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Hþ**.,Tir"::.?År Volume 66, Number 2 Slrrnmer 2008 Rro$Sn .Jr G,!Rþdns

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Hþ**.,Tir ffi *h:*: hþ**.,tir"::.?år Volume 66, Number 2 SLrrnmer 2008 rro$sn .jr G,!RÞDNs. Figure 1. As manl as Jour bløck slaves were arnong tbe workers at tbe construction site oJ Brown IJniversìt1i University Hall. Engrav ing cø, 7792; Brown Universitl Liubrøry, løue Løbor øt the College Edtfice: ilding Brow n (Jniv er sity't iuersity Høll in 1770 One of the legends about almost unrecorded.r Indeed, the only evidence ROBERT P. EMLEN colonial-era is the story that known today that enslaved Africans helped Robert P Emlen is the university curator ønd at Brown University was builr build the College EdiÊce must be inferred by q senior lecturer in Amerícan ciúlization at Brown Unitersitl, This artícle was by slaves. As with mosr apocryphal tales, this reading between the lines of a ledger kept to frst presented øt aJorum sponsored b1 the Brown one is never supported by speciÊcs when it is record conscruction expenses for the building. Unitersíty Steering Committee on Slaverl and recitedlWho were these slavesl How manywere Those few tacit references to wages paid on that Justice on October 25,2004. rherei What, exactþ did they doi Such details job, however, give a glimpse into the ordinary might allow the listener to judge the story's workings ofslave labor in Providence at the end veraciry. Yet, as with all good folk tales, the story ofthe colonial era. contains some elemenrs of rurh, This ardcle In Bodies Politic, his authoritative scudy of will examine the circumstances surrounding race relations in the American North from the construcrion of rhe 'College Edificd' at 1730 to 1830,John Wood Sweet describes the Brown and, through reliable historical evidence, multiracial world of late colonial Rhode Island, attempt to explain the part that slave labor in which slave owners, slave ffaders, antislavery played in the consrruction ofthis building. reformers, enslaved Africa¡rs, enslaved Indians, -f free people of color (both Native American and I African), and indentured servanrs of African, ,f(,thewint", of 1770 the governing corporarion Native Americary and European ancestry of the College of Rhode Island purchased an constantþ negotiated the practical realities of eight-acre pasrure on a hill overlooking the conducting their daily lives among one anorher.2 town of Providence as a sire for che school's Êrst The boundaries berween these groups were building the large brick structure now known always porous, such as when people of color as Brown's University Hall, but which was then earned or lost their freedom, or whén slaves known throughout Rhode Island simply as the bore their whire owners' children, or when College EdiÊce. Consrrucrion records kepr for the reformer and slave owner Moses Brown the corporation reveal that the workforce that admonished his brothers to cease slave trading built the College EdiÊce was racially integrated, or when Narragansett Indian women purchased and that free people of color worked side by African slaves to be their husbands and to farher side on the job with enslaved Africans. Today, their children.3 This weher of racial dynamics those who know Brown Universiry (as the and contested power was intrinsic to the daily College of Rhode Island was renamed in 1803) life of Providence when the college decided to might Ând the very notion rhat slave labor was build there i¡ 1770, Thus the makeup of the ever used on the campus so foreign an idea as African American, European American, and to be virtually unimaginable. In 7770,howeveç Native American workforce building the College the use of slave labor on College Hill seems EdiÊce reflected the complex sociery of that to have been so unremarkable that it passed seaport town at the end ofthe colonial period. 36 SLAVE LABOR AT THE COLLEGE EDIFICE When it was founded h L764, the College pro¡"., i" relied on the practical skills of the of Rhode Island was located in the parsonage treasurer of the college's goveming corPoration, of the Baptist church in Warren, Rhode Island, Providence merchantJohn Brown,John and his with the churctís minister,James Manning also three brothers were early ProPonents of sealing the school! founding president. Within Êve the college in Providence, and they were some of years the college had outgrown ics borrowed its major benefactors. To manage construction rooms and was looking for a permanent home' expenses at the building the new college could considerable After a competition emong the principal towns draw not only upon John Browns of the colony, in February 7770 the members 6nancial skill but also on the collecdve expertise ofthe college colporation resolved to locate tJre of his family Êrm, Nicholas Brown & Company. school in Providence and to construct a new From January I, 1770, to March 11, building desþed to serve every residential and 1771,, John Browrís clerks at the waterfront academic function for the faculry and students countinghouse of Nicholas Brown & Company (Êgure 1).a As soon as the ground thawed that recorded the expenses of materials acquisition March, work on the foundadon for the College and casual labor in a sixteen-page ledger,6 John the EdiÊce began. By the time spring arrived, College Brown did not produce the Ênished copy of of Hill was swarming with workmen-excavators, accouncing ledger himself-extant examples teamsters, stonemasons, cimber Êamers, and his correspondence show his own handwricing to joiners, as well as common laborers' be cramped, r¡neven, and difficult to decipher- The college acted as what might today be but he had the Êrms clerks r¿nscribe entries for spent called its own general contractor, negotiatingwith every sterling pound, shilling and penny for materials and labor on the College EdiÊce In the Êne handwriting so essential to transacting business before the invencion of mechanical rypewriting and in the irregular spelling so of orthography, rypical before the standardization the countinghouse clerks at Nicholas Brown & Company recorded the minutiae ofconstruction management in eighteenth-century Providence Figure 2, craftsmen in a variery of trades-the mâsons examplø the November 27, L770,ledger entries in "The who laid the bricls and stone, the roofers who (Êgure 2). The ledger shows, for College to Nícboløs Brown & Co, Dr!'¡ attached the roofslates, thejoiners who built the value of bricks delivered to the wharf at the foot of oJ Brown (Jniuersitl Arcbives, Collection tbe interior woodwork-to construct speci6c parts College Street, the cost ofa new shovel for digging All reproductions oJledger entries are Jrom of the building on set terms for Êxed prices.5 The the foundation trenches, the cost of a barrel of this source. college also organized a workforce of unskilled lime for making mortar, the value of a day's labor spent shoveling sand for the mortar (Êgure 3). The level of detail in the ledger provides a wealth of information to the Present-day readeç with laconic entries naming individual craftsmen and tradesmen and revealing what Figure 3. labor to assist with the innumerable small jobs kinds of materials were used in the building Juþ 3, 1770, ledger entry. not ordinarily covered by contracts with the and how much the college paid for them, down skilled trades. to the farthing, or quarter penny. Further, the With just himself and one tutor the only ledger records that unskilled workmen like employees of the college, President Manning Patrick Dwier and Luke Thurston were paid was in no position to manege the construction three shillings a day for their labor (Êgure 4). of what would become the largest building What sort of work were these laborers in colonial Rhode Island. For this enormous doing on the projecti The actual construction SLAVE LABOR AT THE COLLEGE EDIFICE 37 of the building was contraced co skilled crews ,f of timber raisers, brick masons, roo6ng slaters, JO blacksmiths, and woodworkjoiners.T But there ú o,yattÍ''a*,,t f, ? ry ^*1/t'y.9 were innumerable odd jobs that were crucial @" W*t:-i o-,,) -1 to the project, and these were handled by '; unskilled laborers. Though the nature of rhe work performed was not always specifred in the ledgeç suchjobs as the digging of rhe well nexr to the building seem to have been assigned to the unskilled laborers. Within individual ledger entries are indications that some of the laborers workng on thejob were persons of color. In listing the payments for the laborers'wages, in some cases Slaves sometimes negotiated with their owners Figure 4. (top) John Brown desþated the men by race (6gure to split any weges rhey earned through outside Februøry 2, 777L, ledger entry 5). Most people living in colonial Providence work, but there is no suggesËion of a master's Figure 5. were of British descent, and government records agency in Mingo's accounts.s July 31, 1770, ledger entries. of the period, such as censuses and probate documents, used racial descriptors to identify Native Americans and Africans, but nor whires. The common assumption was thât British or to the record of Mingo's / "r^*contrast European alcestrywas the natural order of things payments is the record of payments made for and need not be speciÊed. Because the name of the work of a man named Pero:'þaid Henry the laborer Patrick Dwiet for instance, is never Paget Esq. for 12 Yz days work of his Negro accompanied by aracíal.descriptor in the ledgeç Pero & bill @ 3..... f,7/17/6: reads aJune 1, it is safe to assume that he was not a person of 1770,Iedget entry (Êgure 6). The signiÊcance color but rather (as the phonetic sounding ofhis of this entry lies in the fact that while Pero did name suggests) of Irish exffaction, Racial designerions in the ledger are nor tot - --,% always consistent, however.
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