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3D printing 31 Emmerich, David Georges 11,15 Katavolos, William 15,16,17,26 Energy efficiency 102,116,120,146 Kawazoe, Nobru 16 Aalto, Alvar 2B ETFE film 116-121,122-129,130-135,136-141, Kieran Timberlake Associates 33,34 ABB Architects 40-45 142-147 Kiesler, Frederick B, 9, 13 Klein, Yves 26,2B Adapt~efacade 33,56-63,142 Feierbach, Wolfgang 13,14 Koch, Carl 19 Aerogel 2B, 31, 34 Folded-plate structure B, 11, 14-15 Koolhaas, Rem 31,36,37 Air cushion 31, 5B-63, 122-129, 136-141, 142-147 Franken, Bernhard 30,40-45 Kraft, Sabine 29,36 Alberti, Leon Battista 24,25 Friedman, Yona 11,15,16 Krausse, Joachim B, 9, 32 Ando, Tadao 2B Fuller, Richard Buckminster B, 9, 10, 12, 15, lB, Kuhne, Gunther 11 Anti-form 26-27 20,21,32 Kuhnert, Nikolaus 36 Archigram 15,16 Functional layers 33 Kurokawa, Kisho 15,16 Arconiko 92-97 f-u-r 31,35 Arup,ove lB,2o Lacaton 6 Vassal 36,37, B6-81 Ash Sakula B2-B5 Gabo, Naum 26,27 Laffaille, Bernard 17 Atelier Bruckner 33,56-63 Garnier, Denis 23 Lanchester, F. W. 18, 19 Atelier Kempe Thill 52-55 Geodesic dome 12,15,lB,20-21,32 Laser sintering 31 Giencke, Volker 14B-153 LED light 46,50 B 6 K+ 64-69 Gilkie, R. C. 14 Lenard, Ilona 35 Ban, Shigeru 35,70-75,104-109 Goff, Bruce 9,10,11 Leonhardt, Fritz 20 Banham, Reyner 20-22,27 Graefe, Rainer lB Light effect 35,50,54,74, ao, 94, 12B Barthes, Roland 30,31 Greene, David 16,17,23 Liquid plastics 11,16-17,26 Bataille, Georges 26 Grimshaw, Nicholas 32,136-141 Lissitzky, El 26, 27 Behnisch, Gunter 36,110-115 Groupe d'Etudes d'Architecture Mobile Loos, Adolf 25 Bergerac, Cyrano de 20 [GEAM) 12,15 Luckhardt, Wassili 11 Bionics 23,30,32-35,56-63 Groupe International d' Architecture Prospective Lundy, Victor 19,20,22 Bird, Walter 19,20,22 [G.I.A.P.] 15 Lyotard, .Jean-Franctiis 27,29 Bottcher, Karl 9 Gunschel, Gunter 11 Bubble 15,20-23,27,30,32,40-45 Gusmao, B. L. de 20 Magnant 10 Buci-Glucksmann, Christine 27 Gutbrod, Rolf 20 Makowski, Z. S. 14 Mario Cucinella Architects 46-51 Cable-net structure lB,20 Hamilton and Goody 11, 12 Mass customisation 40 Candela, Felix 13 Haus Rucker Co 21,22,23,27 Maymont, Paul 15 Chalk, Warren 17 Hiiusermann, Pascal 15 Membrane construction B-9, 14, 17-19, 22, 34 Chateau, Stephana du 15 Herron, Ron 17 mechanically pretensioned 116-121, 130-135 CNC 44 Herzog 6 de Meuron 35,36,122-129 pneumatically pretensioned lB-23,34-35, Composites 31-33 Herzog + Partner 116-121 56-63,122-129,136-141,142-147 Conservatory 22,90,100,133,142-147 Herzog, Thomas 20,33 Megastructure 15-16 Cook, Peter 17 Hildebrand, Adolf von 26 Metabolists 15,16 Coulon 10 Hofmann, Hubert 11 Mobile architecture 9,12-13,15-16,21,72 Crompton, Dennis, 17 Holzbach, Markus 34,35 Moholy-Nagy, Laszlo 26, 28 Cushion construction [see also air cushion] 19 House-within-a-house principle 9B-99,104 Moller, Georg 17 Huybers, P. 15 Mongolfier, Joseph and Etienne 20 Oallegret, Francois 22 Morphogenesis 29,31 Oerrida, Jacques 29 Immaterial architecture lB, 26-30, 35, 50 Morris, Robert 26,27 Design method 27, 32 Isler, Heinz 22 Mo STUDIO 33 Digital architecture 30-32,134,136-141, 13B Digital form 27,29,30-32 Jaschek 6 Partner 142-147 Nachtigall, Werner 32, 33 Digital production 27,30,32,134, 13B Jonas, Walter 15 Nalbach, Gernot 23 Ooernach, Rudolph 11 Judd, Donald 35 Nervi, Luigi 13 Doring, Wolfgang 15,16 Niemeyer, Oscar 13 Dynamic architecture 9,13,16,26,29,34 Nylon fabric 19,70-75 Oosterhuis, Kas 34,35 Saarinen, Eero 14 Ortner, Laurids 22 SANAA 35 Ortner, Manfred 22 Scharoun, Hans 9 Otto, Frei 11,15,17,18,20,21,22,25,32 Scheichenbauer, Mario 14 Schein,lonel 10,11,12,15,16 Patrix, Georges 15 Schnirch, Friedrich 17 PCM (Phase Change Material] 33-34 schojjar, Nicholas 15 Pea, Cesare 11 Schwedler, Johann Wilhelm 18 Pecquet, Jean 11 Semper, Gottfried 25,37 PET [Polyethylene terephthalate] 33 Severud-Elstad-Krueger 20 Pevsner, Antoine 26,27 Shejldahl, G. T. 20 Pfeifer. Kuhn 98-103 Shukhov, Vladimir 17 Piano, Renzo 15 Siegert, O. J. 130-135 Pinter, Klaus 22 Sloterdijk, Peter 35,36 Plastic capsule [see also room module] 22 Smithson, Alison and Peter 11 Plastic membrane 18-19,32,34-35 Soltan, Jerzy 11 Plastic sheet 8,10-12,14,18,21-22 Somol, Robert 31 Acrylic channel 63 Staib Architects 36,110-115 Acrylic panel 15 Stereolithography 31 Acrylic sheet, multi-web 60 Stewart, James 17, 18 Acrylic tube 46-51 Surface 28-29,35-36,48,66,90 Fibre-reinforced corrugated sheet 70-75,82-85 Suuronen, Matti 12,13 Fibre-reinforced plastic grating 68 Fibre-reinforced plastic sheet, smooth 64-69, Tange, Kenzo 18, 20 76-81 Tekuto Architecture Studio 76-81 Polycarbonate sheet, corrugated 86-91 Thermal insulation, translucent 74,78,118 Polycarbonate sheet, multi-web 60,92-97, Time-space architecture 9 98-103,104-109,110-115 Trapman, Jan 11 Plastic sheeting [see also ETFE film) 12,14,18, 21-22,32 Vitruvius 24 plastic shell 12-15,60,152 plastic shell, curved 12-14,22,148-153 Wagner, Monika 27, 3D Pneumatic dome 18,20 Wagner, Otto 25 Pneumatic shed 19, 142 Webb, Michael 17,23 Polyester, extruded 74 Weibel, Peter 28, 29 Prefabricated house 11 Weston, Richard 29,37 PTFE sheeting 34 World Exposition 12,15,18-19,21-22 Wright, Frank Lloyd 25,26 ouarmby, Arthur 8,12,14-17,23 Yoshihara, Jiro 27 Ragon, Michel 12,15,16,17,22 raumlabor_berlin 32 Zamp Kelp, Gunter 22 Riegl, Alois 25 Zumthor, Peter 28 Robak, O. 14 Room module 8,10-12,13-15,16 Rottier, Guy 15,23 Ruhnau, Werner 15,26,28 158 / 159

I would like to extend my gratitude to the architects who provided illustrative material to me and who contributed information to my research. Further, I would like to thank the Collection FRAC Centre, Elke Genzel, Pamela Voigt, Wolfgang Feierbach, Werner Doring, Bernd Ducke and Werner Gotz of Allianz Arena, Angelika Schnell, Michael Dittrich of Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt, Covertex GmbH and Tim Begler of the municipality of t.udenschetd. My final thanks go to Ria Stein for her editorial work and to my siblings Jean-Marc and Kerstin for their support. o[b[bill] @5u~&U0(Q) [fJ ~~~[QJDu~

Department of Special Collections and University Bastiaan Ingenhouzs, Oordrecht: p. 53-55 Archives, Stanford University Libraries .p. B, 15 centre, Michael Rasche, Dortmund: p. 65 lB centre, 21 bottom Marc Raeder, Berlin: p. 66 Kiesler Foundation, Vienna: p. 9 Simone Jeska, Berlin: p. 6B Monsanto Company Archives: p. 12 top and centre Michael Reisch, Dusseldorf: p. 69 Collection FRAC Centre, Orleans, Philippe Magnon/ Makoto Yoshida, Tokio: p. 76,77,79-81 Francois Lauginie: p.12 bottom, p. 16 top Nick Gutteridge, London: p. 37 centre, 83-85 Elke Genzel and Pamela VoigtiFOMEKK: p. 13 top Luuk Kramer, Amsterdam: p. 93-97 and bottom Ruedi Walti, Basel: p. 99-101,103 Wolfgang Feierbach, Altenstadt: p. 14 top, centre Pfeifer.Kuhn, Freiburg: p. 102 and bottom OBU/Bernhard Kober, punctum: 117-121 Studio Piano, E. Piano, Rome: p. 15 top Covertex GmbH, Obing: p. 127 Kisho Kurokawa Architect 6 Associates, Tokyo: p. 15 Olethard Siegert, Munich: p.130-135 bottom right Nathan WillocklView: p. 137, 139-141 Werner Doring, Dusseldorf: p. 16 centre Andreas Braun, Hameln: p. 143-147 Archigram Archive/Shelley Power: p. 16 bottom Atelier Giencke Graz: p. 14B Frei Otto, Leonberg: p. lB top and bottom, 21 top Hans-Georg Tropper, Graz: p. 150, 152-153 ILEK, Stuttgart: p. 22 top Ralph Richter, Dusseldorf: p.149 Haus Rucker Co, Vienna: p. 23 Friedrich Busam, Berlin: p. 3D, 40/41, 45 f-u-r, Mirco Becker and Oliver Tessmann, Frankfurt: Reproductions from Publications: p. 31, 35 top Ulrich Conrads, Phantastische Architektur, p. 5B/59: Rainer Schlautmann, Oberhausen: p. 32 top p.lO Anthony Hunt 6 Associates, London: p. 32 centre Arthur Ouarmby, The Plastic Architect, p.171 and 182: and bottom p.17 top, 22 bottom MO STUDIO, Marion Regitko, Malaga: p. 33 top left Rainer Graefe, Vladimir G. Suchov, p.3B: p.17 centre and right Frei Otto, Oas hiingende Oach, p. 24: p. 17 bottom Thomas Mayer, Neuss: p. 33 centre, 57-62 Thomas Herzog, Pneumatische Konstruktionen, p.35: Barry Halkin, Philadelphia: p. 33 bottom p. 19 top FORMORF, Markus Holzbach, Cologne: p. 34 top, centre Frei Otto, Zugbeanspruchte Konstruktionen p. 33 and 53: left and centre right p. 19 bottom, 20 ONL, Oosterhuis and Lenard, Rotterdam: p. 34 centre left, centre right and bottom Hiroyuki Hirai, Tokyo: p. 35, 71, 73-75, 105, 107, 109, All drawings and renderings were provided by the cover photograph architects. Every reasonable attempt has been made Patrick Loughran, Chicago: p. 36 centre to identify owners of copyright. If unintentional Christian Kandzia, Stuttgart: p. 36 top, 110-112, mistakes or omissions occurred, we apologise and ask 114-115 for notice. Such mistakes will be corrected in the next Gerald Staib: 113 top edition of this publication. DETAIL, No. 4/2004: p. 113 bottom left and right Bernd Oucke, Allianz Arena, Munich: p. 36 bottom, 123-125,129 Philippe Ruault, Paris: p. 37 top, 87-91 Angelika Schnell, Hall: p. 37 bottom Franken Architekten, Frankfurt: p. 42 ill. 003-005, p. 44 ill. 013-015, Herr Ott: p. 43 ill. 009 ABB Architekten, Frankfurt: p. 42 ill. 006-00B Bollinger + Grohmann: p. 43 ill. 010-012 Jean de Calan, Paris: p. 46,47,49,50,51