Rhode Island Topic List--2020 “Breaking Barriers in History”
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Rhode Island Topic List--2020 “Breaking Barriers in History” Topic: Zachariah Allen Zachariah Allen, the son of Zachariah and Anne Allen, was born in Providence on September 15, 1795. He was educated at Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire and graduated from Brown University in 1813. By 1815, Allen was practicing law in Rhode Island, and in 1817 he married Eliza Harriet Arnold. Law was an unsatisfying career choice for Allen, and in 1822 he invested in a woolen factory and became interested in the textile industry. He established the Allendale Mills and the Georgiaville Mills, later to become the Bernon Manufacturing Company. Allen was a manufacturer, but he was also interested in the technology of the textile industry and refined power looms and cloth finishing machines, invented high speed shafting with loose belts and also developed a cutoff valve for steam engines. He worked on fire-proof constructions for his factories and in 1835 he founded Manufacturers' Mutual, a factory insurance company which helped other factory owners develop methods to prevent fires and other disasters in their factories. Allen was also actively involved in the social and political concerns of Providence. He was a member of the Town Council in Providence, he helped introduce fire engines to Providence and organized a committee to establish a free library and natural history museum. He was also active in the development of Roger Williams Park. Allen went bankrupt in 1857, but continued working in manufacturing by managing the Georgia Mills that his brother bought and by helping his son-in-law, William Ely with the Allendale Mills, which Ely had purchased. Allen died in 1882. (From Rhode Island Historical Society, “Zachariah Allen Papers,” accessed October 10, 2019, http://www.rihs.org/mssinv/Mss254.htm) Resources in collections at the Rhode Island Historical Society about this topic: MSS 254, Zachariah Allen Papers Makers of Modern Rhode Island by Patrick T. Conley, Providence: A Pictorial History by Patrick T. Conley, The Biographical Cyclopedia of Representative Men of Rhode Island, An Album of Rhode Island History by Patrick T. Conley, Rhode Island Yearbook, Buildings on Paper: Rhode Island Architectural Drawings, 1825-1945 by William H. Jordy, VF Biog A425za (Allen, Zachariah Allen) Rhode Island History Vol 46 (Nov 1988), Rhode Island History Vol. 56 (Aug 1998) Topic: Edward Mitchell Bannister Edward Mitchell Bannister was born November 2, 1828 in St. Andrews, New Brunswick and moved to New England in the late 1840s, where he remained for the rest of his life. Bannister was well known in the artistic community of his adopted home of Providence, Rhode Island and admired within the wider East Coast art world: he won a bronze medal for his large oil "Under the Oaks" at the 1876 Philadelphia Centennial. But he was largely forgotten for almost a century for various reasons, principally racial prejudice. Bannister began his official career as an artist when an article in the 1867 New York Herald belittled both him and his work, stating "... the negro has an appreciation for art while being manifestly unable to produce it." Prior to working as a painter, Bannister worked as barber and tinted photos. Although committed to freedom and equal rights for Afro-Americans, he chose not to inject those issues into his work, adopting instead a spiritual philosophy and individually expressive style which represented harmony and liberty on a more universal plane. As his career matured, Banister accumulated many honors, several from the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics Association. His two biggest support systems were his mother, who was the catalyst from the very beginning for his passion for the arts, and his wife, who also was an activist. Both strong supporters of abolition, wife Christina lobbied for equal pay for black soldiers during the Civil War and also organized the soldiers’ relief fair in 1864. In 1880, Bannister joined with other professional artists, amateurs, and art collectors to found the Providence Art Club to stimulate the appreciation of art in the community. Bannister was the only major African American artist of the late nineteenth century who developed his talents without the benefit of European exposure. Bannister died of a heart attack on January 9, 1901 while attending a prayer meeting at his church, Elmwood Avenue Free Baptist Church. He is buried in the North Burial Ground in Providence. (Written by Jen Galpern) Resources in collections at the Rhode Island Historical Society about this topic: MSS 262, Ann Eliza Club Records, Rhode Island Box: Famous Rhode Islanders, Hidden History of Rhode Island by Glenn Laxton, Providence: A Pictorial History by Patrick T. Conley, Rhode Island Yearbook, VF Biog B219 (Bannister, Edward Mitchell) Rhode Island History Vol. 59 (Nov 2001) Topic: Henry Barnard Henry Barnard, appointed as Rhode Island’s first education commissioner in 1842, understood the emerging educational requirements of the time. Barnard had studied the theories of Swiss educator Johann Pestalozzi at Yale (which advocated a holistic and nurturing approach to educating every child, of every economic background) and observed his and several other European educational institutions in the 1830s. He returned to Connecticut to organize the state’s first public school system, which he led from 1838 to 1842. In 1838 Massachusetts’ new education commissioner, reformer Horace Mann, journeyed to Hartford to consult with Barnard and Thomas H. Gallaudet, the renowned educator of the deaf, about his plan to open the first “Normal School” in Lexington, Massachusetts. The idea derived from the French concept of the école normale, whose purpose was to improve and standardize the methods used for teacher education. When Barnard accepted his position in Rhode Island, he immediately began to campaign for a state- supported normal school and public-school system. A significant part of his plan was his notion that the normal school should have attached to it a model school in which prospective teachers could apply what they had learned in the classroom—a method currently in practice at the Henry Barnard School at RIC. Unable to immediately establish the normal school, Barnard, nevertheless, managed to greatly improve public education. Among other achievements, he introduced uniform textbooks to schools across the state and persuaded Rhode Islanders to pay higher school taxes in order to build new school houses and hire more qualified teachers. Barnard also established a professional journal for teachers and helped create a body of professional literature designed to improve teacher quality. During his first two years in Rhode Island, his office oversaw more than 1,100 public meetings held to discuss public education in the state (hundreds of which lasted for two or more days), published and distributed thousands of pamphlets, and organized hundreds of instructional workshops for teachers. Through all this activity, he never ceased to champion the cause of a public normal school. Meanwhile, Providence had established its own superintendent of schools in 1838 (becoming the first city in New England to do so) and, following the Dorr Rebellion, the state’s new 1842 constitution explicitly vested the state government with responsibility for public education. Barnard’s labors bore fruit eventually, and in 1845 the state of Rhode Island invested him with the authority to found a normal school. (adapted from Barnard School’s website, http://henrybarnardschool.org/our-school/our-laboratory-school/) Resources in collections at the Rhode Island Historical Society about this topic: MSS 285, Henry Barnard Scrapbook, Providence: A Pictorial History by Patrick T. Conley, Rhode Island: The Independent State by George H. Keller and J. Stanley Lemons, An Album of Rhode Island History by Patrick T. Conley, Makers of Modern Rhode Island by Patrick T. Conley Topic: Kady Brownell Kady Brownell was born in 1842 in a tent on a British army camp in Kaffraria, South Africa of a French mother and Scottish father. Her father, Col. George Southwell, was on maneuvers at the time. Her frail mother died shortly after her birth. She was adopted and raised by a couple until they immigrated to Providence, Rhode Island, where she was then raised by family and friends. In the early 1860s, Kady worked as a weaver in the mills of Providence, where she met and fell in love with Robert Brownell and married him in April 1861. With the outbreak of the Civil War in April 1861, Robert joined the 1st Rhode Island Infantry. Brownell was determined to serve with him. She approached Governor Sprague who agreed to take her along to Washington and there met up with Robert. Colonel Ambrose Burnside, the regiment's commander, appointed her a Daughter of the Regiment and color bearer. She was an active participant in the First Battle of Bull Run (1861), and after re-enlisting into the 5th Rhode Island Infantry with her husband Robert Brownell, at the Battle of New Bern (1862). Brownell remained in New Bern after the battle, aiding her injured husband. Upon his recovery, he was deemed unfit for battle, and not wanting to fight without her husband, both Brownells were discharged. Following the Civil War, Brownell was the only female to receive discharge papers from the Union Army. In September 1870, she became a member of Elias Howe Jr. Post #3 of the Grand Army of the Republic in Bridgeport, Connecticut. She applied for a pension in 1882, and received her $8.00 per month allotment starting in 1884, compared to her husband's pension of $24.00 a month. Brownell died on January 5th, 1915 at the Women's Relief Corps home in Oxford, New York. A funeral service was held for her in New York City on January 7, then her body was shipped to Providence by steamboat for a second funeral service.