Yukarı Karabağ'da 44 Günde Gelen Zafer

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Yukarı Karabağ'da 44 Günde Gelen Zafer Yukarı Karabağ’da 44 Günde Gelen Zafer: TÜRKIYE-AZERBAYCAN KARDEŞLIĞININ NIŞANESI Victory in Nagorno-Karabakh after 44 Days: THE TOKEN OF THE TURKEY-AZERBAIJAN BROTHERHOOD Победа в Нагорном Карабахе за 44 дня: ДОКАЗАТЕЛЬСТВО БРАТСТВА ТУРЦИИ И АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНА Yukarı Karabağ’da 44 Günde Gelen Zafer: TÜRKIYE-AZERBAYCAN KARDEŞLIĞININ NIŞANESI Victory in Nagorno-Karabakh after 44 Days: THE TOKEN OF THE TURKEY-AZERBAIJAN BROTHERHOOD Победа в Нагорном Карабахе за 44 дня: ДОКАЗАТЕЛЬСТВО БРАТСТВА ТУРЦИИ И АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНА ISBN: 978-625-7779-91-3 Yukarı Karabağ’da 44 Günde Gelen Zafer: TÜRKIYE-AZERBAYCAN KARDEŞLIĞININ NIŞANESI Victory In Nagorno-Karabakh After 44 Days: THE TOKEN OF THE TURKEY-AZERBAIJAN BROTHERHOOD Победа в Нагорном Карабахе за 44 дня: ДОКАЗАТЕЛЬСТВО БРАТСТВА ТУРЦИИ И АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНА © 2021 CUMHURBAŞKANLIĞI İLETİŞİM BAŞKANLIĞI YAYINLARI © 2021 PUBLICATIONS BY PRESIDENCY’S DIRECTORATE OF COMMUNICATIONS © 2021 ИЗДАНИЯ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ КОММУНИКАЦИИ ПРИ АДМИНИСТРАЦИИ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА Yayıncı Sertifika No: 45482 | Publication Certificate No.: 45482 | Сертификат издателя № 45482 1. Baskı, İstanbul, 2021 | 1st Edition, Istanbul | 1 Издание, Стамбул İletişim | Contact | Контакты Kızılırmak Mahallesi Mevlana Bulv. No:144 Çukurambar Ankara/TÜRKİYE T +90 312 590 20 00 | [email protected] Baskı | Print | Печать Prestij Grafik Rek. ve Mat. San. ve Tic. Ltd. Şti. T 0 212 489 40 63, İstanbul Matbaa Sertifika No: 45590 Yukarı Karabağ’da 44 Günde Gelen Zafer: TÜRKIYE-AZERBAYCAN KARDEŞLIĞININ NIŞANESI Yukarı Karabağ’da 44 Günde Gelen Zafer: TÜRKIYE-AZERBAYCAN KARDEŞLIĞININ NIŞANESI Victory In Nagorno-Karabakh After 44 Days: THE TOKEN OF THE TURKEY-AZERBAIJAN BROTHERHOOD Победа в Нагорном Карабахе за 44 дня: ДОКАЗАТЕЛЬСТВО БРАТСТВА ТУРЦИИ И АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНА İÇİNDEKİLER CONTENTS СОДЕРЖАНИЕ 1. Önsöz Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 07 Preface Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 101 Предисловие Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 199 1. Tarihi Arkaplan 10 Historical Background 104 Исторические предпосылки 202 2. Yukarı Karabağ’ın İşgali ve Getirilmek İstenmeyen Barış 16 The Occupation of Nagorno-Karabakh and the Unwanted Peace 110 Оккупация Нагорного Карабаха и нежелание принести мир 208 3. İkinci Karabağ Savaşı Öncesi Durum 26 The Situation before the Second Karabakh War 120 Положение дел до Второй карабахской войны 218 4. İkinci Karabağ Savaşı: 44 Günde Zafer 36 Second Karabakh War: Victory in 44 Days 130 Вторая карабахская война: победа за 44 дня 228 5. İkinci Karabağ Savaşı’nda Türkiye’nin Rolü 50 Turkey’s Role in Second Nagorno-Karabakh War 144 Роль Турции во Второй карабахской войне 242 6. Yeni Dönemin Yol Haritası: 66 Güçlü İşbirliğinin Bölgesel ve Küresel Etkileri Roadmap of the New Era: 160 Regional and Global Implications of Strong Cooperation Дорожная карта нового периода: 258 Региональные и глобальные факторы сильного сотрудничества ÖNSÖZ | 7 ÖNSÖZ 0. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru insanoğlunun en büyük umudu; iki büyük savaş ve bir de soğuk savaş yaşa- mış dünyanın artık yaşananlardan ders çıkaracağı 2 ve katliam ve işgallerin son bulacağı yönündeydi. Ne yazık ki beklenen gerçekleşmedi ve kimi devletler ulus- lararası hukuk kurallarını yerle bir ederek, ülkeleri işgal et- meye, sivil ve savunmasız insanları katletmeye yönelik giri- şimlerde bulunmaya devam ettiler. Dünyanın gözü önünde yaşanan bu haksız ve hukuksuz girişimlerin yarattığı tahri- bat sadece siyasi alanda görünmedi. İnsanlığın yeni bir yüz- yıla girerken taşıdığı umudu da ne yazık ki yok etti. Erme- nistan’ın, Azerbaycan’ın topraklarını 30 yıldır işgal etmesi, insanları yurtlarından söküp atması, vahşi katliamlar ger- çekleştirmesi insanlık tarihine kara leke olarak geçmiştir. 8 | YUKARI KARABAĞ’DA 44 GÜNDE GELEN ZAFER: TÜRKIYE-AZERBAYCAN KARDEŞLIĞININ NIŞANESI Bununla birlikte haksızlıkların, işgallerin son bulduğu ve büyük zaferlerin yaşandığı zamanları da yaşıyoruz hep bir- likte. İşte Azerbaycan, Minsk Üçlüsünün 30 yıldır çözüme kavuşturmadığı Dağlık Karabağ meselesini, bir diğer ifadey- le Ermenistan’ın hukuksuz işgalini 44 günde zaferle sonuç- landırmıştır. Türkiye, Azerbaycan’ın yürüttüğü mücadeleye en başından itibaren tüm kurum ve kuruluşlarıyla destek vermiş; bütün imkanlarıyla Azerbaycanlı kardeşlerinin ya- nında olmuştur. Azerbaycan’la dayanışmamızın temel fel- sefesi olan ‘tek millet, iki devlet’ ilkesi ve sergilediğimiz bir- lik ve beraberlik ruhu Karabağ’ın özgürleştirilmesiyle adeta taçlanmıştır. Karabağ zaferi hem uluslararası hukuk hem diplomasi hem de askeri açıdan Azerbaycan’a anasının ak sütü gibi helaldir. Çünkü Azerbaycan kimsenin toprağına el uzatmamış, kim- seye saldırmamış, Birleşmiş Milletler ve AGİT kararlarına rağmen 30 yıldır işgal altında tutulan toprakları azat etmiş- tir. Bunu da Ermenistan devleti gibi sivilleri ve sivil yerleşim yerlerini hedef alarak değil, meşruiyet çerçevesinde kalarak gerçekleştirmiştir. Bu zafer, mücadelemizin bittiği anlamına gelmemektedir. Bugüne kadar siyasi ve askeri alanda sürdürülen mücadele bundan sonra çok daha farklı cephelerde devam edecektir. 30 yıllık işgal döneminde bölgedeki bütün şehirler, bütün köyler yerle yeksan olmuş, mezarlıklar bile tahrip edilmiş; tarihi ve kültürel varlıklar ve tabii zenginlikler yağmalan- mıştır. Savaş hukuku ağır biçimde ihlal edilmiş, insanlık onuru ayaklar altına alınmıştır. Karabağ Zaferi ile Kafkasların tarihinde yeni bir sayfa açıl- dığının altını çizmek isterim. İnanıyorum ki bölge tarihi ye- ni bir istikamette şekillenecektir. Azerbaycan’ın hem aske- ri hem diplomasi alanında elde ettiği bu başarıda en büyük paylardan biri şüphesiz ki kıymetli kardeşim Cenap Prezi- dent İlham Aliyev’e aittir. Kardeşim İlham Aliyev böylelikle ÖNSÖZ | 9 merhum Haydar Aliyev’in kendisine vasiyet olarak bıraktığı arzusunu da yerine getirmiştir. Azerbaycan, İlham Aliyev’in dirayetli liderliği altında inşallah destan yazmaya devam edecektir. Hiç unutmayalım ki; tarih boyunca haysiyetini ve şahsiye- tini yitiren kişiler ve toplumlar kendilerini hep zillet çuku- runda bulmuşlardır. Binyıllara sâri tarihimizde ne şahsiye- timizden ne de haysiyetimizden asla ödün vermedik. Dağlık Karabağ meselesinde de milletimize yakışan bir karakterle ve ortak tarih, kültür, inanç ve dil birliğimizin gereğince işgal altındaki Azerbaycan topraklarının özgürlüğüne kavuşma- sında büyük gayret gösterdik. Türkiye olarak her zaman ve her yerde olduğu gibi hakkın, hakikatin, mazlumun yanında yer almayı, bu doğrultuda söz söylemeyi ve siyaset izlemeyi sürdüreceğiz. Bölgemizde ve dünyada barışın hâkim olması için var gücümüzle mücadele edeceğiz. Azerbaycan’ın 44 gün süren destansı mücadelesinde şehit düşen yiğitlere Allah’tan rahmet, gazilere şifalar diliyorum. TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ CUMHURBAŞKANI RECEP TAYYİP ERDOĞAN 10 | YUKARI KARABAĞ’DA 44 GÜNDE GELEN ZAFER: TÜRKIYE-AZERBAYCAN KARDEŞLIĞININ NIŞANESI TARİHİ ARKAPLAN | 11 0 1 Tarihi Arkaplan TARİHİ ARKAPLAN | 13 0 1 Tarihi Arkaplan ukarı Karabağ Büyük Selçuklulardan itibaren yoğunluklu olarak Oğuz-Türk boylarının yaşadığı bir Türk-İslam belde- si olagelmiştir. Sırasıyla İldenizliler, İlhanlılar, Timurlular, Y Akkoyunlular ve Safeviler gibi Türk-İslam devletlerinin hâ- kimiyetinde bulunan Yukarı Karabağ, 1578 yılında Osmanlı toprak- larına katılmıştır. Yukarı Karabağ, bu tarihten sonra uzunca bir dö- nem Osmanlı-Safevi güç mücadelesinin yaşandığı sahalardan birisi olmuştur. 18. Yüzyılda İran’da Oğuz soylu Safevi Hanedanı’nın yerini bir başka Oğuz boyu olan Afşarlar alırken Azerbaycan ve Yukarı Ka- rabağ tarihinde de önemli kırılmalar meydana gelmiştir. 1747 yılında Afşar hanedanının kurucusu Nadir Şah’ın ölümüyle Azerbaycan’da hanlıklar dönemi başlamış, Revan, Gence, Bakü, Teb- riz gibi hanlıklarla birlikte Karabağ Hanlığı da kurulmuştur. Karabağ Hanlığı, Azerbaycan’ı ikiye bölen ve Kuzey Azerbaycan’ı Rus kontro- lüne bırakan 1828 Türkmençay Anlaşması ile son bulmuştur. Kuzey Azerbaycan’ın Rus kontrolüne girdiği bu tarihten itibaren böl- genin demografik ve kültürel yapısına yönelik müdahaleler başlamış ve Yukarı Karabağ sorununun temelleri atılmıştır. 19. Yüzyıldan itiba- ren Moskova’nın nüfus politikaları çerçevesinde bölgeye göç ettirilen Ermeniler zamanla Yukarı Karabağ üzerinde hak iddia etmeye baş- lamıştır. Mayıs 1920’de Bolşeviklerin Azerbaycan’ı ve dolayısıyla Yu- karı Karabağ’ı işgal etmesinin ardından bölgenin statüsü Moskova’da tartışma konusu haline gelmiştir. Kendisi de bir Ermeni olan Bolşevik lider Anastas Mikoyan’ın 20 Mayıs 1920’de Lenin’e sunduğu raporda “Ermenilerin Yukarı Karabağ’la hiçbir bağı bulunmadığı ve bölgenin Bakü’den koparılmaması gerektiği” değerlendirmeleri sebebiyle Yu- karı Karabağ Azerbaycan S.S.C. sınırları içerisinde bırakılmıştır. 14 | YUKARI KARABAĞ’DA 44 GÜNDE GELEN ZAFER: TÜRKIYE-AZERBAYCAN KARDEŞLIĞININ NIŞANESI Yukarı Karabağ’ın tekrar bir sorun haline dönüştürülmesi 1970’li yıllara tekabül etmektedir. Bu dönemde toplanan Dünya Ermenileri Kongrelerinde, Yukarı Karabağ’ın Ermenistan’a bağlanması için ey- lemlerin başlatılması yönünde çeşitli kararlar alınmıştır. 1980’lerin sonunda Yukarı Karabağ’da yaşayan Azerbaycan Türklerini baskılar- la göçe zorlamaya başlayan Ermeniler, bölgenin Ermenistan S.S.C.’ne bağlanmasına yönelik talepleri Moskova tarafından reddedilince sal- dırganlıklarının ölçüsünü giderek artırmaya ve Azerbaycanlı siville- rin canına kastetmeye başlamışlardır. SSCB’nin dağılmasının ardından Azerbaycan ve Ermenistan devletle- rinin bağımsız olmasıyla Yukarı Karabağ’ın sahiplenilmesi konusun- da başlayan sorunlar, çatışmaya ve savaşa dönmüş; Yukarı Karabağ ve mücavir rayonlar Ermenistan tarafından işgal edilmiştir. İşgalle birlikte Yukarı Karabağ tarihin en acı katliamlarından
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