacobi and del Sarto Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil 2007) and/or on ‘‘Cerrados’’ (Oliveira et al. 1991) were 123 1072 L. F. A. de Paula et al. mostly self-incompatible. Besides that, information on et al. 2012) and V. squamata Pohl (Duarte-Barbosa et al. potential pollinators is also scarce, but the available studies 2015) (see Online Resource 1) in a set of eight individuals pointed mainly pollination by birds and bees (Sazima and (from both sampled populations) of V. plicata. All poly- Sazima 1990; Oliveira et al. 1991; Jacobi and del Sarto merase chain reaction (PCR) amplifications were per- 2007). Concerning the genetic structure of Vellozia species, formed in a Veriti 96-Well Thermal Cycler (Applied up to know there are no clear patterns within the genus. For Biosystems) in a reaction volume of 10 lL containing example, it was demonstrated high values of genetic *10 ng of DNA, 2.59 GoTaq Master Mix (Promega), diversity for bee-pollinated species growing on pebbly or 0.5 lM forward primer, 1 lM reverse primer and 1 lM sandy soil and low values for species occurring on quart- universal M13 (50CACGACGTTGTAAAACGAC-30) pri- zitic outcrops, pollinated by bees and hummingbirds mer tagged with FAM, VIC, PET or NED fluorochromes. (Franceschinelli et al. 2006). Furthermore, it was shown A touchdown cycle program was used as described by that populations of high vulnerable species with a narrow Palma-Silva et al. (2007). The amplification products were distribution on quartzitic outcrops showed high genetic analyzed by electrophoresis on 1% agarose gel stained with diversity (Lousada et al. 2011). Interesting results were GelRed (Biotium, Hayward, California, USA). The loci also observed for a species occurring on ferruginous and on were considered successfully amplified when a band of the quartzitic outcrops, populations from the former outcrops expected size was clearly visualized. The PCR products of presented about half the genetic diversity of those from the the well-amplified loci were subjected to fragment analysis later (Lousada et al. 2013). Nevertheless, even though on an ABI PRISM 3500 sequencer (Applied Biosystems) Vellozia species are common members of Brazilian granitic and sized in accordance with GeneScan 500 LIZ (Applied and gneissic rocks, up to now we lack information con- Biosystems) using GENEMARKER v1.95 software cerning taxonomic, ecological and molecular aspects of the (SoftGenetics). Raw alleles sizes of the polymorphic loci species occurring on these outcrops. were then automated binned into discrete classes using Here, we tested the transferability of microsatellite loci FlexiBin (http://www.zoo.cam.ac.uk/zoostaff/meg/amos. previously developed for two Vellozia species, which occur htm) (Amos et al. 2007) and manually inspected. on ‘‘campos rupestres’’, in Vellozia plicata Mart., a wide- Data analyses – The Micro-Checker 2.2.3 program (van spread species on Brazilian inselbergs. Cross-amplification Oosterhout et al. 2004) was used to assess genotyping is a good alternative to avoid expenses in generating new errors due to the presence of null alleles, stuttering and markers, besides being less time-consuming. We believe allele dropout. For each population and locus, we estimated that this study will help in further investigations concerned the number of alleles (A) and observed (H ) and expected with the relationship between geographic isolation and O (H ) heterozygosities according to the Hardy–Weinberg population genetic differentiation of this species and also E equilibrium (HWE), using GenAlEx 6.5 (Peakall and guide studies with other species belonging to this genus. Smouse 2012); within-population inbreeding coefficient (FIS) and allelic richness (AR) were accessed using FSTAT (Goudet 1995). Deviations from HWE were evaluated Materials and methods using exact tests, as implemented in GENEPOP on the Web (Raymond and Rousset 1995). Linkage disequilib- Plant material and DNA extraction – We sampled young rium between all pairs of loci in each population was tested leaves of 20 individuals of V. plicata (Fig. 1) from two in FSTAT. The statistical significance was adjusted for inselberg populations (totaling 40 individuals), named multiple testing using a sequential Bonferroni correction BOCA (BO; 17°54058.8700S, 41°11015.0500W; voucher L. de (Rice 1989). Paula 1145) and SIVA (SI; 17°46049.6100S, 41°11054.9300W; voucher L. de Paula 1146), and subsequently they were stored in silica gel. The inselbergs sampled were about Results and discussion 15 km away from each other and were located in the Mucuri Valley, northeastern Minas Gerais, Brazil. Total DNA was From the 53 primers tested in this study, 19 showed extracted following the protocol described by Sˇtorchova´ amplification products, but eight of them were nonspecific et al. (2000). All vouchers are deposited in RB herbarium in or had weak amplification. From the 11 successfully Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden. amplified loci, six of them were polymorphic for V. plicata PCR amplification and genotyping – We initially tested (all of them from V. squamata; for details see Online the potential cross-amplification of 53 microsatellite Resource 1), displaying an average allele number of seven (simple sequence repeats, SSR) loci previously developed (ranging from 2 to 17) (Table 1). Among the six analyzed for V. gigantea N. L. Menezes & Mello-Silva (Martins loci, three loci (Vsq25, Vsq30 and Vsq34) in BO 123 Transferability of microsatellite loci to Vellozia plicata (Velloziaceae), a widespread… 1073 Fig. 1 1–4 Overview of Vellozia plicata mats on inselbergs in southeastern Brazil. 1 Mats with fully green leaves during the wet season. 2 Mats during the dry season reflecting the desiccation tolerance strategy of this species. 3 Habit. 4 Flower. Bars 50 cm (1, 2), 20 cm (3), 2 cm (4) Table 1 Microsatellite loci Locus Species References Size range (bp) Repeat motif A transferred to Vellozia plicata (Velloziaceae), followed by the Vsq25 Vellozia squamata Duarte-Barbosa et al. (2015) 188–226 (AC)8 7 species in which the marker was developed, reference, size range Vsq30 Vellozia squamata Duarte-Barbosa et al. (2015) 267–275 (AC)10…(TG)6 4 of the PCR products, repeat Vsq34 Vellozia squamata Duarte-Barbosa et al. (2015) 159–243 (CT)15 17 motif and number of alleles (A) Vsq39 Vellozia squamata Duarte-Barbosa et al. (2015) 265–267 (AC)7 2 Vsq47 Vellozia squamata Duarte-Barbosa et al. (2015) 217–219 (AC)11 2 Vsq48 Vellozia squamata Duarte-Barbosa et al. (2015) 207–229 (CA)14 10 population and one locus (Vsq34) in SI population showed BO and 0.183 in SI, P \ 0.0001).
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