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Radioisotope S in Biology

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Radioisotope S in Biology COMPACT RADIOISOTOPE S IN BIOLOGY BIOLOG Y COLLOQUIUM 1949 OREGON STATE CHAPTER OF PHI KAPPA PH I OREGON STATE COLLEGE f CORVALLIS + 1949 Tenth Annual Biology Colloquium . , ►r a , -April 23 ,1949 radioisotopes in Biology OREGON STATE CHAPTER OF PHI KAPPA PHI OREGON STATE COLLEGE i CORVALLIS i 1949 TABLE OF CONTENT S Page FOREWORD . 5 DISCUSSION LEADERS . 6 CHAIRMEN OF SESSION S 6 COLLOQUIUM ' COMMITTEES . 6 THE USE OF ISOTOPES IN THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF MEDICINALLY IMPORTANT DRUGS, Eugene M. K. Geiling . RADIOISOfiOPES, Richard R. Dempster . PARTICLE ACCELERATORS AND OTHER DEVICES FOR PRODUCIN G RADIOISOTOPES, James J. Brady . 20 THE ROLE OF THE CYCLOTRON IN MEDICAL RESEARCH , Joseph G. Hamilton , . BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATIONS, H . A. Kornberg SAFETY AND HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS, William A. McAdams . THE GEIGER-MULLER COUNTER, E. A. Yunker S FOREWORD HE Biology Ci lloquium is conducted in a spirit of infor- T mal discussion and provides opportunity for participa- tion from the floor . The colloquium is sponsored by th e Oregon State Chapter.cf Phi Kappa Phi with the collaboration of Sigma Xi, Phi Sigma, and Omicron Nu. Sigma Xi assumes special responsibility for the colloquium luncheon . Phi Sigma and Omicron Nu provide afternoon tea . The College Librar y arranges special displays of the writings of colloquium leader s and notable works on the colloquium theme . Grateful acknowledgment is made of the cooperation an d interest of the several faculties of Oregon State College tha t are concerned with biology and applied biology, of those bi- ologists contributing to the program, of Chancellor Paul C Packer, President A. L. Strand, and other executives of Ore- gon State CaUege . The first Biology Colloquium was held March 4, 1939 . Dr. Charles Atwood Kofoid of the University of Californi a was leader, on the t `-`Recent Advances in Biological Science ." Leaders ancd Themes of succeeding colloquia hav e been : 1940, Dr . Homer LeRoy Schantz, chief of the Divisio n of Wildlife Management of the United States Forest Service, theme "Ecology" ; 1941, Dr. Cornelis Bernardus van Niel,. professor .of microbiology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanfor d University, in collaboration with Dr. Henrik Dam, Biochemi- cal Institute, University of Copenhagen, theme "Growth an d Metabolism" ; 1942, Ptr. William Brodbeck Herms, profes_sa r of parasitology and head of the Division of Entomology an, d Parasitology, University of California, theme "The Biologis t in a World at War" ; 1943, Dr. August Leroy Strand, biologist and president of Oregon State College, theme "Contribution s of Biological Sciences to Victory" ; 1944, Dr . George Well s Beadle, geneticist and professor of biology, Stanford Univer- sity, theme "Genetics and the Integration of Biological Scii. ences" ; 1945, colloquium omitted because of wartime travel conditions ;. 1946, Dr. Robert C. Miller, director of the Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences, theme "Aquatic Biology" ; 1947, Dr. Ernst Antevs, research associate, Carnegie Institutio n of Washington, theme "Biogeography" ; 1948, Dr. Robert R. Williams, chairman Williams-Waterman Fund, theme "Nutritlaon ." This volume contains all the principal discussions of th e 1949 Colloquium. It does not include the interesting infor- mal discussions nor Dr . Geilings evening address based o n motion pictures on the topic, "The Use of Unusual Labora- tory Animals for the Solution of Biological Problems ." s Tenth Annual Biology Colloquiu m Theme : RADIOISOTOPES IN BIOLOGY Leader: EUGENE M . K. GEILING, Ph.D., M.D., Head of Department of Pharmacology, University of Chicago DISCUSSION LEADERS : COLLOQUIUM COMMITTEE EDWIN A . YUNKER JAMES BRADY, Ph .D. (chairman ) Professor of Physics , Oregon State College . JOSEPH S. Burrs HERMAN A . SCULLE N JOSEPH S. Burrs, Ph.D. ROSALIND WULZEN Professor of Biochemistry , JOHN WYLIE Head of Department of Agricultural Chemistry , FRANK RAYMON D Oregon State College . JEAN JAMES ALLEN SHIN N RICHARD DEMPSTER, Ph .D. ROBERT PHELA N Associate Professor of Physics, MALCOLM M . MCWHORTER Oregon State College EDMUND A . MILNE JOSEPH G. HAMILTON, M .D. Associate Professor of Medical Physics , PAUL M . DUNN Experimental Medicine and Radiology , (president ) University of California. J. R. DILWORTH HARRY A. KORNBERG, Ph .D. (secretary-treasurer) Acting Head, Biology Division of Health Instru- H. R. LASLETT ments Division, Hanford Works, (president-elect ) General Electric Company. J. W. ELLISO N (past president ) WILLIAM A . MCADAMS, B .S. KATHERINE HUGHES Assistant to Superintendent, Operation s (journal correspondent ) Division, Health Instrument Divisions, Hanford Works, General Electric Company . SIGMA XI EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE HERMAN A. SCULLEN EDwrN A . YUNKER, Ph .D. (president ) Professor of Physics , FRANK SMITH Oregon State College. (vice president ) PAUL H . WESWIG (secretary ) CHAIRMEN OF SESSIONS : LOUIS SLEGEL PAUL M. DUNN, M .S.F. (treasurer ) President of Oregon State Chapter of PHI SIGMA EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Phi Kappa Phi ; Dean of the School o f Forestry, Oregon State College. KENNETH WALKER (president ) RAYMOND ELLICKSON, Ph.D. ROBERT SowELL Professor of Physics ; Associate Dean of (vice president ) Graduate School, University of Oregon. IDA FREDELL (secretary ) EZRA J. KRAUs, Ph.D., Sc.D. EUGENE HAYD U Martin A. Ryerson Distinguished Service (treasurer ) Professor of Botany, University of Chicago . C. H . MARTI N Visiting Professor, Oregon State College . (adviser) FRANK B . QUEEN, M.D. OMICRON NU EXECUTIVE COMMITTE E Professor of Pathology, MARIAN ANDERSO N University of Oregon Medical School . (president ) ARTHUR F. SCOTT, Ph .D. Lois RA Y Professor of Chemistry , (vice president ) Reed College . JEAN JAME S (secretary ) HERMAN A . SCULLEN, Ph .D. MARY ANN STATO N President of Oregon State Chapter o f (treasurer) Sigma Xi ; Professor of Entomology , MARIE DIEDESC H Oregon State College . (adviser ) 6 The Use of Isotopes in the Biosynthesi s of Medicinally Important Drugs * EUGENE M. K. GEILING Y ASSOCIATESt and I appreciate highly tended for use by the nobility by the ordinary M the compliment which you have paid us by garden variety of wine made for the peasant class. affording us this opportunity of giving you a This was done by the inclusion of small amount s progress report of our researches which are di - of the easily detected phenolphthalein as a trace r -;;rected toward the production, by biosynthesis, of in the cheaper grades of wine. The effect on the radioactive drugs with the use of carbon 14. lower classes was prompt and dramatic . When carbon 14 was made available for researc h The first application of radioactive isotopes - purposes we realized the great potential value o f to biology was made by Hevesy with botanical this isotope to pharmacology . Since many o f material. He employed the horse bean (Vicia the most important drugs cannot be synthesized Faba), the seedlings of which were immerse d in the chemical laboratory, the isolation of thes e from 1 to 48 hours in a solution containing a mix- from plants grown in an atmosphere containin g ture of lead nitrate and Thorium B nitrate, th e C1402 affords the only practical method for thei r latter being a radioactive isotope of lead obtaine d preparation . as a disintegration product or daughter of radium Carbon 14 as the tracer has the following ad - decay. After this exposure the individual parts vantages : of the plant were ignited and the intensity of th e 1. Carbon is the most abundant element i n radioactivity of the ash determined by means of organic matter. an electroscope. From these experiments Hevesy 2. Carbon 14 in the form of C140 2 can found that lead is taken up chiefly lay the root. be conveniently introduced into growing Relatively little lead is found in the leaves . He plants. also found that the lead is not combined withi n 3. The half-life of carbon 14 is over 5,100 the plant, but exists in the form of a dissociabl e years. salt which is soluble with difficulty. These simple 4. The disintegrations from carbon 14 can be but now classical experiments of Hevesys are easily measured . regarded as marking the beginning of the use of 5. Since carbon 14 gives off only beta radia- radioactive isotopes as important tools in biology tions it can be handled readily in most bigli, . p mine. Hevesy's experiments were done ogy laboratories in the concentrations em- 26 years ago, when the naturally occurring radio= ployed in biological systems. active isotopes of the heametals were the only ones available . Carbon 14, as many of you know, is produced Some twelve years ago the first radioisotope, by irradiating pure nitrate salts, usually calcium P22, became available for work in biological prob- nitrate, with slow neutrons according to the foie' hems. It was prepared with great difficulty and lowing reaction : at great expense in the then newly discovered 7 N14 I 0N1 - 6014 I 1 H 1 cyclotron by the bombardment of a red phos- (neutron) (proton ) phorus target . Since the development of the The idea of using tracer substances in biology chain-reacting uranium pile with its tremendo and medicine did not originate with the use of iso- source of slow neutrons, radioactive isotopes o ' topes, but dates back much further. One old but most important elements are available for bio- interesting application is the one which resulted logical research. in the discovery of the cathartic properties o f In December 1948 Dr . Paul Abersold, directo r phenolphthalein . Many years ago the govern- of the Isotopes Division at Oak Ridge; said that ment of Hungary decided to try to prevent the it is difficult to give a complete picture otle adulteration of the rare and expensive wines in- varied ways in which radioisotopes are being use d in well over seven hundred projects concerne d * The work done in the laboratory of the Department of Phar- macology, University of Chicago, was carried out under a contract with medicine and biology. The chief isotopes between the Atomic Energy Commission and The University o f Chicago.
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