American Numismatic Society, Summer Graduate Seminar

MEDIEVAL NUMISMATIC REFERENCES

Robert Wilson Hoge

Literature covering the of the European Middle Ages is vast and disparate. Numerous useful bibliographical sources exist, but finding relevant citations can be challenging. The attached selections provide merely an introduction and partial overview to materials in several areas, along with some observations. They are by no means exhaustive. Frequently encountered acronyms are listed as they occur in alphabetical sequence in place of the authors’ names. Emphasis has been laid on the more general works rather than the extensive specialized literature in periodical sources.

Early Medieval and General (BMC) Wroth, Warwick. 1911. Catalogue of the of the Vandals, Ostrogoths and Lombards, and of the empires of Thessalonica, Nicaea and Trebizond in the British Museum. London: the Trustees of the British Museum. Very important, a basic collection, although much new information has been learned during the past 100 years.

Chautard, Jules Marie Augustin. 1871. Imitations des monnaies au type esterlin frappés en Europe pendant le XIIIe et le XIVe siècle. Nancy: Impression de l'Académie de Stanislas. This work is “ancient” but has not been superceded.

Engel, Arthur, and Raymond Serrure. 1891-1905. Traité de numismatique du moyen âge. 3 vols. Paris: E. Leroux. A general introductory handbook on the subject, standard.

Grierson, Philip. 1976. Monnaies du Moyen Age. Fribourg: Office du Livre. Grierson, P. 1991. Coins of Medieval Europe. London. These two works (the latter a shorter, English version of the former) constitute an excellent introduction. Grierson was the international “grand master” of Medieval numismatics.

Ilisch, Peter. 1997. Les monnaies de l'empire, celles de basse-lotharingie incluses et l’économie monétaire en Europe aux 10e et 11e siècles. Revue Belge de Numismatique et de Sigillographie, vol. 143, p. [125]-135. Many important articles are to be found in the Revue Belge. Ilisch has edited the publication of numismatic literature for the INC.

(INC) 1986. Survey of Numismatic Research, 1979-1985. International Numismatic Commission. London. -- 1991. Survey of Numismatic Research, 1985-1990. International Numismatic Commission. Brussels. -- 1997. Survey of Numismatic Research, 1991-1996. International Numismatic Commission. Berlin. -- 2003. Survey of Numismatic Research, 1997-2002. International Numismatic Commission. Madrid. -- 2009. Survey of Numismatic Research, 2003-2008. International Numismatic Commission. Glasgow. The sextennial surveys are prepared, topic by topic, by specialist experts on the materials for each region.

Hoge, R. W. 2007. Coins of the Middle Ages. In Money of the world: Coins that made history, Ira and Larry Goldberg, eds., p. 75-124. Atlanta: Whitman Publishing, LLC. A brief survey of Medieval numismatics based upon a selection of attractive pieces from a collection, in an award-winning book.

Mayhew, N. J. 1983. Sterling imitations of Edwardian type, with contributions by Jean Duplessy, Robert Heslip and Zofia Steos-Gale. , Special Publication no. 14. London: Royal Numismatic Society. Amplifies part of the material covered by Chautard.

(MEC) Grierson, Phillip, and Mark Blackburn. 1986. Medieval European coinage, vol. 1: the early Middle Ages (5th-10th centuries), with a catalogue of the coins in the Fitzwilliam Museum. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. An essential, thorough work, the first in a projected series, based upon the Author’s collection housed at the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge.

Metlich, Michael A. 2004. The coinage of Ostrogothic Italy, and a die study of Theodahad folles by E.A. Arslan and M.A. Metlich. London: Spink and Son. More or less the last work on the coinage of the Ostrogoths.

(NL) Numismatic Literature. New York: American Numismatic Society. The ongoing (semi-annual) series attempts to capture listings for all new publications, listed by subject matter.

Porteous, John. 1973. Coins. London: Octopus Books. An attractive little book, well illustrated and including substance for medieval issues.

Spufford, Peter. 1988. Money and its use in medieval Europe. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. An excellent, thoughtful work.

(Thomsen) Erslev, Kristian. 1992. Medieval coins in the Christian J. Thomsen Collection, vol. 1, Byzantine, Dark Ages, Crusader, Islamic, England, Serbia, Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, and the Low Countries. Introduction by Jörgen Steen Jensen; addendum by Alan M. Stahl and Allen G. Berman. South Salem, New York: Attic Books, 1992. Original ed.,1873: Catalogue de la collection de monnaies de feu Christian Jurgensen Thomsen. Including bibliographical references and index, this is the only good-sized general Medieval collection in publication.

France Armstrong, Simon.1998. Carolingian hoards and the impact of the Viking raids in

2 the ninth century. Numismatic Chronicle, vol. 158, p. [131]-164.

Belaubre, Jean. 1987. Monnaies mediévales, I, l’ère du denier, preface by Jacques Campet. Paris: Administration des monnaies et medailles. Useful study for the period before the introduction of larger coinage in the later 13th century.

Belfort, A. de. 1892. Description générale des monnaies mérovingiennes: par ordre alphabètique des ateliers. 5 vols. Paris: Maison Florange, reprint ed., augmenté d'une introduction et d'une mise à jour bibliographique de Georges Depeyrot, 1996. Extensive, amplified treatment, originally intended more for collectors. Depeyrot has published extensively in Classical and Medieval French numismatics.

Blanchet, J. A., and Alphonse Dieudonné. 1912-1936. Manuel de numismatique française. 4 vols Paris: Librairie A. Picard et fils. Important handbook/survey.

Boudeau, E. [1907]. Catalogue général illustré et à prix marqué de monnaies françaises (provinciales). Nouvelle édition. Paris: the author. Reprint editions, 1970, 1986. Summary descriptions of most of the feudal coinage, popular with dealers.

Caron, E. 1882. Monnaies féodales françaises. Paris: Rollin & Feuardent. Expansion update of Poey d’Avant (q.v.).

Ciani, Luigi. 1926. Les monnaies royales françaises de Hugues Capet à Louis XVI, avec indication de leur valeur actuelle. Paris: the author. Originally a dealer’s list, this work became a popular guidebook due to its extensive excellent engraved illustrations and reflection of relative values.

Duplessy, Jean. 2004. Les monnaies françaises féodales, vol. 1. Paris: Maison Platt. Incomplete, this work provides a more modern summary of Poey-d’Avant.

Gariel, Ernest. 1974. Les monnaies royales de France sous la race carolingienne. 2 vols., facsim ed. Hildesheim and New York: Georg Olms. Original ed., Strasbourg: G. Jischbach, 1883-1884.

Lafaurie, Jean. 1951-1956. Les monnaies des rois de France. 2 vols. Paris: E. Bourgey. The standard work on French royal coinages.

Mayhew, N. J. 1988. Coinage in France from the Dark Ages to Napoleon. London: Seaby. Good introduction to all French Medieval and Early Modern coinages.

Mayhew, N. J., ed. 1997. The gros tournois: Proceedings of the fourteenth Oxford symposium on coinage and monetary history. Royal Numismatic Society, Special Publication 31. Oxford: Royal Numismatic Society. Excellent series of studies on this denomination and its context.

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Morrison, Karl F., and Henry Grunthal. 1967. Carolingian coinage: Numismatic Notes and Monographs, no. 158. New York: American Numismatic Society. Excellent catalog of the coinage, well illustrated.

Poey d'Avant, Faustin. 1858. Monnaies féodales de la France, 3 vols. Paris. The classic standard on French feudal coinages.

Prou, Maurice. 1892. Catalogue des monnaies françaises de la Bibliothèque Nationale: les monnaies mérovingiennes. Paris: Rollin & Feuardent. Reprint ed., introduction and expl. by Georges Depeyrot (Nimes: C. Lacour/Rediviva, 1995). Dated, but now improved by Depeyrot, this is the primary reference collection of the Merovingian coinage.

Roberts, James N. 1996. The silver coins of medieval France (476-1610), prefaced by Alain Weil. South Salem, NY: Attic Books, Ltd. A truly remarkable, compact book with unusual organization, short on descriptive text but long on study aids; excellent bibliography, extensive engraved illustrations’ includes peripheral series from outside modern France proper.

(RN) Revue numismatique. Paris. A principal venue for publication in the field, containing many important articles.

Italy Bernocchi, Mario. 1974. Le monete della Reppublica Fiorentina. 5 vols. Florence: L. S. Olschki. Important standard reference for the coinage of Florence.

Biaggi, Elio. 1992. Monete e zecche medievali italiane dal sec. VIII al sec. XV. Torino: Eupremio Montenegro. A handy comprehensive listing of types, with valuation estimates.

(CNI) Corpus Nummorum Italicorum. 1910-1943. 20 vols., Folio. Rome. Phenomenal compilation of the royal, now national, collection--an epic publication endeavor.

(MEC) Grierson, Philip, and Lucia Travaini. 1998. Medieval European coinage, Vol. 14, Italy (III), (South Italy, Sicily, Sardinia), with a catalogue of the coins in the Fitzwilliam Museum. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. The leading reference on this area and time period, the later Middle Ages.

(RIN) Rivista Italiana di Numismatica e Scienze Affini. Milano. The periodical is of primary importance for the many series of articles it features.

Papadopoli, Nicolo. 1893-1919. Le monete di Venezia descritte ed illustrate. 3 vols. Milano. For coins of Venice, what Bernocchi is to the coinage of Florence.

Sambon, Guilio. 1912. Repertorio generale delle monete conaite in Italia e da Italiani

4 all'estero dal secolo vo al xxo; nuovamente classificate e descritte da Giulio Sambon. Periodo dal 476 al 1266. Paris: the author. Classic general survey.

Spahr, Rodolfo. 1976. Le monete siciliane dai Bizantini a Carlo I d'Angio (582-1282). Zurich: Association Internationale des Numismates Professionels. -- 1982. Le monete siciliane dagli Aragonesi ai Borboni (1282-1836). Basel: Association Internationale des Numismates Professionels. Excellent catalog of Sicilian issues. Spahr’s is the standard catalog on Sicilian issues.

Stahl, Alan M. 2000. Zecca: the of Venice in the Middle Ages. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, in association with the American Numismatic Association. An important study of a major Medieval mint.

Travaini, L. 1995. La monetazione nell'Italia normanna. Rome: Instituto Storico Italiano per il Medio Evo. Travaini has published widely in the field.

British Isles Abramson, Tony. 2006. Sceattas - an illustrated guide: Anglo-Saxon coins and icons. King's Lynn, Norfolk: Heritage Marketing and Publications, Ltd. In addition to many enlarged photos covering all known varieties, the work includes fine line drawings by D. M. Metcalf. Finds of early Anglo-Saxon series have greatly increased both numbers extant and interest in the field.

Blackburn, Mark A. S., ed. 1986. Anglo-Saxon monetary history: essays in memory of Michael Dolley. n.p.: Leicester University Press. Outstanding festschrift including contributions by Metcalf, Pirie, Stewart, etc.

Blackburn, Mark A. S., and David N. Dumville, eds. 1998. Kings, and alliances: history and coinage of Southern England in the ninth century. Woodbridge: the Boydell Press. Blackburn has written and edited extensively on Anglo-Saxon numismatics.

Blunt, Christopher E., and C. A. Whitton. 1949. The coinage of Edward IV and Henry VI restored. British Numismatic Journal, vol. 25 (1944-9), pp. 4-59, 130-182, 291- 339. Brother of the Queen’s treacherous art historian, Blunt was one of the “Old Masters” of British numismatics.

Blunt, Christopher E., and R. H. M. Dolley. 1968. A gold coin of the time of Offa. Numismatic Chronicle, ser. 7, vol. 8, p. 151-160. Dolley was a prolific and sometimes argumentative scholar in the field, who wrote prodigiously. Some Britons felt that the Royal Numismatic Society paid scant attention to the national coinage, and promoted the British Numismatic Society and its publications in response.

(BMC) Allen, Derek F. 1951. A Catalogue of English Coins in the British Museum: the Cross-and-Crosslets ('Tealby') Type of Henry II. London: the Trustees of the

5 British Museum. The only British Museum catalog on a single issue of coinage; a classic, recently reprinted by “books on demand.”

(BMC) Brooke, George Cyril. 1916. A catalogue of English coins in the British museum: the Norman kings. 2 vols. London: the Trustees of the British Museum. A tour-de- force of contemporary scholarship, Brooke’s work gave particular attention to stylistic details and epigraphy.

(BMC) Keary, Charles Francis, and Herbert A. Grueber. 1887-1893. A catalogue of English coins in the British museum: Anglo-Saxon series. 2 vols. London: the Trustees of the British Museum. Keray and Grueber began the BM’s publication of its extensive English collection. Still useful today, although superceded by many new discoveries.

Brooke, George Cyril. [1932]. English coins, from the seventh century to the present day. Methuen's handbooks of archaeology. New York: Lincoln McVeagh. 3rd (rev.) ed., Methuen, 1950. Still a useful single-volume reference, supeerceded for the hammered coins by North (q.v.).

Burns, Edward. 1887. The coinage of Scotland, illustrated from the cabinet of Thomas Coats, esq., of Fergulie and other collections. 3 vols. Edinburgh: Black. The monumental classic study on Scottish coinage, still important although occasionally improved in details.

Dolley, Reginald Hugh Michael. 1955. The "Jewel-Cross" Coinage of Aelfgifu Emma, Harthnacnut, and Harold I. British Numismatic Journal 3rd. Ser., vol. 7, pt. 3, p. 266-275. Dolley wrote prodigiously on Medieval British numismatics; this is merely one example.

-- [1961]. Anglo-Saxon coins: studies presented to F. M. Stenton on the occasion of his 80th birthday, 17 May 1960, R. H. M. Dolley, ed. London: Methuen. Dolley’s vast output of articles covers many areas; this valuable volume contains a number of important studies by others as well.

Dolley, R. H. M., and J. S. Strudwick. 1955. The provenances of the Anglo-Saxon coins recorded in the two volumes of the British Museum catalogue. British Numismatic Journal 3rd Ser., vol. 8, pt. 1, p. 26-59. (See Keary and Grueber.)

Dykes, D. W., and R. H. M. Dolley. 1963. The Irish coinage of Henry III. British Numismatic Journal, vol. 32, p. 99-116. Irish coinage has not yet been as fully investigated as some other areas.

Gannon, Anna. 2003. The iconography of early Anglo-Saxon coinage: sixth to eighth centuries. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. The charm of the early Anglo-Saxon coinage is in its iconography, little in the way of historical records having survived.

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Hawkins, Edward. 1887. The silver coins of England, arranged and described with remarks on British money, previous to the Saxon dynasties, 3rd ed. London: _____ Now very much dated, this study introduces the methodology of chronological investigation as undertaken by Hawkins and other British numismatic pioneers. As the first work on Medieval coins that I happened to have read, I still have a fondness for it.

Hildebrand, Bror Emil. 1881. Anglosachsiska mynt i Svenska kongliga myntkabinettet funna i Sveriges jord. Statens historiska museum och myntkabinett. Stockholm: Kongl. Vitterhets Historie och Antiqvitets Akademiens forlag. (1st ed., 1846) Original comprehensive catalog and classification of the Anglo-Saxon “Danegeld” coinages abundantly found in Sweden.

Lyon, C. S. S., and B. H. I. H. Stewart (Lord Stewartby). 1961. The Northumbrian Viking coins in the Cuerdale hoard. Anglo-Saxon Coins. R. H. M. Dolley, ed., p. 96- 121. London. Lyon published rather extensively, and Stewartby even more so. This is one example of the significant papers included in Dolley’s volume presented to Frank Stenton.

Mayhew, N. J. 1988. Irregularities in the Irish mint accounts 1279-1284. 8th Oxford symposium on coinage and monetary history. Oxford: Ashmolean Museum in association with the Royal Numismatic Society

Metcalf, David Michael. 1998. An atlas of Anglo-Saxon and Norman coin finds, 973- 1086. Royal Numismatic Society, special publication no. 32. London: Royal Numismatic Society and Ashmolean Museum Oxford. With the passing of Grierson, Metcalf has become the “dean” of Medieval in Britain.

Mossop, H. R. 1970. The Lincoln mint c. 890-1279, Veronica Smart, ed.; with an introduction by Michael Dolley and an analytical note by C. S. S. Lyon. Newcastle upon Tyne: Corbitt & Hunter. Although Mossop died before its completion, this was an important, comprehensive pioneering work on the output of a single mint, a practice that has come more into vogue since.

North, Jeffrey J. 1960, English hammered coinage, vol. 1: early Anglo-Saxon to Henry III (ca. 650-1272). London: Spink & Son Ltd. 3rd (rev.) ed., 1994. -- 1964. English hammered coinage. vol. 2: Edward I to Charles II, 1272-1662. London: Spink & Son Ltd. 3rd (rev.) ed., 1991. North’s two-volume work is today the standard guide to classification for the hammered coinage in general; short on historical interpretation.

Pirie, Elizabeth J. E., with M. M. Archibald and R. A. Hall. 1986. Post-Roman coins from York excavations, 1971-81. The archaeology of York, vol. 18, the coins, fascicule 1, P. V. Addyman, gen. ed. London: published for the York

7 Archaeological Trust by the Council for British Archaeology. Important publication of the coins, dies and die trials recovered from Yarvik’s Coppergate.

Pirie, Elizabeth J. E. 1996. Coins of the Kingdom of Northumbria, c.700-867, in Yorkshire collections: the Yorkshire Museum, York; the University of Leeds; the City Museum, Leeds. Llanfyllin, Powys (Wales): Galata Print Ltd., 1996. Ms. Pirie was the acknowledged expert on the Northumbrian “styccas” and associated coinages. Her other publications in this field are extensive.

Rigold, Stuart Eborall. 1960. The two primary series of sceattas. The British Numismatic Journal, vol. 30, pt. 1, p. 6-53. With a few later additins and revisions, the substantive classification of the early Anglo-Saxon “pennies.”

Spink. 1892- present. Numismatic Circular. The commercial firm’s house publication has been an important venue for many shorter articles. -- (Annual). Standard catalogue of British coins: Coins of England and the United Kingdom. London: Spink. Principal guide for collectors. -- 2002. Standard catalogue of British coins: Coins of Scotland, Ireland, and the islands (Jersey, Guernsey, Man & Lundy): pre-decimal issues, 2nd ed. London: Spink & Son. Principal guide for collectors.

Stewartby, Bernard Harold Ian Halley Stewart, Lord (B. H. I. H. Stewart). 2009. English coins 1180-1551. London: Spink & Son. Leading modern interpretation of the later Medieval coinages.

(SCBI) Galster, Georg. 1964. Sylloge of coins of the British Isles, vol. 4.: Royal Collection of Coins and Medals, National Museum, Copenhagen: Part 1, Ancient British and Anglo-Saxon Coins before Aethelred II. London: Published for the British Academy. -- Dolley, R. H. M. 1966. Sylloge of coins of the British Isles, vol. 8: the Hiberno- Norse Coins in the British Museum. London: The British Museum. -- Dolley, R. H. M., and Wilfred A. Seaby. 1968. Sylloge of coins of the British Isles, vol. 10, Ulster Museum, Belfast: Part 1, Anglo-Irish Coins, John – Edward III. London: Published for the British Academy and the Trustees of the Ulster Museum by Oxford University Press. -- Blunt, C. E., and R. H. M. Dolley. 1969. Sylloge of coins of the British Isles, vol. 11: University Collection, Reading, Anglo-Saxon and Norman Coins. London: Published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press -- Dolley, R. H.M., with F. Elmore Jones and C. S. S. Lyon. 1969. Sylloge of coins of the British Isles, vol. _____ Royal Coin Cabinet, Stockholm, Anglo-Norman Pennies. London: Published for the British Academy and Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien by Oxford University Press. -- Brady, Jeremiah D. 1982. Sylloge of coins of the British Isles, vol. 30: Ancient British, Anglo-Saxon, and Norman coins in American collections (The American Numismatic Society, Harold S. Bareford, James Bump, John Dresser, The

8 John Hopkins University, Hillel Kaslove, Emery May Norweb, the Smithsonian Institute and Walter J. Zimmerman). London: the British Academy. It would seem that the ANS collection had been deliberately left small, reportedly so as to avoid competition with British institutions; it has grown substantially since 1982-- particularly with the accession of substantial numbers of Northumbrian styccas. -- Woodhead, Peter. 1996. Sylloge of coins of the British Isles, vol. 47: the Herbert Schneider collection, Part 1, English gold coins and their imitations, 1257-1603. London: Spink & Son Ltd. The Schneider English gold coin collection is the most comprehensive ever published. -- Mass, Jeffrey P. 2001. Sylloge of coins of the British Isles, vol. 56: English short cross coins, 1180-1247: the J. P. Mass collection. Oxford: published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press and Spink & Son. The sylloges are of the utmost importance for study of the British coinages as a whole; only a few are listed here. The latter volume, by Mass, for example, is the most comprehensive catalogue ever published on the English Short Cross coinage illustrating and describing 2,200 specimens from the author's collection.

Webb Ware, T. G. 1986. Dies and designs: the English gold coinage 1465-1485. British Numismatic Journal, vol. 55 (1985), p. 95-133. The standard reference on these issues.

Whitton, C. A. 1949-51. The coinage of Henry VIII and Edward VI in Henry's name. British Numismatic Journal, vol. 26, 3rd. ser., vol. 6, pt. 1 (1949), p. 56-89; 3rd. ser., vol. 6, pt. 2 (1951), p. 171-212; 3rd. ser., vol. 6, pt. 3 (1951), p. 290-332. Whitton published extensively in the field of English hammered coins, proposing a number of classification systems.

Withers, Paul and Bente R. 2006. The Galata guide to the pennies of Edward I and II, And the coins of the mint of Berwick-upon-Tweed. Llanfyllin, Powys (Wales): Galata Print Ltd. One of a series of very useful guidebooks to the smaller denominations of English Medieval coinage.

Germany Arnold, T. 1993. Die Erfurter Hohlpfennigprägung bis 1350. (15 Eligiuspreis 1992, 2 Preis). Numismatisches Nachrichtenblatt 42, Heft 2, 36-47. Speyer. This and a number of the following references pertain to the highly important Erfurt hoard, the largest treasure of later Medieval silver coinage so far found in Germany (3,114 items). Most of the Erfurt coins are royal French gros tournois, but the German elements aid particularly in dating the deposit.

Berghaus, Peter. 1999. Kölner und Paderborner Münzstätten des 13 Jahrhunderts in Westfalen. Denar Sterling Goldgulden: Ausgewaehlte Schriften zur Numismatik, Gert Hatz, Peter Ilisch, Bernd Kluge, et al., eds., p. 389-404. Osnabrück: Numismatischer Verlag F. R. Künker. Originally published in Festschrift Hermann Aubin zum 80 Geburtstag, Otto Brunner, Hermann Kellebenz, et al., eds., p.126-141, Wiesbaden: F. Steiner, 1965.

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Beyer, C. 1897. Urkundenbuch der Stadt Erfurt, 2 vols., Herausgegeben von der Historischen Commission der Provinz Sachsen. Geschichtsquellen der Provinz Sachsen und angrenzender, Gebiete 24, Halle. Herausgegeben von der Historischen Commission der Provinz Sachsen.

[Bonhoff, Friedrich]. 1977. Peus, Dr. Busso Peus (Frankfurt) auction catalog, sale 293, 27-8 October. This 253 page, 2158 lot sale, one of the three auctions of the Bonhoff collection, is quite celebrated and frequently cited as a modern general reference in the field. Generally-speaking, commercial catalogs are not included here because they are not typically accessible in most libraries, but they themselves can be excellent sources for further bibliographical research and are sometimes of primary importance.

Craig, William D. [1954]. Germanic coinages (Charlemagne through Wilhelm II). [Mountain View? Calif.]. A handy general introduction.

Dannenberg, Hermann. 1876-1905. Die deutschen Münzen der sächsischen und fränkischen Kaiserzeit. 4 vols. Berlin: Weidmann. [Reprint ed. Aalen: Scientia Verlag, 1967.] A classic standard; most of the coins included are rather rare.

Fried, T. 2000. Die Münzprägung in Thüringen, Vom Beginn der Stauferzeit bis zum Tode König Rudolfs von Habsburg, 1138-1291. Zeitschrift des Vereins für Thüringische Geschichte, Beiheft 31 und Schriftenreihe der Numismatischen Gesellschaft Speyer e.V. 41. Speyer und Jena. Background for Erfurt.

Hävernick, Walter, and Alfred Noss. 1913-35. Die Münzen und Medaillen von Köln, vol. 1, (Hävernick) Die Münzen von Köln vom Beginn der Prägung bis 1304; vol. 2, (Noss) Die Münzen der Erzbischöfe von Köln, 1306-1547. Köln: verlag von Paul Neubner,

Hoffmann, M. 1910. Der Geldhandel der deutschen Juden während des Mittelalters bis zum Jahre 1350: ein Beitrag zur deutschen Wirtschaftsgeschichte im Mittelalter. Staats-und sozialwissenschaftliche Forschungen 152, Leipzig. The Erfurt treasure can be directly related to the pogrom of the Jews held there in 1348.

Ilisch, Peter. 2005. Datierung und Herkunft der Köln-Imitationen (Hävernick 80-87). Numismatic Chronicle, vol. 165, p. [235]-248.

Kirchhoff, A. 1870. Die ältesten Weisthümer der Stadt Erfurt über die Stellung zum Erzstift Mainz. Halle.

Kluge, Bernd. 1999. Conspectus Nummorum Germaniae Medii Aevi (CNG): Kommentierter Typenkatalog der deutschen Münzen des Mittelalters, von den Anfängen bis zur Ausbildung der regionalen Pfennigmünze, von 880 bis um 1140. Geldgeschichtliche Nachrichten, Jahrg. 34, no. 192 (July 1999), p. 192-204.

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Krug, G. 1974. Die meissnisch-sächsischen Groschen, 1338 - 1500. Veröffentlichungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Dresden 13, Berlin.

Leitzmann, J. J. 1862. Das Münzwesen und die Münzen Erfurts. Weißensee.

Metcalf, D. M. 1990. Some further reflections on the volume of the German coinage in the Salian period (1024-1125). Fernhandel und Geldwirtschaft: Beiträge zum deutschen Münzwesen in sächsischer und salischer Zeit, Ergebnisse des Dannenberg-Kolloguiums, Bernd Kluge, ed., p. 55-72. Sigmaringen: Thorbecke.

Nicklis, H.-W. 1984. Geldgeschichtliche Probleme des 12 und 13 Jahrhunderts im Spiegel zeitgenössischer Geschichtsschreibung. Numismatische Studien 8, Hamburg.

Noll, G., and H.-O. Pollmann. 1997. Der Erfurter Brakteatenschatz. Erfurt.

Noll, G. 2006. Die Münzsammlung Gerd Behr. Fundus-Reihe 1, Erfurt.

Overmann, A. 2006. Urkundenbuch der Erfurter Stifter und Klöster, vol. 2, Die Urkunden der Stifter St. Marien und St. Severi (1331-1400). Geschichts- quellender Provinz Sachsen und des Freistaates Anhalt, Neue Reihe 7, Magdeburg.

Posern-Klett, C. F. von. 1846. Münzstätten und Münzen der Städte und geistlichen Stifter Sachsens im Mittelalte: Sachsens Münzen im Mittelalter 1, Leipzig. Reprint 1976.

Rothmann, M. 1998. Die Frankfurter Messen im Mittelalter. Frankfurter historische Abhandlungen 40, Stuttgart.

[Saurma-Jeltsch, Hugo, Freiherr von]. 1892. Die Saurmasche Münzasammlung deutscher, schweizerischer und polnischer Gepräge von etwa dem beginn der Groschenzeit bis zu Kipperperiode, 2 vols. Berlin: Adolph Weyl. Classic collection catalog covering Germanic issues from about 130 to the 17th century, still frequently cited as a reference today

Schlapke, M. 2004. Erfurt 1998, in Coin Hoards 2003: Medieval and modern hoards. Numismatic Chronicle, vol. 163. Royal Numismatic Society, London. A preliminary report; full publication of the Erfurt treasure by Schlapke is awaited.

Schlapke, M. 2008: Ein Brakteatenfund aus der Drachengasse in Erfurt-Vorbericht. Erfurter Münzblätter 14/15. Jahrbuch 2006/2007, 83-88. Erfurt.

Suhle, A. 1970. Deutsche Münz- und Geldgeschichte von den Anfängen bis zum 15

11 Jahrhundert. Munich: Ernst Battenberg Verlag. Standard introductory reference (7th ed. Berlin, 1974).

Weissenborn, C. H. 1878. Der Goldfund im Alten Rathhause zu Erfurt. Zeitschrift für Numismatik, vol. 5, p. 207-212, Berlin. Account of an earlier find from Erfurt.

Central and Eastern Europe (CNH) Rethy, Laszlo, and Günther Probszt. 1958. Corpus nummorum Hungariae. Graz: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt. (Reprint of Budapest, 1899-1907. Standard general reference on the Hungariian coinage.

Dimnik, Martin, and Juliyan Dobrinik. 2008. Medieval Slavic coinages in the Balkans: numismatic history and catalog. London: Spink.

Dolley, R. H. M. 1955-6. A note on the dating of Bohemian coins by alleged English prototypes. Hamburger Beiträge, vol. 3, nos. 9/10, pp. 159-162.

Huszár, Lajos. 1979. Münzkatalog Ungarn, von 1000 bis Heute. Munich: Battenberg Verlag. Standard general reference on the Hungarian coinage, more recent than Rethy.

Kaim, Reinhold. [1979-80]. Die altrussische munzgeschichte und pragungen von 1350- 1700, 2 vols. Hagen: Verlag R. Kaim.

Metcalf, D. M. 1979. Coinage in south-eastern Europe, 820-1396. Royal Numismatic Society, Special Publication no. 11. London: Royal Numismatic Society. Years earlier, Metcalf had published a work on the Medieval coinages of southern Germany as well as technical studies in the area.

Gordus, A. A., and D. M. Metcalf. 1969. The metal contents of the early Serbian coinage. Revue Belge de Numismatique, vol. 115, p. 57-81.

Gumowski, M. 1914. Podrecznik numismatyki polskiej. Krakow: Nakladem Towarzystwa Numismatycznego. Old standard reference on Polish numismatics.

Gyöngyössi, Márton, and Heinz Winter. 2007. Münzen und Medaillen des ungarischen Mittelalters, 1000-1526, Michael Alram and Heinz Winter, eds. Wien: kunsthistorisches Museum, and Milano: Skira editore. Most recent and complete work on Medieval Hungarian numismatics.

Jovanovic, Miroslav. 2002. Serbien [sic] medieval coins, 3rd ed., Mara Jovanovic, transl. Belgrade: M. Jovanovic, 2002.

Kiersnowski, Ryszard, Stefan Kuczynski and Marta Meclewska, eds. 2002. Moneta mediaevalis: studia numizmatyczne i historyczne ofiarowane Profesorowi Stanislawowi Suchodolskiemu w 65 rocznice urodzin. Warszawa: Wydawn.

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Northwestern Europe, Scandinavia and the Baltic Bendixen, Kirsten. 1984. Finds of sceattas from Scandinavia. Sceattas in England and on the continent, 7th Oxford symposium, p. 151-157. Oxford: Royal Numismatic Society. The volume contains numerous valuable articles on the North Sea trade coinages.

Bendixen, Kirsten. 1988. Nyere danske fund af merovingiske, karolingske og aeldre danske mönter. Commentationes numismaticae, Hamburg, p. [37]-50.

Cook, Barrie, and Gareth Williams. 2006. The Northern world, vol. 19: Coinage and history in the North Sea world, c. AD 500-1250, essays in honour of Marion Archibald. Leiden and Boston: Brill. Contains a number of important articles.

(CNS) 1975-- . Corpus nummorum saeculorum IX-XI qui in Suecia reperti sunt (Catalogue of coins from the 9th-11th centuries found in Sweden), Brita Malmer and Nils Ludwig Rasmusson, eds. 16 vols. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International. This extensive, ongoing work covers the many caches of Viking- age coins found in Sweden in archaeological contexts, and particularly on Gotby Island.

Dolley, R. H. M. 1957-8. The Post-Brunanburh of York with some remarks on the Viking coinages which preceded the same. Nordisk Numismatisk Ärsskrift, p. 13-88. The battle of Brunanburh was a water-shed in Anglo-Saxon history, and following it, the coinage began taken a different course.

Dutkowski, Jaroslaw, and Adam Suchanek. 2000. Catalogue of coins, medals, and tokens pf Gdanske origen and these [sic] associated with Gdanske in the years 1200- 1998. Gdansk: Drukarnia “Triada.”

Jensen, Jorgen Steen, Kirsten Bendixen, et al., eds. 1992. Danmarks middelalderlige skatterfund: vol. 1, fra c. 1050-c. 1241; vol. 2, fra c. 1241-c. 1550. Copenhagen: Det Konigelige Nordiske Oldskriftselbsab. Attractive largely bilingual volumes.

Jensen, Jorgen Steen, ed. 1995. Danish coins from the 11th century in the royal collection of coins and medals. [Copenhagen]: Nationalmuseet. An informative, handsome fully-bilingual volume.

Jonsson, Kenneth.1993. The routes for the importation of German and English coins to the Northern Lands in the Viking age, p. 205-32. In: Fernhandel und Geldwirtschaft, Beiträge zum deutschen Münzwesen insächsicher und salischer Ziet, Ergebnisse des Dannenberg-Koloquiums 1990, Bernd Kluge, ed. Sigmaringen: Thorbecke. One of a number of useful papers in this collection.

Skaare, Kolbjorn. 1975-6. Coins and coinage in Viking-Age Norway. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.

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Iberia Alvarez Burgos, Fernando, V. Ramon Benedito, and V. Ramon Pérez. [1980]. Catálogo general de la moneda medieval hispano-cristiana desde el siglo IX al XVI. [Madrid]: Editorial Jesus Vico. Good general guide, particularly for collectors.

Balaguer, Anna M. 1986. The use of documentary sources in monetary history. Problems of medieval coinage in the Iberian area, p. 325-335. Aviles. The Problems series ncludes a number of significant studies.

Calicó Estivill, Ferrán. 1984. Los florines de oro de Aragón del archivo Calicó. Gaceta Numismática no. 71/I (Marzo, 1984), p. 41-46.

Cayón, Juan, Adolfo and Clemente. 2005. Las monedas españolas: del tremis al euro del 411 a nuestros días, vol. 1, Edad antigua y moderna. Madrid: J. Cayón. Type catalog of all Spanish issues.

Crusafont i Sabater, Miquel, and Anna M. Balaguer. 1986. La numismatica navarro- aragonesa alto medieval: nuevas hipótesis. Gaceta numismática no. 81 (June 1986), p. 35-66. Both Crusafont and Balaguer have written extensively in Medieval Iberian numismatics.

Heiss, Aloïs. 1865-1869. Descripción general de las monedas hispano-cristianas desde la invasión de los Árabes. 3 vols. (Electronic resource: in Obras clásicas sobre numismática Ibérica [computer file] / [Faustino Menéndez Pidal de Navascués (comp.)]. Madrid: Fundación Histórica Tavera, DIGIBIS: Mapfre Mutualidad, 1998). The standard classic.

Mateu y Llopis, Felipe. 1964. Notas para el estudio de los orígines del sistema monetario español: Con antecedentes de la situación en Barcelona, Valencia y Mallorca. Numisma Vol. 14, no. 67 (March-April, 1964), p. 19-61. Mateu wrote extensively in the field.

Miles, George C. 1952. The coinage of the Visigoths of Spain: Leovigild to Achila II. Published in cooperation with the Hispanic Society of America, Hispanic Numismatic Series; monograph no. 2. New York: The American Numismatic Society. Still important, this work was the standard for the Visigothic coinage until recently.

Pliego Vásquez, Ruth. 2009. La moneda visigoda. Sevilla: Universidad de Sevilla. The latest, and most comprehensive catalog of Visigothic coins.

Todesca, James J. 1988. Money of account and circulating coins in Castile-León. Problems of medieval coinage in the Iberian area, vol. 3, p. 271-286. Santarém. -- 1988. The monetary history of Castile-León (ca. 1100-1300) in light of the Bourgey hoard. Museum notes 33, p. 129-203. American Numismatic Society.

14 Todesca worked on Medieval Iberian coinage while a student in the ANS Graduate Seminar.

Vico Monteoliva, Jesús, María Cruz Cores Gomendio and Gonzalo Cores Uría. 2006. Corpus nummorum visigothorum: ca. 575-714, Leovigildus-Achila. Madrid: Vico. A comprehensive type-catalog of coins intended primarily for the collector. In Spanish

Outremer Bedoukian, Paul Z. 1962. Coinage of Cilician Armenia. Numismatic notes and monographs, no.147. New York: American Numismatic Society. The best third of the late Bedoukian’s collection is today in the cabinet of the American Numismatic Society. He was the “dean” of Armenian numismatics.

Balog, Paul, and Jacques Yvon. 1964. Deux trésors de monnaies d'or des Croisés. Museum Notes 11, p. 295-302. New York: American Numismatic Society. Coins of Balog’s and Yvon’s fundamental study are in the collection of the American Numismatic Society. These coins are considered to be part of the Islamic department collection although some show clearly Christian motifs and legends.

Malloy, Alex G., and Irene Fraley Preston & A. J. Seltman. 1994. Coins of the Crusader states, 1098-1291: including the Kingdom of Jerusalem and its vassal states of Syria and Palestine, the Lusignan Kingdom of Cyprus (1192-1489), and the Latin Empire of Constantinople and its vassal states of Greece and the Archipelago. New York: Attic Books, 1994. Reprint ed., 2004. A useful reference, intended primarily for collectors.

Metcalf, David Michael. 1995. Coinage of the Crusades and the Latin East in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. 2nd (rev.) ed. Royal Numismatic Society, Special Publication no. 28. London: Royal Numismatic Society. The most definitive reference on Crusader and related coinages.

Schlumberger, Gustave. 1878-1882. Numismatique de l'Orient Latin. 2 vols. Paris. Reprint ed., Graz: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, 1954. The original classic for the coinages of Outremer.

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