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Topic 3: the Mughal Period [2007, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2015] *2016* 2007

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Topic 3: the Mughal Period [2007, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2015] *2016* 2007 Mohammad Ziaul Alam, MSS, MBA, B.ed; Cell: 01712524004, 01972524004; Mail: [email protected], [email protected] Topic 3: The Mughal Period [2007, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2015] *2016* 2007 Question 2: The Mughal Period: The Decline of the Mughal Empire By the end of the 16th century, the Mughal rulers had set up a mighty empire which extended across much of the subcontinent. To many, the Mughals were so powerful that it seemed they could not be challenged. However, the outward signs of wealth and authority hid many problems within the Mughal administration. There were a number of internal weaknesses which finally contributed to its downfall. For example, after Aurangzeb’s death a war of succession broke out between his three sons. This merely added to problems in Aurangzeb’s reign created by his religious policy and his aggressive actions in the Deccan and in northern India. When the weaknesses of the mansabdari system and the activities of the Persians and British are added to this list of problems, the fall of the Mughal Empire becomes less surprising. Part (a) (i) Name one of the ‘three sons’ of Aurangzeb who fought to succeed him after his death (lines 6–7). [1] (ii) What was Aurangzeb’s view of religious toleration? [1] (iii) Name one of the groups against which Aurangzeb was fighting in ‘northern India’(line 8). [1] (iv) What were mansabdars (line 9)? [1] (v) Which Persian leader plundered Delhi in 1739? [1] Part (b) (i) Write what you know about Aurangzeb’s actions in the Deccan. [5] (ii) Why did the weak character of the nobility hasten the downfall of the Mughal Empire? [5] Part (c) Which of the following do you think was the most important reason for the decline of the Mughal Empire? Explain your answer by writing about all three choices provided. • a weak army • powerful opponents in India • the arrival of the British [10] 2009 Question 3: The Mughal Period: The Rule of the Mughals In 1526 Babur won a great victory over the Sultan of Delhi and began establishing the Mughal dynasty in India. Babur then entered Bengal and forced the Sultan to conclude a treaty promising not to oppose him. The Mughal advance met strong resistance from the Afghans, however, and Sher Shah not only captured Bengal, but also forced the Mughal emperor to flee to Persia. Although the Mughals returned after Sher Shah’s death, local resistance prevented the Mughals having total control of Bengal. Isa Khan won several victories, but his successors were defeated when a new Mughal governor brought Bengal under control and established a new capital. The Mughals remained in power until the British took control almost two centuries later. Perhaps the most famous of the Mughal rulers was Aurangzeb, though he had a great struggle to win the throne and not all his policies were popular. Part (a) (i) Which ‘great victory’ did Babur win in 1526? (line 1) [1] (ii) Which Sultan of Bengal did Babur force to ‘conclude a treaty promising not to oppose’the Mughals? [1] (iii) Which Mughal emperor did Sher Shah force to ‘flee to Persia’? (line 5) [1] (iv) Which ‘new Mughal governor brought Bengal under control?’ (lines 7-8) [1] (v) Where was the ‘new capital’ the new governor established? (line 8) [1] Part (b) (i) Write what you know about how Aurangzeb became emperor. [5] (ii) Why was Aurangzeb’s rule unpopular with some of his subjects? [5] Part (c) Do you agree that the strength of the British was more important than the weaknesses of the Mughals in bringing about the end of the Mughal Empire? Give both sides of the argument in your answer. [10] 2010 Question 2: The Mughal Period: The Rule of the Mughals In 1526 the Sultan of Delhi was defeated in the Battle of Panipat and Mughal rule began in India. In time the Mughals had control over almost the whole of India, including Bengal. But the spread of their influence was 1 Mohammad Ziaul Alam, MSS, MBA, B.ed; Cell: 01712524004, 01972524004; Mail: [email protected], [email protected] hard-won. After their victory in 1526 they faced opposition to their rule from Nusrat Shah and Sher Shah who won a great victory over them in the Battle of Chausa in 1539. Further resistance came from the Bara Bhuiyans. By the beginning of the seventeenth century, however, the Mughals were firmly in control in Bengal and for the next hundred years Mughal power was at its height. But after the death of Aurangzeb the empire began to decline. When they granted the British trade concessions in 1620, the Mughals did not realise that they were helping the British move towards replacing them as rulers of India. Part (a) (i) Which ‘Sultan of Delhi was defeated in the Battle of Panipat’? (line 1) [1] (ii) How did Nusrat Shah die? [1] (iii) Which Mughal emperor did Sher Shah win ‘a great victory over’ in 1539? (line 4) [1] (iv) When was ‘the death of Aurangzeb’? (lines 7–8) [1] (v) Which Mughal emperor ‘granted the British trade concessions in 1620’? (lines 8–9) [1] Part (b) (i) Write what you know about the Bara Bhuiyans. [5] (ii) Why was Aurangzeb’s religious policy unpopular? [5] Part (c) Which of the following do you think made the most important contribution to the Mughal Empire? Explain your answer by writing about all three choices provided. • Babur • Humayan • Jahangir [10] 2012 Question 3: The Mughal Period: The Decline of the Mughals in Bengal For all his greatness, Aurangzeb weakened the Empire by his religious policies and by his annexation policies in the Deccan. The annexation of Marwar and the rebellion of the Marathas both caused serious problems. These worsened after Aurangzeb’s death when a lack of strong central direction led to a weak administration, the decline of the army and peasant unrest. Mughal weaknesses were exploited by foreign invaders and the battle of Panipath in 1761 may be seen as a turning point, opening the way for the British to extend their power and influence. Aurangzeb’s successors were weak, but much of the blame for the subsequent decline of the Empire must be attributed to Aurangzeb himself. Part (a): This question tests your knowledge. (i) In what year did Aurangzeb die? (line 3) [1] (ii) Name an area annexed by Aurangzeb in the Deccan (line 2) [1] (iii) Who were driven to oppose Aurangzeb by the annexation of Marwar? (line 2) [1] (iv) Who defeated the Mughal Empire at Panipat? (line 5) [1] (v) In the reign of which Mughal emperor had the British been given permission in 1620 to build forts and to trade? [1] Part (b): This question tests your knowledge and understanding. (i) Describe the struggles for the Mughal throne between Aurangzeb’s sons. [5] (ii) Why did Aurangzeb’s policies weaken his empire? [5] Part (c): This question tests your understanding and judgement. (i) Explain why each of the following was important in causing Mughal decline after 1712. • The power of the nobles • The weakness of the army • Foreign invaders [8] (ii) Explain which one of these was the most important, and why. [2][Total: 25] 2013 Question 2: The Mughal Period: Mughal Rulers in the Seventeenth Century Shah Jahan Akbar was succeeded by his son Jahangir who established more control over Bengal with the aid of his energetic viceroy. Between the deaths of Jahangir and Aurangzeb, Bengal was administered by some influential viceroys of the Mughal emperors. There was a period of peace and prosperity in Bengal under Shah Jahan’s second son who moved the capital from Dhaka. A war of succession after Shah Jahan’s illness left Aurangzeb on the throne. His viceroys brought important developments. Aurangzeb has a great reputation as ruler and warrior. His religious policy has been criticised, though, and there were already weaknesses in the Empire when he died. Part (a): This question tests your knowledge. (i) Who was Jahangir’s viceroy who established control over Bengal?[1] (ii) When did Jahangir die? [1] (iii) Under Shah Jahan, which area of Bengal was taken from Portugal?[1] (iv) Who was Shah Jahan’s son who was viceroy of Bengal? (line 4) [1] (v) Where was the capital moved to? (line 4) [1] 2 Mohammad Ziaul Alam, MSS, MBA, B.ed; Cell: 01712524004, 01972524004; Mail: [email protected], [email protected] Part (b): This question tests your knowledge and understanding. (i) Describe the succession struggle which brought Aurangzeb to the throne. [5] (ii) Explain how Bengal developed under Aurangzeb’s viceroy Mir Jumla. [5] Part (c): This question tests your understanding and judgement. (i) Explain why each of the following was important for the Mughal Empire. • Aurangzeb’s religious policies • Aurangzeb’s policies in the Deccan [8] (ii) Explain which of these was more important, and why. [2][Total: 25] 2015 Question 2: The Mughal Period: The Emperors Humayan and Akbar The tomb of Sher Shah in Sasaram, Bihar Humayan succeeded his father and faced severe resistance from Sher Shah (also known as Sher Khan), an Afghan, who had taken Bengal and Bihar. Sher Shah had captured Gaur. When the Sultan of Bengal refused to pay tribute, Sher Shah overthrew him. The Mughal Emperor Humayan then invaded Bengal with a large force, but was defeated in 1539. Another defeat forced the Emperor to flee in 1540, and for five years Sher Shah ruled the Empire, making significant changes and reforms. After Sher Shah’s death, Humayan returned, and both he and his son Akbar restored Mughal power.
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