DOCSLIB.ORG

Simultaneous Determination of Caffeine and Water-Soluble Vitamins in Energy Drinks by HPLC with Photodiode Array and Fluorescence Detection

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Simultaneous Determination of Caffeine and Water-Soluble Vitamins in Energy Drinks by HPLC with Photodiode Array and Fluorescence Detection Food Anal. Methods DOI 10.1007/s12161-014-9880-0 Simultaneous Determination of Caffeine and Water-Soluble Vitamins in Energy Drinks by HPLC with Photodiode Array and Fluorescence Detection Anna Gliszczyńska-Świgło & Iga Rybicka Received: 11 March 2014 /Accepted: 15 April 2014 # The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The high-performance liquid chromatography Introduction (HPLC) method with photodiode array (PDA) and fluores- cence (FL) detection for the simultaneous separation and Energy drinks are one of the fastest growing soft drink mar- determination of caffeine and water-soluble vitamins is de- kets around the world (Euromonitor 2013). They have been scribed. The method is relatively rapid: 13 compounds can be recently consumed in different societies, especially by youn- analyzed within 30 min: caffeine; ascorbic acid (vitamin C); ger consumers, because they give power throughout the day thiamine (vitamin B1); riboflavin 5-phosphate (FMN, flavin due to caffeine, vitamins, well-absorbed monosaccharides, mononucleotide) and riboflavin (vitamin B2); nicotinic acid and other ingredients such as taurine (Euromonitor 2013; and nicotinamide (vitamin B3); pantothenic acid (vitamin B5); Sather and Vernig 2011). The results of a European survey pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, and pyridoxine (vitamin B6); folic of 52,000 respondents from 16 countries showed that approx- acid (vitamin B9); and cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12). This imately 30 % of adults are regularly drinking caffeine- HPLC method is designated for quantification of caffeine and enriched beverages (Higdon and Frei 2006). Vitamins and water-soluble vitamins in liquid and tablet energy drinks as dietary supplements are also a relevant category in the field well as for determination of vitamins in vitamin supplements. of consumer’s health. In 2013, their worldwide value was The method was validated in terms of linearity, limit of estimated at US$84.4 billion (Euromonitor 2014). detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ), accuracy, and Caffeine is a xanthine alkaloid acting as a central nervous instrument precision. The LODs determined using HPLC- system stimulant. It temporarily increases blood pressure and PDA ranged from 13 to 121 ng mL−1 and using HPLC-FL eliminates drowsiness. Caffeine is classified by the Food and were between 8 and 61 ng mL−1. Intra- and interday instru- Drug Administration as generally recognized as safe (GRAS), ment precisions for liquid energy drink, expressed as relative and its common consumption, below 400 mg per day standard deviation (RSD), were less than 1.87 and 1.73 %, (Zucconi et al. 2013), has low health risk or even its protective respectively, and less than 1.44 and 1.83 %, respectively, for effects against some diseases, including Parkinson disease tablet energy drink. The method could be useful in the quan- (Prediger 2010), and certain types of cancer have been report- titative analysis of caffeine and of water-soluble vitamins in ed (Uccella et al. 2013; Miura et al. 2014). However, the energy drinks and vitamin supplements. overconsumption of this drug could potentially be harmful (Jiang et al. 2013). Water-soluble vitamins include nine water-soluble groups Keywords Water-soluble vitamin . Vitamin B . Caffeine . of compounds (eight B vitamins and vitamin C) showing HPLC . Energy drink . Vitamin supplement diverse biochemical functions. Each “vitamin” refers to a number of vitamin derivatives that all show the biological activity associated with a particular vitamin. Although the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for vitamins are relatively small, even the mild deficiency of one of them can ń Ś ł * : A. Gliszczy ska- wig o( ) I. Rybicka lead to serious health problems. Nutritional deficit of vitamin Faculty of Commodity Science, Poznań University of Economics, al. Niepodległości 10, 61-875 Poznań,Poland B1 (thiamine) can lead to beriberi disease manifested by e-mail: [email protected] cardiovascular disorders and impairment of digestive and Food Anal. Methods nervous systems (Sriram et al. 2012). Deficiencies of vitamin Materials and Methods B2 (riboflavin and its co-enzymes: flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)), vitamin B3 Materials (niacin), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal), and vitamin B7 (biotin) mainly occur as skin inflammation and Thiamine hydrochloride (vitamin B1) and pyridoxine hydro- discomfort from the gastrointestinal tract (Powers 2003;Ball chloride (vitamin B6) were purchased from Fluka (Buchs, 2006). Since vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) is found in most Switzerland). Pyridoxamine dihydrochloride, pyridoxal hy- food products, its deficiency is relatively rare (Ball 2006). drochloride (vitamin B6), cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12), ri- Several methods exist for the determination of caffeine as a boflavin and riboflavin 5′-monophosphate sodium salt hydrate single component or in combination with other drugs in (FMN, vitamin B2), nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (vitamin pharmaceutical formulations or biological matrix of food B3), folic acid (vitamin B9), pantothenic acid sodium salt (Patil 2012). The most popular include chromatographic tech- (vitamin B5), and caffeine were purchased from Sigma (St. niques such as high-performance liquid chromatography Louis, MO, USA). Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) was from Merck (HPLC), high-performance thin layer chromatography (Darmstadt, Germany). Methanol of HPLC grade was from (HPTLC), or capillary electrophoresis with ultraviolet (UV) Chempur (Piekary Śląskie, Poland). or mass spectrometry (MS) detection. They allow the deter- Certified reference materials (CRM; Cerilliant, TX, USA), mination of caffeine as a single compound in herbal products caffeine solution (1 mg mL−1 in methanol), pyridoxine hydro- −1 and energy drinks or its separation from other alkaloids in chloride (vitamin B6)solution(1mgmL in methanol), and −1 chocolate, tea, coffee, urine, or serum (Abourashed and Mossa nicotinamide (vitamin B3)solution(1mgmL in methanol), 2004; Tokusoglu and Kemal 2002;Jafarietal.2011; Perrone were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Munich, Germany). et al. 2008; Peri-Okonny et al. 2005; Zhao and Lunte 1997). CRMs of other vitamins were not commercially available or Caffeine can be separated from polyphenols in tea and coffee were withdrawn from the market. (Hadad et al. 2012; Samanidou et al. 2012; Poerner and Demineralized water was obtained from a Hydrolab Bragagnolo 2013) or from other drugs in pharmaceutical System (Hydrolab, Wiślina, Poland) and filtered by preparations (Gámiz-Gracia and Luque de Castro 1997;Zen Millipore system using 0.45 μm nylon filters (Waters, and Ting 1997; Sultan et al. 2013). Milford, MA, USA). Energy drinks and vitamin supplements For vitamin-enriched energy drinks, a micellar electroki- were purchased in local supermarkets and pharmacies. netic chromatography method was proposed to determine 2- aminoethanesulfonic acid, nicotinamide, pyridoxine, caffeine, Sample Preparation riboflavin, and thiamine (Okamoto et al. 2002). Sather and Vernig (2011) and Leacock et al. (2011) described the HPLC Liquid energy drinks were analyzed directly after ultrasonic method for the determination of caffeine and vitamin B6 degassing for 10 min. Energy drinks and vitamin supplements (pyridoxine). The HPTLC for determination of riboflavin, in tablets were weighted, dissolved in 150 mL of pyridoxine, nicotinamide, caffeine, and taurine in energy demineralized water, and sonicated for 10 min. drinks was developed by Aranda and Morlock (2006), but Subsequently, the sample was transferred to a 200-mL volu- HPTLC is a less commonly used technique than HPLC. metric flask and filled up with water to the mark. Samples In the present study, a new HPLC method with were protected from light by aluminum foil and analyzed photodiode array (PDA) detection was proposed for using HPLC. Before the HPLC analysis, the samples were determination of caffeine and water-soluble vitamins. centrifuged for 5 min at 14,000g (microcentrifuge Eppendorf The method with fluorescence (FL) detection for deter- MiniSpin plus, Warsaw, Poland). No supernatant for the tested mination of vitamins B2 (in the form of FMN and products was observed; thus, the recovery studies were not riboflavin) and B6 (as pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, and necessary. For each type of product, three independent sam- pyridoxine) was also described. According to the au- ples were prepared. thors’ knowledge, there is no chromatographic method that allows separation and determination of caffeine in HPLC Determination of Caffeine and Water-Soluble Vitamins combination with most of the water-soluble vitamins. Moreover, simultaneous PDA and FL detection of these A Waters 600 high-performance liquid chromatograph compounds cannot be found in the literature. The pro- (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) equipped with Nova-Pak C18 posed HPLC-PDA-FL method is dedicated for the de- column (150 mm×3.9 mm, 5 μm) fitted with μBondapak C18 termination of caffeine and water-soluble vitamins in cartridge guard column (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) was energy drinks. The method can be also an alternative used. A gradient of mobile phase consisting of methanol for existing methods of water-soluble vitamin determi- (solvent A) and 0.05 M NaH2PO4 containing 0.005 M nations in pharmaceutical preparations. hexanesulfonic acid, pH 3.0 (solvent B) was developed and Food Anal. Methods 1 used according to the following program: linear increment 2 3 starting with 10 % A to 40 % A for 20 min and the return to 8 13 [a.u.] 6 the initial conditions within the next 10 min with the flow rate 9 10 1112 −1 254 nm 5 7 of 1 mL min . The injection volume was 20 μL. The eluate A was detected using a Waters 996 PDA detector set at the 0 2 4 6 8 1012141618202224 wavelength characteristic for appropriate vitamin or caffeine. Moreover, a Waters 474 scanning fluorescence detector set at [a.u.] 3 an excitation wavelength of 290 nm and emission at 390 nm 202 nm 6 8 1011 12 13 A 9 1 2 4 5 7 for vitamin B6 or 450 nm excitation and 530 nm emission wavelengths for vitamin B2 was used. Emission slit width was 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 10 nm, fluorometer gain was 10, and attenuation was 1.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Guidelines on Food Fortification with Micronutrients
    GUIDELINES ON FOOD FORTIFICATION FORTIFICATION FOOD ON GUIDELINES Interest in micronutrient malnutrition has increased greatly over the last few MICRONUTRIENTS WITH years. One of the main reasons is the realization that micronutrient malnutrition contributes substantially to the global burden of disease. Furthermore, although micronutrient malnutrition is more frequent and severe in the developing world and among disadvantaged populations, it also represents a public health problem in some industrialized countries. Measures to correct micronutrient deficiencies aim at ensuring consumption of a balanced diet that is adequate in every nutrient. Unfortunately, this is far from being achieved everywhere since it requires universal access to adequate food and appropriate dietary habits. Food fortification has the dual advantage of being able to deliver nutrients to large segments of the population without requiring radical changes in food consumption patterns. Drawing on several recent high quality publications and programme experience on the subject, information on food fortification has been critically analysed and then translated into scientifically sound guidelines for application in the field. The main purpose of these guidelines is to assist countries in the design and implementation of appropriate food fortification programmes. They are intended to be a resource for governments and agencies that are currently implementing or considering food fortification, and a source of information for scientists, technologists and the food industry. The guidelines are written from a nutrition and public health perspective, to provide practical guidance on how food fortification should be implemented, monitored and evaluated. They are primarily intended for nutrition-related public health programme managers, but should also be useful to all those working to control micronutrient malnutrition, including the food industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Potato - Analysis of Nutrients by Veronica Öhrvik, Irene Mattisson, Sören Wretling and Christina Åstrand
    Rapport 19 − 2010 Potato - analysis of nutrients by Veronica Öhrvik, Irene Mattisson, Sören Wretling and Christina Åstrand LIVSMEDELS VERKET NATIONAL FOOD ADMINISTRATION, Sweden Content Summary .................................................................................................................................... 2 Background ................................................................................................................................ 3 Materials and methods ............................................................................................................... 4 Sampling potatoes .................................................................................................................. 4 Varieties ............................................................................................................................. 4 Geographical distribution ................................................................................................... 5 Catering potato ................................................................................................................... 5 Sample handling ..................................................................................................................... 7 Quality assurance of analytical methods ................................................................................ 8 Analysed nutrients .................................................................................................................. 9 Calculation of nutritional
    [Show full text]
  • Cytokinins / Coconut Water
    Molecules 2009, 14, 5144-5164; doi:10.3390/molecules14125144 OPEN ACCESS molecules ISSN 1420-3049 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Review The Chemical Composition and Biological Properties of Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) Water Jean W. H. Yong, Liya Ge, Yan Fei Ng and Swee Ngin Tan * Natural Sciences and Science Education Academic Group, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, 637616 Singapore * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +65-6790 3810; Fax: +65-6896 9432. Received: 3 November 2009; in revised form: 3 December 2009 / Accepted: 8 December 2009 / Published: 9 December 2009 Abstract: Coconut water (coconut liquid endosperm), with its many applications, is one of the world’s most versatile natural product. This refreshing beverage is consumed worldwide as it is nutritious and beneficial for health. There is increasing scientific evidence that supports the role of coconut water in health and medicinal applications. Coconut water is traditionally used as a growth supplement in plant tissue culture/micropropagation. The wide applications of coconut water can be justified by its unique chemical composition of sugars, vitamins, minerals, amino acids and phytohormones. This review attempts to summarise and evaluate the chemical composition and biological properties of coconut water. Keywords: coconut water; phytohormone; auxin; cytokinin; gibberellin; inorganic ion; vitamin 1. Introduction The coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is an important fruit tree in the tropical regions and the fruit can be made into a variety of foods and beverages (Figure 1). The edible part of the coconut fruit (coconut meat and coconut water) is the endosperm tissue.
    [Show full text]
  • Circulatory and Urinary B-Vitamin Responses to Multivitamin Supplement Ingestion Differ Between Older and Younger Adults
    nutrients Article Circulatory and Urinary B-Vitamin Responses to Multivitamin Supplement Ingestion Differ between Older and Younger Adults Pankaja Sharma 1,2 , Soo Min Han 1 , Nicola Gillies 1,2, Eric B. Thorstensen 1, Michael Goy 1, Matthew P. G. Barnett 2,3 , Nicole C. Roy 2,3,4,5 , David Cameron-Smith 1,2,6 and Amber M. Milan 1,3,4,* 1 The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; [email protected] (P.S.); [email protected] (S.M.H.); [email protected] (N.G.); [email protected] (E.B.T.); [email protected] (M.G.); [email protected] (D.C.-S.) 2 Riddet Institute, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand; [email protected] (M.P.G.B.); [email protected] (N.C.R.) 3 Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand 4 High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland 1023, New Zealand 5 Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand 6 Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore 117609, Singapore * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +64-(0)9-923-4785 Received: 23 October 2020; Accepted: 13 November 2020; Published: 17 November 2020 Abstract: Multivitamin and mineral (MVM) supplements are frequently used amongst older populations to improve adequacy of micronutrients, including B-vitamins, but evidence for improved health outcomes are limited and deficiencies remain prevalent. Although this may indicate poor efficacy of supplements, this could also suggest the possibility for altered B-vitamin bioavailability and metabolism in older people.
    [Show full text]
  • Pyridoxamine: a Novel Treatment for Schizophrenia with Enhanced Carbonyl Stress
    Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 2018; 72:35–44 doi:10.1111/pcn.12613 Regular Article Pyridoxamine: A novel treatment for schizophrenia with enhanced carbonyl stress , ,† ,† Masanari Itokawa, MD, PhD,1,2,3 * Mitsuhiro Miyashita, MD, PhD ,1,2,4 Makoto Arai, PhD,1 Takashi Dan, MD, PhD,5 Katsuyoshi Takahashi, MD, PhD,2 Taro Tokunaga, MD,2 Kayo Ishimoto, MD,2 Kazuya Toriumi, PhD,1 Tomoe Ichikawa, PhD,1 Yasue Horiuchi, PhD,1 Akiko Kobori, MS,1 Satoshi Usami, PhD,6 Takeo Yoshikawa, MD, PhD,3 Naoji Amano, MD, PhD,4 Shinsuke Washizuka, MD, PhD,4 Yuji Okazaki, MD2 and Toshio Miyata, MD, PhD5 1Project for Schizophrenia Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital, Tokyo, 3Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, 4Department of Psychiatry, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, 5Division of Molecular Medicine and Therapy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, and 6Graduate School of Education, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Aim: The aim of this clinical trial was to obtain considerable reduction in psychosis accompanied proof of concept for high-dose pyridoxamine as a with a moderate decrease in plasma pentosidine novel treatment for schizophrenia with enhanced levels. A reduction of greater than 20% in the carbonyl stress. assessment scale of drug-induced Parkinsonism occurred in four patients. Although there was no Methods: Ten Japanese schizophrenia patients with severe suicide-related ideation or behavior, Wer- high plasma pentosidine, which is a representative nicke’s encephalopathy-like adverse drug reactions biomarker of enhanced carbonyl stress, were recruited occurred in two patients and were completely sup- in a 24-week, open trial in which high-dose pyridox- pressed by thiamine supplementation.
    [Show full text]
  • Dietary Supplements Compendium Volume 1
    2015 Dietary Supplements Compendium DSC Volume 1 General Notices and Requirements USP–NF General Chapters USP–NF Dietary Supplement Monographs USP–NF Excipient Monographs FCC General Provisions FCC Monographs FCC Identity Standards FCC Appendices Reagents, Indicators, and Solutions Reference Tables DSC217M_DSCVol1_Title_2015-01_V3.indd 1 2/2/15 12:18 PM 2 Notice and Warning Concerning U.S. Patent or Trademark Rights The inclusion in the USP Dietary Supplements Compendium of a monograph on any dietary supplement in respect to which patent or trademark rights may exist shall not be deemed, and is not intended as, a grant of, or authority to exercise, any right or privilege protected by such patent or trademark. All such rights and privileges are vested in the patent or trademark owner, and no other person may exercise the same without express permission, authority, or license secured from such patent or trademark owner. Concerning Use of the USP Dietary Supplements Compendium Attention is called to the fact that USP Dietary Supplements Compendium text is fully copyrighted. Authors and others wishing to use portions of the text should request permission to do so from the Legal Department of the United States Pharmacopeial Convention. Copyright © 2015 The United States Pharmacopeial Convention ISBN: 978-1-936424-41-2 12601 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD 20852 All rights reserved. DSC Contents iii Contents USP Dietary Supplements Compendium Volume 1 Volume 2 Members . v. Preface . v Mission and Preface . 1 Dietary Supplements Admission Evaluations . 1. General Notices and Requirements . 9 USP Dietary Supplement Verification Program . .205 USP–NF General Chapters . 25 Dietary Supplements Regulatory USP–NF Dietary Supplement Monographs .
    [Show full text]
  • LYSOVIT® (B-Complex+Lysine)
    Lysovit/LPD/PK-02 LYSOVIT® (B-Complex+Lysine) 1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT LYSOVIT® 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION LYSOVIT® Syrup 120 ml Description Each 5 ml contains: Thiamine HCl 4.16 mg Riboflavin USP 1.66 mg Pyridoxine HCl 1 mg Niacinamide USP 18 mg D-Panthenol USP 2.5 mg Cyanocobalamin USP 8.33 mcg Ascorbic Acid USP 75 mg Inositol USP 5 mg Lysine Monohydrochloride USP 33.33 mg 3. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM Syrup 4. CLINICAL PARTICULARS 4.1. THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS 1. For maintenance of health and to meet the extra energy needs of growing children. 2. Increases appetite and helps in recovery from illnesses. 4.2. POSOLOGY AND METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION Children: 1 teaspoonful daily or as prescribed by the physician Adults: One to two teaspoonsful daily. Shake well before use. Thiamine Benefits: Thiamine is recommended for digestive problems including poor appetite, ulcerative colitis, and ongoing diarrhea. People take thiamine for conditions related to low levels of thiamine (thiamine deficiency syndromes), including beriberi and inflammation of the nerves (neuritis) associated with pellagra or pregnancy.4 1 Lysovit/LPD/PK-02 Thiamine - Daily Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): In adults, 1-2 mg of thiamine per day is commonly used. Infants 0-6 months, 0.2 mg Infants 7-12 months, 0.3 mg Children 1-3 years, 0.5 mg Children 4-8 years, 0.6 mg Boys 9-13 years, 0.9 mg Men 14 years and older, 1.2 mg4 Girls 9-13 years, 0.9 mg Women 14-18 years, 1 mg Women over 18 years, 1.1 mg Pregnant women, 1.4 mg Breast-feeding women, 1.5 mg Riboflavin Benefits: Riboflavin had a direct impact on maintenance of good brain function.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 6,129,925 Kido Et Al
    USOO6129925A United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 6,129,925 Kido et al. (45) Date of Patent: *Oct. 10, 2000 54 CONTAINER FILLED WITH INFUSION 5,770,233 6/1998 Kido et al. .............................. 424/641 LIQUIDS AND INFUSION PREPARATION FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS 75 Inventors: Takae Kido; Shigeo Ii; Shun-ichi Abe; 0510687 10/1992 European Pat. Off.. Kazumasa Yokoyama, all of Osaka, 58-162515 9/1982 Japan. Japan 58-162517 9/1983 Japan. 61-058560 3/1986 Japan. 73 Assignee: Yoshitomi Pharmaceutical Industries, 62-135421 6/1987 Japan. Ltd., Osaka, Japan OTHER PUBLICATIONS * Notice: This patent issued on a continued pros Derwent Abstract N89-244721, abstracting JP 1-240469, ecution application filed under 37 CFR 1989. 1.53(d), and is subject to the twenty year Chemical Abstracts 99:146124J, 1983. patent term provisions of 35 U.S.C. Chemical Abstracts 69:89709h (1968). 154(a)(2). Primary Examiner S. Mark Clardy Assistant Examiner Kathryne E. Shelborne 21 Appl. No.: 09/032,843 Attorney, Agent, or Firm Sughrue, Mion, Zinn, Macpeak 22 Filed: Mar. 2, 1998 & Seas, PLLC 57 ABSTRACT Related U.S. Application Data An object of the present invention is to provide an infusion 60 Division of application No. 08/437,330, Apr. 21, 1995, Pat. preparation set (a container filled with infusion liquids) No. 5,770,233, which is a continuation-in-part of application useful for preparation of an infusion liquid containing No. PCT/JP93/01521, Oct. 21, 1993. Sugars, amino acids, electrolytes, a fat emulsion and Vita 30 Foreign Application Priority Data mins. The present invention is constituted by the use of a container having two compartments which are separated Oct.
    [Show full text]
  • Sensitive and Cost-Effective Detection of B Vitamins in Foods by UHPLC/MS/MS
    Rapid, Sensitive and Cost-effective Detection of B Vitamins in Foods by UHPLC/MS/MS Application Note Food Testing Author Abstract Nick Byrd A fast UHPLC/MS/MS method has been developed on the Agilent 1290 Infinity LC Campden BRI System coupled to the Agilent 6460 Triple Quadrupole LC/MS System with Agilent Jet Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire Stream technology for the extraction and determination of five B vitamins in foods. United Kingdom The method has a sensitivity of at least 1 µg/kg for all six vitamins. Introduction The B vitamins play important roles in cell metabolism and in promoting human health. They are water soluble and not stored very well by the body, necessitating daily intake through diet or nutritional supplements. Deficiencies of one or more of the B vitamins may occur fairly easily, especially during times of fasting or weight- loss diets or with diets that include substantial amounts of refined and processed food, sugar, or alcohol. The germ and bran of cereal grains are good sources of these vitamins, as are some beans, peas, and nuts. Milk and many leafy green vegetables may also supply small amounts of B vitamins. While most of the B vitamins are not harmful when ingested at high amounts, B3 and B6 can, in fact, be toxic at high concentrations, leading to neuropathy and excessive blood vessel dilation. To ensure safe levels of vitamins in foods and nutritional supplements, the European Union (EU) has put in place Regulation No. 1925/2006, specifing which vitamins can be added to foods, which foods can and cannot be fortified with vitamins, and minimum and maximum levels for vitamins in foods.
    [Show full text]
  • Pyridoxine (Pyridoxamine) 5'-Phosphate Oxidase In
    PYRIDOXINE (PYRIDOXAMINE) 5’-PHOSPHATE OXIDASE IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA Except where reference is made to the work of others, the work described in this dissertation is my own or was done in collaboration with my advisory committee. This dissertation does not include proprietary or classified information. Yuying Sang Certificate of Approval: Robert D. Locy Narendra K. Singh, Chair Professor Professor Biological Sciences Biological Sciences Joe H. Cherry Joanna Wysocka-Diller Emeritus Professor Associate Professor Biological Sciences Biological Sciences Fenny Dane George T. Flowers Professor Dean Horticulture Graduate School PYRIDOXINE (PYRIDOXAMINE) 5’-PHOSPHATE OXIDASE IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA Yuying Sang A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Auburn, Alabama December 19, 2008 PYRIDOXINE (PYRIDOXAMINE) 5’-PHOSPHATE OXIDASE IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA Yuying Sang Permission is granted to Auburn University to make copies of this dissertation at its discretion, upon request of individuals of institutions and at their expense. The author reserves all publication right. Signature of Author Date of Graduation iii VITA Yuying Sang, daughter of Shiqing Sang and Guilan Wang, was born on January 7, 1975, in Chiping, Shandong, People’s Republic of China. She received the Bachelor of Science degree in Biology in July 1997 from Shandong Normal University and entered the Graduate School of Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences. In the July of 2000, she graduated with a Master of Science degree in Botany and joined East China University of Science and Technology as a lab manager in the Department of Bioengineering.
    [Show full text]
  • Water-Soluble Vitamins: B-Complex and Vitamin C Fact Sheet No
    Water-Soluble Vitamins: B-Complex and Vitamin C Fact Sheet No. 9.312 Food and Nutrition Series|Health by L. Bellows and R. Moore* What are Vitamins? and their influence is felt in many parts of Quick Facts Vitamins are essential nutrients found the body. They function as coenzymes that • B-complex vitamins and in foods. They perform specific and vital help the body obtain energy from food. The vitamin C are water-soluble functions in a variety of body systems, and B vitamins are also important for normal are crucial for maintaining optimal health. appetite, good vision, and healthy skin, vitamins that are not stored The two different types of vitamins nervous system, and red blood cell formation. in the body and must be are fat-soluble vitamins and water-soluble Thiamin: Vitamin B1 replaced each day. vitamins. Fat-soluble vitamins — vitamins What is Thiamin. Thiamin, or vitamin B1, • These vitamins are easily A, D, E and K — dissolve in fat before they helps to release energy from foods, promotes destroyed or washed out are absorbed in the bloodstream to carry out normal appetite, and is important in during food storage and their functions. Excesses of these vitamins maintaining proper nervous system function. are stored in the liver, and are not needed Food Sources for Thiamin. Sources preparation. every day in the diet. For more information include peas, pork, liver, and legumes. Most • The B-complex group is on fat-soluble vitamins, see fact sheet 9.315 commonly, thiamin is found in whole grains found in a variety of foods: Fat-Soluble Vitamins: A, D, E, and K.
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanistic Aspects of Ingested Chlorine Dioxide on Thyroid Function: Impact of Oxidants on Iodide Metabolism by J
    Environmental Health Perspectives Vol. 69, pp. 249-255, 1986 Mechanistic Aspects of Ingested Chlorine Dioxide on Thyroid Function: Impact of Oxidants on Iodide Metabolism by J. Peter Bercz,* Lillian L. Jones,* Robert M. Harrington,* Rohit Bawa,* and Lyman Condie* Toxicological studies dealing with recent findings of health effects of drinking water disinfectants are reviewed. Experiments with monkeys and rodents indicate that the biological activity of ingested disin- fectants is expressed via their chemical interaction with the mucosal epithelia, secretory products, and nutritional contents of the alimentary tract. Evidence exists that a principal partner of this redox inter- action is the iodide ofnutritional origin that is ubiquitous in the gastrointestinal tract. Thus the observation that subchronic exposure to chlorine dioxide (CI02) in drinking water decreases serum thyroxine levels in mammalian species can be best explained with changes produced in the chemical form ofthe bioavailable iodide. Ongoing and previously reported mechanistic studies indicate that oxidizing agents such as chlor- ine-based disinfectants oxidize the basal iodide content of the gastrointestinal tract. The resulting reactive iodine species readily attaches to organic matter by covalent bonding. Evidence suggests that the extent to which such iodinated organics are formed is proportional to the magnitude of the electromotive force and stoichiometry of the redox couple between iodide and the disinfectant. Because the extent of thyroid uptake of the bioavailable iodide does not decrease during C102 ingestion, it seems that C102 does not cause iodide deficiency of sufficient magnitude to account for the decrease in hormonogenesis. Absorption of one or more of iodinated molecules, e.g., nutrients, hormones, or cellular constituents ofthe alimentary tract having thyromimetic or thyroid inhibitory properties, is a better hypothesis for the effects seen.
    [Show full text]