THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF NUMISMATIC SOCIETIES 2017 CONGRESS Not from the Mint... Facsimiles, Fakes and Forgeries

THE CROWN HOTEL, HARROGATE 7th – 9th April 2017 WELCOME Eyup! Greetings! Tyke NumSoc is rightly chuffed t’welcome The Yorkshire Numismatic Society is thee t’coiners’ wapentake, but dassent blether delighted to welcome you to this Congress to BANS 2017 Harrogate – ‘tis grim in t’blathered dwinelands and us on Facsimiles, Fakes and Forgeries. Enjoy fugglin’ folks twang spade ‘shovel’. Hugger the open-hearted generosity and rich humour up, ‘tis addled to gang beyond t’thrang of northerners. Socialize and enjoy the an’ toity hafe of t’Crown baht minnin-on - enchantments of Harrogate, especially its On behalf of the officers of the British away, but Yorkshire pud, pomfret cakes and rhubarb pie. famous cafés and restaurants. Association of Numismatic Societies, every year Nesh claht ‘eads bah t’daggly keks, croodled The fashion conscious can take advantage welcome to the 2017 BANS Congress, the since (with the britches, gawky gallases, awfish brats an’ of the local haute couture, whether formal latest in a succession of events that has its exception of fettled coits ah wahned agin cliose loans or casual, and for the more adventurous, roots in the national Coin Day first held in 1986 when the a’gradely Dales, wuthering Pennines, mardy the picturesque landscapes of the Dales, May 1947, almost 70 years ago. UK hosted the York Moors, fretted Wolds, clarty vales, Pennines, Moors and Wolds are close to hand The first national numismatic congress was International middlin ginnels and mullocky snickets a’York. with historic York only a short journey away. that held in Bradford in May 1951 organised, Numismatic Straif an’ swaimish best up thasen! Members and visitors, enjoy your stay! then as now, by the Yorkshire Numismatic Congress) the Society. Its indefatigable president, Horace BANS Congress each Spring has allowed Tony Abramson Hird, coincidentally the city’s mayor collectors and students of Yorkshire Numismatic Society President that year, hosted a civic reception and to forget the turmoil of everyday life and inadvertently set the introductory tone for come together to enjoy coins in the spirit the majority of congresses staged ever since. of friendliness that has characterised past BANS itself was not founded until April events. 1953, when Hird, Edgar Winstanley and David Harkness became its senior officers. Peter Preston-Morley That Coronation year is like another world BANS President

The Yorkshire Numismatic Society and BANS would like to thanks all the advertisers in this brochure for their support. We would also like to thank the following organisations for their continuing sponsorship and support.

The The British Numismatic Society The UK Numismatic Trust The Royal Mint

The coin on the cover is a Viking imitation from the Vale of York hoard currently on display in the Yorkshire Museum. Image is © York Museums Trust (Yorkshire Museum).

2 THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF NUMISMATIC SOCIETIES 2017 CONGRESS THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF NUMISMATIC SOCIETIES 2017 CONGRESS 3 CONGRESS PROGRAMME

Friday 7th April 15.00 - 17.00 Registration 17.30 Assemble for dinner – Henry’s Bar www.dnw.co.uk 17.45 Formal welcome by BANS President Peter Preston-Morley 18.00 Dinner – Bronte Suite Britain’s Leading Specialist Auctioneers and Valuers 19.30 The Royal Mint Lecture - Chris Barker Coins, Tokens and Medals of all kinds, The New £1 Coin Orders, Decorations, Paper Money and Numismatic Books 20.30 Informal drinks sponsored by The Crown Hotel – Henry’s Bar

Saturday 8th April 08.50 Announcements – Thackwray Suite 09.00 Boring, Barbarous and Base: Recent Research on Irregular Radiates - Adrian Marsden 09.45 The Linecar Memorial Lecture - Vincent Drost Struck copies of tetrarchic nummi (AD 294-307) - overview of an unsung practice Elizabeth I, Milled coinage, Pattern Threepence, 1575, by Derek Antony, 10.30 Break – Bronte Suite sold for £14,400 in March 2016 11.00 The CNG Lecture - Tony Abramson Imitation and imitative ‘sceats’ 11.45 Filling the Void : The Danelaw imitations of the London monogram coinage of Alfred the Great - William MacKay 12.30 Buffet lunch – Bronte Suite 13.30 BANS AGM - Council only 14.00 Excursion to Ripon or free time – please read guidance on page 16 18.30 Assemble for dinner – Henry’s Bar 19.00 Conference Dinner with wine sponsored by Mark Rasmussen – Bronte Suite 21.00 Grand Raffle and Auction

Sunday 9th April 08.50 Announcements – Thackwray Suite 09.00 The UK Numismatic Trust Lecture - Phil Mernick Mostly made in Europe, medieval jettons used in Britain An average of 18 specialist auctions each year. 09.45 A numismatic history of the Civil War in Yorkshire - Tristan Griffin To consign material or for further information, please contact 10.30 Break – Bronte Suite Christopher Webb, Peter Preston-Morley or Jim Brown 11.00 York’s 17th Century tokens and their issuers - Melinda Mays 16 Bolton Street Mayfair 11.45 Baldwin’s of St James’s Lecture - Chris Comber DIX London W1J 8BQ England The Irish Harp Coinages of Henry 8th – the definitive and final version Telephone 020 7016 1700 12.30 Summary and close by YNS President Tony Abramson NOONAN Fax 020 7016 1799 12.45 Buffet lunch – Bronte Suite WEBB Email [email protected]

4 THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF NUMISMATIC SOCIETIES 2017 CONGRESS THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF NUMISMATIC SOCIETIES 2017 CONGRESS 5 CHRIS BARKER SPEAKERS The new £1 coin

Abstract - March 2017 will see the the introduction and development of launch of the new £1 coin and offers the existing round £1 coin in 1983, TONY ABRAMSON an opportunity to look back on its drawing out the similarities but also the development. The talk will examine differences between the two coins. Imitation and Imitative ‘Sceats’ the background behind the introduction of the new coin, how its distinctive 12 Biography - Chris Barker graduated worked at the Royal Mint Museum for sided, bi-metallic appearance came from the University of York in 2008 just over 5 years, regularly giving talks Abstract - As the early penny or sceat are the increase in fiat currency and the about, the problems of producing the with a BA in History before going to local societies and groups on the became more familiar to the Anglo- occurrence of iconographic ‘borrowing’ new coin and how the design was on to complete an MA in Cultural British coinage and the history of the Saxons in the late seventh century from the primary issues. The former chosen. It will contrast this against Heritage Management in 2011. He has Royal Mint. (primary phase), confidence in the is manifest in the decreasing intrinsic currency grew as an essential attribute value of the early penny, continuing the of the process of post-Roman re- evolution from the mid-seventh-century authorities, and the second, assuming monetization. Two characteristics of gold shilling. The latter carries through we know which issues were ‘official’ in this process in the secondary phase of two stages. The first is the emission such turbulent times, in the occurrence CHRIS COMBER early pennies in the early eighth century, of similar, imitative, issues by other of imitation unofficial issues. The The Irish Harp Coinages of Henry 8th – speaker explores the feasibility of making these fine distinctions in such a the definitive and final version varied coinage.

Biography - Tony Abramson has Abstract - Chris’s talk at the Congress Biography - Chris bought his first studied early Anglo-Saxon coinage will deal with the chronology of the hammered coin in August 1957 since the early 1990s. He has written a coinages of Henry VIII as well as the and for the last 59 years he has number of books on the topic, the most reason for their often over hurried specialised in every aspect of the purchased his first Henry VIII Irish recent of which reclassified the silver production. He will also discuss some coinages of Elizabeth I. In 1958 he harp groat. He describes himself as proto-pennies or ‘sceats’ issued from the known forgeries. The illustrated talk will ‘discovered’ Seaby’s and Bert Seaby an amateur as he is still 670s to the 750s south of the Humber be further enhanced by the delegates’ immediately nurtured his collecting employed as a consultant marine and well in to the ninth-century in the opportunity to handle actual specimens. interests. At about that time he claims adjuster. kingdom of Northumbria. There are more than 650 varieties of these tiny coins, rich in the iconography of the Conversion Period. Tony initiated the VINCENT DROST biennial international symposia in early medieval coinage and is editor of the Struck copies of tetrarchic nummi resultant publications. Tony qualified as a chartered accountant after graduating (AD 294-307): overview of an unsung practice in economics from the University of Lancaster in 1970. He spent the last 25 years of his career launching technology Abstract - The new bronze copies (prototypes, style, metrology, start-up companies but has recently denomination introduced by Diocletian etc.) will be discussed. Circulation retired to take a PhD in numismatics in c. AD 294, known as the nummus, and possible production areas will be at the Department of Archaeology, is a large and attractive silvered coin. investigated through provenances and University of York. Counterfeiters took advantage of it to die studies. Known find spots are mainly research associate at the Coin Cabinet produce both cast and struck copies. Western. According to both hoards - of the Bibliothèque nationale de France Whereas a couple of casting mints were such as the one recently found in Wold (2003-2012) and as a Project Curator at identified in Britain and in Normandy, Newton - and PAS single finds, Britain the British Museum (2014-2016). He very little is known about struck copies appears to be an especially prolific area. is currently collaborating with French which often remain unidentified. This archaeological units. He published paper aims at drawing attention to such Biography - Vincent Drost defended numerous papers on monetary history a practice. It relies on a corpus of more his PhD in History on the Coinage and coin finds. Besides, Vincent worked than 150 copies of heavy nummi (AD of Maxentius at University Paris 1 – as a secretary of the French Numismatic 294-307) from various origins (public Panthéon-Sorbonne in 2011 (published Society until 2014. He currently sales, private or public collections and in 2013). He specialised in Roman is one of the editors of the Revue finds). Distinctive features of these coin finds through his experience as a Numismatique.

6 THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF NUMISMATIC SOCIETIES 2017 CONGRESS THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF NUMISMATIC SOCIETIES 2017 CONGRESS 7 of St James’s TRISTAN GRIFFIN A numismatic history of the Civil War in Yorkshire We are now seeking consignments for our forthcoming auctions

Abstract - Yorkshire was fought over The royalist counter-offensive against extensively throughout the British Civil this attack ended in the battle of Marston Wars of the mid-seventeenth century, Moor, and the breaking of royalist power with sieges and pitched battles occurring in the North. Both of these campaigns throughout the county between royalist, can be traced using the deposits of covenanter, and parliamentarian troops. coinage throughout the county. A map of Biography - Tristan Griffin is a student 1643 and 1644 saw two large scale the hoards deposited between 1641-1643 currently at Sidney Sussex College, campaigns in the county. The first was shows a noticeable bias towards the west University of Cambridge, undertaking the royalist invasion of the largely riding, while coins deposited in 1644 are a History PhD on the fortifications of parliamentarian textile towns of the west clustered in the Vale of Mowbray, along Northern England in the civil wars. He riding. This royalist offensive, headed the covenanters’ line of march. Coins has studied the civil wars in Yorkshire by Lord-General Newcastle, the king’s not datable to any particular year in the for the past four years, completing commander in the north, decisively civil war are also clustered throughout undergraduate and master’s dissertations outnumbered their opponents and these two regions, with further deposits on the subject. An entire chapter of the succeeded in overrunning most of the extending into the Vale of York itself. latter project was devoted to the subject west riding. The second was the Scottish This demonstrates that the deposition of siege coinage in Yorkshire’s castle covenanters’ invasion of Northern of coinage was a normative response to garrisons. He also completed a BNS- England, which proceeded south through the societal and economic dislocation funded internship, working with the the Vale of Mowbray before linking up caused by the passage of large armies, Yorkshire museum’s civil war coinage with the armies of the parliamentarian and the danger of plundering or forced collection under the supervision of Dr Eastern Association in besieging York. financial contributions that they posed. Andrew Woods. Auction 3* - May 9: Islamic Coins and Medals Auction 4* - May 15: Ancient, British and World Coins Auction 5 - June 3: Argentum WILLIAM MACKAY Filling the Void : The Danelaw Imitations of the Auction 6 - June 21: 17th, 18th, 19th Century Tokens London Monogram coinage of Alfred the Great Auction 7 - September 2: Argentum

Auction 8 - September 20: Ancient, British and World Coins Abstract - In the late 870s the kingdom Wessex. Drawing on this, observations - September 21: Ancient, British and World Coins of Mercia was divided up with Danish will be made on how Danelaw imitations Auction 9 invaders taking control of much of its suggest the existence of now lost true Auction 10 - September 22: The Premier Sale eastern portion whilst Alfred, king of types, how the pattern of imitation Wessex, asserted over-lordship of the confirms the political and economic ninth-century coinages of Wessex and * Consignment deadline passed remainder including London from c.880. importance of London in the second half Mercia. These include The Coinage of At around this time a small but highly of the ninth-century and how imitative Aethelred I (2007) and The Lunettes distinctive issue of pence and halfpence and true coins circulated. Coinage of Alfred the Great (2008), were struck at London with a bust of which he co-authored. He is the author 0% commission on individual coins that sell for over £1000 Alfred on the obverse and a monogram Biography - William MacKay has been of The Coinage of Burgred of Mercia for LONDONIA on the reverse. These involved with numismatics for over 30 852-874 (2015). William has a degree were widely copied within the Danelaw years. In 2014, after seven years at Spink, in history from Durham University and There are no hidden costs, you get the entire hammer price! where they form the earliest issues after he set up his own business William is a member of the British, Royal and the Danish conquest. This paper will MacKay Numismatics, providing Cambridge Numismatic Societies. In For enquiries, catalogues and to consign please contact: focus on the Danelaw imitations of the independent advice and support to 2005 he was elected a member of the London monogram coinage looking collectors. He has published a number Society of Antiquaries. Contact wm@ Baldwin’s of St James’s Ltd. (Stephen Fenton) at how these copied the true issues of of papers in the BNJ which focus on the williammackaynumismatics.com 10 Charles II Street, London SW1Y 4AA Tel: +44 (0)20 7930 7888 Fax: +44 (0)20 7930 8214

8 THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF NUMISMATIC SOCIETIES 2017 CONGRESS THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF NUMISMATIC SOCIETIES 2017 CONGRESS 9 ADRIAN MARSDEN MELINDA MAYS Boring, Barbarous and Base: Recent York’s 17th century tokens and their issuers Research on Irregular Radiates Abstract - Tokens were issued in York proclamation of Charles II in August by nearly 70 individuals (predominantly 1672. This talk will centre on who the Abstract - The irregular imitations can be marshalled to suggest answers to men, but including three women) to issuers were and what can be found out – so-called Barbarous Radiates – at least some of these questions. Several plug the shortage of official coinage. about their lives and circumstances. We produced from the late 260s to the 280s minting sites have been identified from Unlike some other places of similar or are fortunate to have a wealth of written have generally been regarded with little various different forms of evidence. lesser size, there were no Corporation evidence in addition to the usual parish interest. Although they are becoming Metallurgical analyses on some been based in Norfolk. He is now issues. Denominations are mainly registers, hearth tax records and wills. co-edited with John Kent, and the increasingly popular with collectors, on irregular radiate material have revealed the Norfolk County Numismatist, halfpennies with a few farthings. The Catalogue of Late Roman Coins from this side of the Channel little academic that several different recipes were identifying and recording coin tokens represent many different trades Biography - After attending school Dumbarton Oaks (1992) co-authored research has been done on them in the involved in the production of the alloys finds from the county. His research and the issuers are mostly freemen in York, Melinda read Classics at with , as well as various last twenty or so years. used to make irregular radiates. They interests include (but are not limited of the City, with exceptions such as a Oxford, staying on for a doctorate on articles on Celtic and Roman coins, This is unfortunate since we still know suggest certain changes over time but, to) all aspects of the Roman Imperial baker ‘without Boutham Barr’ and a the Durotriges, with special reference to and 17th century tokens. Melinda is very little about this odd supplementary principally, the recycling of sestertii Coinage, particularly imitations, stationer living by the Minster in the their coinage. She returned to York as a member of the British and Royal coinage. There are many questions to and other elements of the aes coinage. Roman engraved gemstones, Roman Liberty of St Peter’s. The dated tokens Numismatist at the Yorkshire Museum Numismatic Societies. Now living in be answered. Who made it? Where was artefacts, particularly those with a are from 1665 – 1671, so it would (1986-1990). It was here that she Warwickshire, Melinda is joint Head of it made? What was it made from? How Biography - Adrian completed religious dimension, early medieval appear that York tokens had ended first discovered and started research Classics at a local independent school was it used? his Doctorate on ‘Roman Imperial coinage from East Anglia, and the production (though not necessarily on the 17th century tokens of York. and is continuing with ever expanding The author has been carrying out Portraiture and Propaganda on Coins, 17th century token series. His most circulation) by the time all such Published work includes volumes research for a book on York and its 17th research on metal detector assemblages Medallions and the Minor Arts recent publication is a catalogue of the tokens were officially banned by the 1-3 of BMC Celtic Coins (1991-4) century tokens. from Norfolk and elsewhere over the in the 3rd Century AD’ at Oxford Norwich Castle Museum’s collection of last few years and this new evidence University in 2001. Since 2002 he has 17th century Norfolk tokens.

PHIL MERNICK Mostly made in Europe, medieval jettons For all things numismatic . . . used in Britain

. . . read Coin News magazine every month Abstract - Specially struck jettons / Biography - Philip Mernick is a retired reckoning counters were used in Britain industrial chemist. He is a member of • News & views • Diary from the 13th until the 17th centuries the Bexley, British, London, and Royal and possibly even later. The earliest were Numismatic Societies and has been • Articles • Auction reports mostly made in England and France treasurer of the British for more than but other sources, especially Germany, fifteen years. He is chairman of The East medieval jettons and specialises in • Society • Up-to-date predominated in later years. The talk London History Society and collects those made in England during the 13th illustrates these changes and uses PAS tokens and medallions from that area: and 14th centuries. Having a retired noticeboard priceguide data (no maps you may be relieved to also the fake antiquities known as Billy computer programmer as a brother has hear) to show how Nuremberg came to & Charleys, which were made there enabled him to create on-line catalogues . . . and much much more! dominate the market. in the 1850s and 1860s. He collects of all of these collecting interests. CLAIM YOUR FREE SAMPLE COPY! Call 01404 46972

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10 THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF NUMISMATIC SOCIETIES 2017 CONGRESS THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF NUMISMATIC SOCIETIES 2017 CONGRESS 11 THE WOLD worked to identify each of the coins within the hoard. His painstaking work has allowed a precise date to be given to the hoard as well as a better understanding of how and when the NEWTON HOARD coins were removed from circulation. This detailed analysis and the careful By Andrew Woods, Curator of Numismatics, York Museums Trust removal of the coins from the vessel means that it can be suggested that the pot contained more than one parcel of currency. The Wold Newton Vessel and The coins themselves are almost coins from the hoard all nummi (folles) of the late-third and early-fourth century. They are currently covered in a green corrosion product but careful conservation work has revealed that their original silver surface remains in many cases. The hoard contains coins of each of the emperors of the Tetrarchy, when authority for rule was split between four emperors. This mixture of different emperors and coins from a range of mints is fairly typical of the circulating currency of the early-fourth century. The latest coin in the hoard, naming Constantine as Augustus From the museum’s perspective, the hoard has enormous significance for the region. The coins it contains link returning to York which was briefly to consolidate his own power. Over York to events that would reshape the an imperial centre. In July he died, the next two decades he would defeat history of the Empire. For example, the an event that is marked on a handful his rivals and re-unite the empire emperor Constantius spent the early of Wold Newton coins, struck to for the first time in nearly a century. part of 306 campaigning in Britain, commemorate the life of the recently Constantine changed the Roman deceased emperor. Empire forever. Through his toleration The two latest coins in the hoard allow and conversion to Christianity, he a date of early 308 to be suggested would also reshape the history of for its deposition. They Europe. name Constantius’ son, The Trust is relishing the opportunity to Constantine the Great, learn more about the hoard and to share York Museums Trust was pleased to be carefully concealed within a large as Augustus. This new understanding about the region’s able to add the Wold Newton hoard to ceramic vessel. Another piece of broken was a title which he Roman history with the public as part its numismatic collections in late 2016. pottery from a different vessel had been only received in of the hoard’s display. The hoard was discovered in September carefully placed on top, acting as a lid December 307. This important hoard was paid for by 2014 and declared treasure shortly to keep the coins safe. Crucially, David Constantine donations from hundreds of people afterwards. York Museums Trust had to resisted the temptation to empty out the was proclaimed from around the world. The funding raise £44,220 to fund this acquisition vessel, leaving all of the coins inside emperor in also included a grant of £10,000 from which was successfully achieved in the pot and reporting the hoard to the York following the Arts Council England/Victoria October 2016. The hoard is one of the Portable Antiquities Scheme. his father’s and Albert Museum Purchase Grant largest and most significant Roman Having been declared Treasure by death, but was Fund, a donation of £9981 from the hoards to be uncovered in Northern the coroner, the hoard was carefully challenged by American Friends of the Art Fund. Britain in recent years. It will be on uncovered in a laboratory at the British others. When the Richard Beleson (in honour of Roger display in the Yorkshire Museum, York Museum. The position of each coin was hoard was buried Bland) and Dr Marjorie Gardner and from the 1st of June 2017 to coincide logged as they were gradually removed Constantine was an the Late Professor Michael LG Gardner with the Eboracum Roman Festival. from the vessel. This makes it the emperor struggling also made generous contributions to The hoard was discovered by metal- best ‘excavated’ Tetrarchic hoard ever fundraising efforts. detectorist David Blakey near found and has already offered insights the village of Wold Newton, East into how the coins were accumulated. Coin struck following the All images are © York Museums Trust death of Constantius Yorkshire. He found 1858 roman coins, National Finds Advisor Vincent Drost (Yorkshire Museum)

12 THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF NUMISMATIC SOCIETIES 2017 CONGRESS THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF NUMISMATIC SOCIETIES 2017 CONGRESS 13 British Numismatic THE NORTHERN PRIMACY Trade by Tony Abramson, University of York

Association It’s always a pleasure to welcome fellow suggested that one of the legends started EP, suggest these were local donatives to the grim and wuthering with the word SANCTE. This has now commemorating his mass-baptisms. This north. While you indulge in your been completed by my colleague Mary places the York coinage at the forefront cappuccino in Betty’s and delight in the Garrison of York University and is in of the English series, contemporary with Buy in confidence from members of the British Numismatic Trade first blossoms of spring at Harlow Carr, liturgical style, being a nomina sacra Sutton Hoo (were it to be the burial of reflect on the beauty of the Yorkshire conveying a benediction on York or its Rædwald of East Anglia, d. c.624). Only Association—an association formed to promote the very highest standards Dales, Wolds, Moors and Pennines. Even king, SANCTE VIA DEUS EF – the the emissions of Eadbald of Kent could West Yorkshire thrives on its industrial last two letters being either a reference conceivably predate the York shillings, of professionalism in all matters involving members of the public in the sale archaeology. to York, Eoforwic, or conceivably to were these to have been issued under or purchaseMEMBERS of numismatic items. This leads me to a particular provocation Ecgfrith (664-85). the guidance of Paulinus’s episcopal in early medieval numismatics referred colleague Mellitus. to as the ‘Kentish Primacy’. A study The Northumbrian coinage is literate LONDON AREA CHESHIRE SUFFOLK of early northern coinage brings this from start to finish, while southern *A.H. Baldwin & Sons Ltd • www.baldwin.co.uk Colin Cooke • www.colincooke.com *Lockdale Coins Ltd • www.lockdales.com into perspective. At every stage of the shillings are rarely literate and the sceats *ArtAncient Ltd • www.artancient.com Mike R. Vosper Coins • www.vosper4coins.co.uk CORNWALL ATS Bullion Ltd • www.atsbullion.com evolution of coinage in the south, issuers seldom inscribed. Aldfrith was the Richard W Jeffery SURREY Beaver Coin Room • www.beaverhotel.co.uk Daniel Fearon • www.danielfearon.com were drawn to Continental precedent: first monarch to be named on the early Jon Blyth • www.jonblyth.com DEVON M. J. Hughes • www.gbgoldcoins.co.uk introducing the gold shilling based sceats. Furthermore, the first joint royal Bonhams incorporating Glendining’s Glenn S Ogden • www.glennogdencoins.com Kingston Coin Company on the tremissis, following both the and episcopal issues, that of siblings • www.bonhams.com DORSET • www.kingstoncoincompany.co.uk Merovingian transition from gold to Eadberht and Archbishop Ecgberht, were Arthur Bryant Coins Ltd • www.bryantcoins.com KMCC Ltd *Dorset Coin Co. Ltd • www.dorsetcoincompany.co.uk silver and the Carolingian adoption of the also Northumbrian. When Offa and his Keith Chapman • www.anglosaxoncoins.com Mark Rasmussen Numismatist • www.rascoins.com *Classical Numismatic Group Inc / Seaby Coins ESSEX broad flan denier/penny. On the face of contemporaries followed the precedent SUSSEX • www.cngcoins.com Time Line Originals • www.time-lines.co.uk it, Northumbria followed suit but recent of Pepin III in moving to a broader flan *Philip Cohen Numismatics • www.coinheritage.co.uk John Newman Coins • www.johnnewmancoins.com GLOUCESTERSHIRE re-assessment of the northern evolution coinage, this marked the first point of The Coin Cabinet Ltd • www.thecoincabinet.co.uk TYNE AND WEAR Silbury Coins Ltd • www.silburycoins.com Andre de Clermont • www.declermont.com *Corbitts Ltd • www.corbitts.com presents a different picture. departure from the north. Perhaps Offa’s *Dix Noonan Webb • www.dnw.co.uk As we now know, Continental gold light coinage was insufficiently different HAMPSHIRE WARWICKSHIRE Christopher Eimer • www.christophereimer.co.uk Studio Coins • www.studiocoins.net coinage was re-introduced to England, to cause the north to follow. By the time Harrow Coin & Stamp Centre *Peter Viola *Victory Coins *Warwick & Warwick Ltd not after any prolonged ‘Dark Age’ that the heavier penny was introduced, *Knightsbridge Coins West Essex Coin Investments C. J. Martin (Coins) Ltd • www.antiquities.co.uk • www.warwickandwarwick.com but probably less than a century after But it is the interpretation of the other the Vikings had launched a destructive Paul Menzies Ltd • www.paulmenziesltd.com HERTFORDSHIRE WEST MIDLANDS the Patching hoard, dated to c.470CE. legend that challenges conventional early attack on Lindisfarne which was noted for Nigel Mills • www.nigelmills.net DRG Coins and Antiquities *Atkinsons Coins and Bullion The Crondall hoard has been seen Anglo-Saxon numismatic chronology. its cultural wealth (793). The consequent Morton & Eden Ltd • www.mortonandeden.com • www.drgcoinsantiquities.com • www.atkinsonsbullion.com conventionally as containing the first, Bearing in mind that engravers were economic devastation was manifest in Numismatica Ars Classica • www.arsclassicacoins.com K B Coins • www.kbcoins.com *Birmingham Coins Physical Gold Ltd • www.physicalgold.co.uk David Miller David Craddock crude attempts, to mint local coinage. probably of poor literacy but must produce the loss of commercial confidence that Predecimal.com incorporating David Seaman • www.davidseamancoins.co.uk Paul Davis Birmingham Ltd a die in mirror-image, it is not surprising underwrote the North Sea trade. A third of Rotographic Publications • www.predecimal.com KENT *Format of Birmingham Ltd that even in the literate north, letters are a century was to elapse before Eanred had Roma Numismatics Ltd • www.romanumismatics.com London Coins • www.londoncoins.co.uk YORKSHIRE sometimes inverted or reversed. Bearing sufficient confidence to return to minting Simmons Gallery • www.simmonsgallery.co.uk *Peter Morris • www.petermorris.co.uk Airedale Coins • www.airedalecoins.co.uk *Sovereign Rarities Ltd this in mind, my reading of the other York the sceat, probably in the late 820s, AMR Coins • www.amrcoins.com *Spink & Son Ltd • www.spink.com LEICESTERSHIRE legend as PAULINUS EP(ISCOPUS), but, following his submission to King Paul Clayton Surena Ancient Art & Numismatic Hall’s Hammered Coins •www.hallshammeredcoins.com Paul Davies first bishop of York, 627-33, requires Ecgberht of Wessex at Dore in 829, there The London Coin Company Ltd MONMOUTHSHIRE *Paul Dawson York Ltd no suspension of disbelief (unlike the may have been a further decade-long • www.thelondoncoincompany.com Anthony M. Halse • www.coinsandtokens.com WALES Eadberht of Kent shilling). Arguably as disruption to minting before the issue of AVON Lloyd Bennett • www.coinsofbritain.com Saltford Coins • www.saltfordcoins.com NORFOLK early as 624, Paulinus had accompanied Eanred’s revolutionary widow’s mite – the *BucksCoins • www.buckscoins.com *North Wales Coins Ltd Æthelburg, sister of Eadbald of Kent, to styca – the second point of departure. The BEDFORDSHIRE *Roderick Richardson • www.roderickrichardson.com Colin Rumney Simon Monks • www.simonmonks.co.uk York to marry Edwin, who first had to be denomination was now low enough for Chris Rudd • www.celticcoins.com SCOTLAND BERKSHIRE baptized and converted. The issue could the common peasant to use to pay for his *Scotmint Ltd • www.scotmint.com *Douglas Saville Numismatic Books NOTTINGHAMSHIRE well commemorate Edwin’s commitment daily needs - and willingly to surrender History in Coins • www.historyincoins.com • www.douglassaville.com IRELAND to rebuild the wooden church of St. Peter as church dues for the redemption of Ormonde Coins • www.ormondecoins.com BUCKINGHAMSHIRE OXFORDSHIRE However, despite Humphrey Sutherland in York in stone. his sole. No wonder such large hoards – *Richard Gladdle • [email protected] Charles Riley • www.charlesriley.co.uk condemning the York gold shilling as Moreover, the distribution of the Hexham, Bolton Percy and St Leonard’s - CAMBRIDGESHIRE SHROPSHIRE being ‘quite devoid of sense’, recent uninscribed varieties of the York shilling, accumulated! The styca is no longer to be Den of Antiquity International Ltd M. Veissid & Co • www.veissid.com Those members with a retail • www.denofantiquity.co.uk premises are indicated with an* endeavours to understand the two legends being more focussed around York, imply denigrated but recognised as a landmark on some of the York coins have borne these are earlier, whereas the widespread achievement of full monetization in the For a free Membership Directory please send a stamped addressed envelope to: fruit. In March 2015, Jonathan Mann findspots of those inscribed PAULINUS north. 14 THEGeneral BRITISH Secretary, ASSOCIATION BNTA, 3 Unwin OF NUMISMATIC Mansions, Queen’s SOCIETIES Club 2017 Gardens, CONGRESS THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF NUMISMATIC SOCIETIES 2017 CONGRESS 15 London W14 9TH Tel: 07799 662181 Email: secretary@.net www.bnta.net Arguments for the Defence SATURDAY Governmental incompetence, intertia and corruption were rife during the Age of Reason. Were the inventive and entrepreneurial folk of Yorkshire AFTERNOON justified in taking advantage of this? Monetary Arguments The Government was responsible for the overvaluation of gold in terms of EXCURSION silver at 15:1. The demand for gold was maintained as the note issue, increasing with the proliferation of provincial banks to service growing Ripon and the Mock Trial industrialisation, was backed by gold. In the period 1717 to 1760, £24.5m was coined in gold and just over £1m Ripon is located at the confluence of indefatigable Saint Wilfrid during in silver. two tributaries of the River Ure, the the time of the Anglian Kingdom of The copper production was also Laver and Skell. The city is noted for Northumbria, a period during which it severely limited. Minting capacity its main feature, Ripon Cathedral which enjoyed religious prominence. Wilfred was inadequate and inefficient and is architecturally significant, as well as founded St Peter’s in 658 and later determining output was not perceived the Ripon Racecourse and other features became Archbishop of York when he was as the Mint’s responsibility. The such as its market. The city itself is just granted land – the Liberty of Ripon - by period of building projects under the Government seemed incapable or over 1,300 years old and is now the third King Alhfrith. Plantagenets, the city emerged with an unwilling to recognise the importance smallest city in England. It was for a period under Viking control important textile industry but would of small change in lubricating the The city was originally known as but later suffered during the Norman later remain largely unaffected by the ever-increasing volume of transactions Inhrypum and was established by the ‘Harrying of the North’. After a brief Industrial Revolution. The Courthouse consequent upon the Industrial driven out. As the bullion price of Walter’s salary was paid into his bank! will be the setting for the show trial based Revolution. By the middle of the gold remained above the mint price it In 1774 a gold recoinage on the ‘Yorkshire Coiners’ which will eighteenth century, the copper coinage was only when the Bank of England commenced. Old gold was replaced take place at the end of the afternoon. consisted largely of foreign coins, needed to sustain the convertibility by weight so that the holder stood the First the group will divide into two, and base counterfeits. Effectively, of its note issue that it bought gold loss. The public perception of the gold alternating visits to the cathedral and the the copper coinage was reduced to a bullion, at a loss, for the Mint to coinage was that if worn, and therefore Police and Prison Museum. The Police fiduciary basis by the preponderance recoin. Unfortunately, whatever was underweight, guineas were tolerated and Prison Museum in St Marygate of base coins, tokens and counterfeits. minted during the day was melted by then it was permissible to diminish to served Ripon as the House of Correction It rested on trust, that a token of night. a similar extent, by filing and clipping, for Vagrants (1686-1816), Liberty value would suffice as long as it The Government failed to understand any new coinage put into circulation. Prison (1816-1878) and Police Station was generally acceptable. Copper the mistakes of the 1696 silver There seemed no dishonour or (1887-1956). The Museum, first opened was not legal tender for some types recoinage and stubbornly adhered to discredit in this and very little danger in 1984, reopened in 2004 following a of transactions and many Members John Locke’s principle that the mint as the tools were readily to hand and complete refurbishment. of Parliament held base currency in price was immutable. The Government easily disguised. There was no risk in The building did not lie empty for contempt. remained reluctant to rectify the passing off such diminished currency long as in 1887 when the Ripon City The deficiency in small change overvaluation of gold. By the 1740’s particularly as its milling was restored Police Force was amalgamated into the was compensated for by growth of the majority of gold in circulation and the public was insufficiently West Riding Constabulary it became the personal credit. Wages were often paid consisted of Portuguese moidores. familiar with gold coinage to recognise Police Station for Ripon. The local force infrequently and to groups rather than Fractional moidores compensated for the deception. had occupied their own Police Station individuals so that larger denomination the lack of silver. Economic Arguments and Lock Up in Kirkgate prior to their coinage could be used. Some firms Sir Isaac Newton was Master of the The Halifax-Huddersfield-Rochdale demise. paid ‘in kind’ or by use of tokens only Mint from 1699 to 1727. However, area suffered a severe slump of the The groups will reunite at the Court valid at the Company’s shop. Such after his departure the Mint was 1760’s due to narrow specialisation House for the mock trial. The full story abuses were eventually outlawed by ineffectual in its operations and in the manufacture of kersey - used of the Yorkshire Coiners was told in various Truck Acts. appointments become sinecures. A in military uniforms and clothing for The Yorkshire Numismatist by Tony There had been no recoinage of the typical example is that of Warden the poor. The result was severe cash Abramson and an abridged version is gold currency since the 1690’s and Sir Walter James James who never shortage in the West Riding, which included later in this brochure. In addition what was in circulation was worn and appeared at the Mint but drew a encouraged local ‘diminishing’. Tony has kindly produced the following underweight. Gresham’s law applied: regular salary and employed a clerk Characteristic of this local coining notes so that we can all understand and any new gold circulating at the same at the Mint, at £100pa, whose chief was the wide participation in participate in the proceedings. face value as worn gold was quickly role seems to have been to ensure Sir clipping and in lending material to

16 THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF NUMISMATIC SOCIETIES 2017 CONGRESS THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF NUMISMATIC SOCIETIES 2017 CONGRESS 17 be clipped. Many people held the as licence to continue. If the Mint Legal Arguments grievance that though taxed they were Solicitor exceeded this annual limit The judiciary was incompetent and disenfranchised. The mastermind in pursuing coiners he would get no sometimes corrupt. For example, behind the coiners was ‘King’ recompense whatever and would have Halifax had two unpaid constables, David Hartley who controlled a to bear the whole expense personally. two deputies (paid by the constables) substantial workforce and a network Fountaine Cooke, Solicitor from 1748 and one night watchman. The nearest of workshops. to 1755, was thus forced into personal magistrate was in Bradford. Law Recompense for providing the raw bankruptcy. Desperate merchants in enforcement was typically based material was of course in diminished the grip of recession needed no clearer on informers who could earn a £40 coin. Twenty shillings would be given an invitation to abuse. reward and a ‘Tyburn Ticket’ for for the use of twenty guineas for two The prevalent cash shortage successful prosecution. These excused hours. As the perceived benefits were necessitated local merchants travelling the holder from local taxes and were so considerable and the apparent harm far afield to bring in coin for wages. often auctioned by deputy constables. negligible the activity enjoyed popular This now provided a channel for In December 1769 Joseph Hanson, one support throughout all social strata. gathering raw material. The major of Halifax’s two Deputy Constables, THE YORKSHIRE Indeed, the practice may have seemed workshops were able to act as banks was charged with coining. His escape virtuous in increasing the coin supply to merchants by accepting their from custody might imply both guilt with good gold rather than base metal. Bills of Exchange which could be and conspiracy. The Mint’s impotency in supporting discounted in London for full weight a proper coin supply lent legitimacy gold. Many of the affluent local Arguments for the COINERS to diminishing and the lack of merchants took advantage of this Prosecution government action could be seen ‘banking’ facility. Legal Arguments It was a capital offence to clip the By Tony Abramson coinage of the realm but counterfeiting foreign coinage was not a capital offence. A common practise was Governmental incompetence, inertia was recoined out of c.£5.5m received in responsibility. The Government seemed to recoin guineas as moidores (and and corruption were rife during the Age diminished money - a 50% loss! incapable or unwilling to recognise their fractions) as this produced an of Reason. The Great Recoinage was, in reality, the importance of small change in immediate profit of 30% on face value. Were the inventive and entrepreneurial a fiasco. New coin was immediately lubricating the ever-increasing volume Join the Royal Numismatic Society! At this time, a felon could be folk of Yorkshire justified in taking hoarded or melted for export. As long as of transactions consequent upon the ! executed for stealing goods worth as The Royal Numismatic Society welcomes everyone with an interest in advantage of this? the bullion price of silver exceeded the Industrial Revolution. Copper was little as thirteen pence. numismatics - from students to specialist researchers. Our members are mint price insufficient metal would be not legal tender for some types of collectors, curators, dealers and students who welcome the chance to share Moral Arguments brought to the Mint. As long as the ratio transactions and many Members of and learn from others.! Hartley was contemptuous of The Background In England between 1661 and 1700 the of precious metals was out of balance Parliament held base currency in ! the authority vested in the local Founded in 1836, as The Numismatic Society of London, the RNS today is ratio of silver to gold did not fall below with our trading partners, the specie contempt, what was in circulation government officials. international in outlook. Our lectures and publications cover the whole 15:1. Only in Spain and Portugal, where flow would continue to destabilise. being in poor condition, supplemented world, and our members are drawn from across the world too.! Economic Arguments silver flowed in from the Americas, was What gold was in circulation in by counterfeits. Relief came from the ! Bankers and suppliers lost confidence the ratio higher. In the Orient, the ratio the eighteenth century was worn mass production of commercial tokens The RNS holds monthly lectures between October and June at the Warburg in local merchants who were no longer Institute, London (close to Euston Station and Russell Square Tube was around 9:1. This overvaluation and underweight. There had been no appositely engraved: ‘to facilitate considered trustworthy and were not Station), and these are open to everyone. If you are thinking of becoming a of gold in England ensured that silver recoinage of the gold currency since trade’, ‘pro bono publico’, ‘may trade member, why not come along to one of our lectures? They take place on the trusted to honour bills of exchange in flowed outward and gold inward. the 1690’s and Gresham’s law applied: flourish’, ‘for change not fraud’, ‘for third Tuesday of the month. Check the website for details. ! fair value. The costs of the silver recoinage any new gold circulating at the same general convenience’ and ‘as a Remedy ! Debasement of the gold in circulation Members enjoy a number of benefits:! exercise of 1696-9 were significant, face value as worn gold was quickly against the Shortage of Change’, etc. had debilitating international Monthly lectures covering diverse topics - a great way to learn! especially as an inducement had to be removed. As the bullion price of gold By the 1740’s the majority of gold repercussions. 25% off the Society’s publications - international in scope! remained above the mint price it in circulation consisted of Portuguese The Numismatic Chronicle - the Society’s peer-reviewed journal! paid to persuade people to bring silver Christmas and Summer parties! to the mint as the bullion price of silver was only when the Bank of England moidores. Fractional moidores In reality… was above the mint price. This proved needed to sustain the convertibility compensated for the lack of silver. This ! The coiners were vigorously pursued The RNS also awards grants and funds for researchers in numismatics. For the fatal flaw in the recoinage scheme of its note issue that it bought gold gold stayed in circulation as it was more information and the membership application form, visit the RNS by the local Supervisor of Taxes as new coin would always be melted as bullion, at a loss, for the Mint to recoin. overvalued compared to the bullion website and Facebook page.! William Deighton. In the event, their long as this situation prevailed. Unfortunately, whatever was minted price. ! prosecution was as much about their www.numismatics.org.uk! The imposition of the Window Tax to during the day was melted by night. In 1774 a gold recoinage commenced. callous and brutal murder of Deighton www.facebook.com/pages/Royal-Numismatic-Society ! cover the costs of the exercise did not In the period 1717 to 1760, £24.5m Old gold was replaced by weight so as about their counterfeiting. On fully recognise that the true cost was the was coined in gold and just over £1m in that the holder stood the loss and the arrest, one perpetrator, Robert Thomas, replacement of diminished silver, until silver. The copper production was also Government stood the unpopularity! implicated himself by identifying as late 1696, by tale, not weight. Truly severely limited. Minting capacity was Measures restricted the importation his, the heavy boots whose broad-head new pots for old! In the period February inadequate and inefficient -determining of light silver and, most importantly, studs were impressed on the lifeless to December 1696, c.£2.7m of silver output was not perceived as the Mint’s restricted silver as legal tender to £25 face of the unfortunate Deighton.

18 THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF NUMISMATIC SOCIETIES 2017 CONGRESS THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF NUMISMATIC SOCIETIES 2017 CONGRESS 19 by tale and, above this, by weight worsted manufacturing, especially of have seemed virtuous in increasing the William lived in an austere, millstone- Hanson, one of Halifax’s two Deputy the fate of the industrious Deighton. only, at a discounted rate. The mint coarse kersey, used in military uniforms coin supply with good gold rather than grit cottage, Bell House, with his Constables, was charged with coining. Isaac ‘Duke of York’ Hartley called price of gold remained ahead of the and clothing for the poor. The rival base metal. The Mint’s impotency in younger sons, Isaac, then 29, and His escape from custody might imply a meeting at what is now the Dusty bullion price virtually to the end of the Norwich kersey trade had a largely supporting a proper coin supply lent William, 27. Even at this time people both guilt and conspiracy! Miller in Mytholmroyd. With the century so that the new gold remained domestic market compared to the legitimacy to diminishing and the lack remarked on the relative prosperity Incidental to this was the confusion encouragement of Thomas Clayton, in circulation. However, in the final West Riding area which was reliant on of government action gave licence to of the family. With the assistance over the legal status of gold coins. It Hartley proposed to silence Deighton quarter of the century silver was much exports. continue. Desperate merchants in the of his ‘hedge solicitor’ David was high treason to coin English gold for good and volunteers were sought diminished again, having suffered little During the Seven Year War (1756-63), grip of recession needed no clearer an Greenwood, Hartley was gradually but this did not extend to moidores for this murderous task. Matthew loss since the beginning of the century. a European conflict in which England invitation to abuse. erecting a sophisticated organisation to or the possession of clippings. More Normanton (‘Normington’) and Robert But silver now played a subsidiary, if and France had vied for territorial At this time, a felon could be executed disseminate his nefarious trade. significantly the legal requirement, Thomas (‘Thommis’) were open to not token, role so that diminution was control in North America, trade for stealing goods worth as little as Curiously, Halifax had provided the introduced during the recoinage of Thomas Spencer’s persuasion in the not of great consequence. At this time, had flourished. However, no ‘peace thirteen pence. However, this harsh first written account of coining when, silver, to cut and withdraw counterfeit form of the promise of a hundred- the gold in circulation was worth £26m dividend’ benefited the West Riding. regime must be viewed in the context on 6th December 1499, one William silver did not extend to gold. guinea inducement on completion of the compared to a mere £2m in silver. Indeed, with the narrow specialisation, of inadequate law enforcement. For Burnley, a ‘flesher’, sought sanctuary. Magistrates were quite willing to use task. As ‘coining’ in gold was a capital compounded by difficulties in the North example, Halifax had two unpaid However, the scale of operation planned the full force of law for lesser crimes Deighton had spent Thursday 9th offence, no less than High Treason, American market, the slump of the constables, two deputies (paid by the by Hartley was quite extraordinary but must have felt inhibited by the death November 1769 settling a difficult judges and magistrates demanded the 1760’s hit hard. constables) and one night watchman. and is signified by the appellation penalty for coining gold and therefore property dispute and was probably highest standards of evidence, although The result was severe cash shortage The nearest magistrate was in Bradford. ‘King David’ and his royal brothers, demanded the highest evidential feeling pleased with himself returning the law did not necessarily require this. in the West Riding and in 1765 the Law enforcement was typically based Isaac ‘Duke of York’ and William standards. They would have better home late on this bright frosty evening More prejudicial to the efficacy of the first reports of a new trade, replacing on informers who could earn a £40 ‘Duke of Edinburgh’. In 1769 the daily served the public by imprisoning gold to his wife’s hot supper. He was law was the Mint Solicitor’s personal the traditional textile industry, were reward and a ‘Tyburn Ticket’ for throughput at Bell House alone was counterfeiters for lesser crimes. contemptuous of the cowardly coiners responsibility for staying within his received. The so-called ‘yellow trade’ successful prosecution. These excused 100 guineas and it is thought there Diminishing was not a victimless and probably took few precautions prosecutions budget. In 1742 the described widespread clipping and the holder from local taxes and were were three other workshop enterprises, crime. By the late 1760’s as the to protect himself from attack. As budget was raised from £400 to £600. coining activity with some novel often auctioned by deputy constables! eight to ten gangs operating and a standard to which a coin might be Deighton approached home, Robert However, if the Mint Solicitor exceeded features. Yellow counterfeits were Diminishing was insidious within the total workforce of some 200 coiners in reduced grew from one shilling per Thomas rose from behind a gate, this annual limit in pursuing coiners exclusively full quality gold, not region but the area of greatest activity Cragg Vale. Ultimately 40% of coining guinea to five, and as the gold was took aim and fired. His gun jammed. he would get no recompense whatever base or mixed. Initially they were was clearly defined by the kersey prosecutions arose from this small drawn in from ever widening sources, Deighton’s reprieve was momentary. and would have to bear the whole simply ‘heavy’ (i.e.: full weight) trade. There were still opportunities district. the financial credibility of the region The aim of Matthew Normanton’s expense personally. Fountaine Cooke, coins ‘diminished’, by clipping, to the for itinerant counterfeiters but the was undermined nationally. The larger weapon was true and a lead bullet Solicitor from 1748 to 1755, was thus typical weight of currently circulating, better-quality counterfeits came out of William Deighton manufacturers, trading beyond the local penetrated deep behind Deighton’s left forced into personal bankruptcy. What predominantly worn, gold coins. The permanent workshops, which were well The local Excise Supervisor, William boundaries found their creditworthiness ear. Not content, the murderers then greater disincentive could there be for cash shortage in this region probably protected. As counterfeiting foreign Deighton (‘Dighton’), born in 1717, so adversely affected that they were attacked the body mercilessly with launching an effective prosecution? caused local gold to be clipped coinage was not a capital offence a was a forthright, determined and forced to form an Association for their gun butts and heavy boots. Before In summary, during the eighteenth relatively heavily. There was no common practise was to recoin guineas tenacious man. In 1765 he attempted Prosecuting Diminishers of the Coin making off across the fields to meet up century, despite Great Britain’s alternative but to accept underweight as Portuguese moidores (and their a prosecution of a man from Turvin in October 1769, but their agents with Clayton, Normanton plundered the leadership in the Industrial Revolution, coinage in the absence of Mint activity fractions) as this produced an immediate Valley, and the failure, for lack of provocateurs were ineffectual. body. its official copper, silver and gold to prevent this. profit of 30% on face value. evidence, encouraged the coiners rather At a similar time, William Deighton The headstrong coiners had not currencies were in a parlous state. How Many people held the grievance than providing the deterrent Deighton refused to accept diminished coin in properly considered the likely did an enterprising and sometimes that though taxed, they were not The Cragg Vale Coiners had sought. The harsh evidential payment of taxes. He decided to use consequences of their precipitate desperate public cope with, and enfranchised. They were easily seduced In late 1765, David Hartley, 36, having requirements prevented any further the coiners own tactics of bribery actions. The Association for Prosecuting occasionally exploit, this governmental by the simplicity, and seemingly served his ironworking apprenticeship indictments of Turviners until 1769. The and deception to bring prosecutions Diminishers of the Coin urged effective incompetence? harmless act, of diminishing the in Birmingham, returned with his wife tools of the trade were easily disguised against the coiners believing that capital governmental intervention. On 14th Having set the macro-economic and coinage; there was wide participation Grace, 25 and in her first pregnancy, to as legitimate tools of the textile industry punishment for Hartley would be a November 1769, Lord Weymouth, Lord legal background, let us now turn to in clipping and in lending material to the isolated farm of William Hartley, and the isolation of the Turvin Valley strong and quick deterrent. Deighton of the Treasury, wrote to the Marquis the circumstances surrounding the be clipped. Recompense for providing his widowed father, in Turvin Valley. and lack of a Judiciary in situ foiled would often ride alone over the moors of Rockingham, Lord Lieutenant and Yorkshire Moneyers. the raw material was of course in This was on the remote, rugged moors legal measures. Risking personal seeking to surprise coiners at work. He Vice Admiral of Yorkshire and a former diminished coin. Twenty shillings of Cragg Vale above Mytholmroyd, bankruptcy to pursue due process plotted entrapment, but was undone Whig Prime Minister, urging immediate The Kersey Trade would be given for the use of twenty five miles to the west of Halifax. He provided too potent a disincentive to by his foolhardy contempt for the action, a royal pardon to informants The landscape of the Halifax- guineas for two hours. As the perceived returned with more knowledge than the Mint Solicitor. Moreover, popular these hardened criminals. The wealthy (‘except the person who actually shot Huddersfield-Rochdale area did not benefits were so considerable and the simple ironmongery and may well support, if not active participation, merchants using Hartley as a banking the said Mr. Dighton’) and offering favour agriculture and with growing apparent harm negligible, the activity have been hiding himself in this lonely further obstructed due process. This operation did withdraw their custom but a reward of one hundred pounds for industrialisation, this populous area enjoyed popular support throughout all Brontë landscape to evade accusations participation included officers of ‘King’ David had tolerated enough. He the apprehension of the murderers. become increasingly dependent on social strata. Indeed, the practice may of coining in the Midlands. the law; in December 1769 Joseph called a meeting of coiners to determine Weymouth offered the support of troops

20 THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF NUMISMATIC SOCIETIES 2017 CONGRESS THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF NUMISMATIC SOCIETIES 2017 CONGRESS 21 Greek,Greek,Greek, Roman, Roman,Roman, Byzantine, Byzantine,Byzantine, World, World,World, & & British British Coins CoinsCoins WWW.CNGCOINS.COMWWW.CNGCOINS.COMWWW.CNGCOINS.COM and a local solicitor added a hundred lined the street and some wept openly. through a late session of Parliament in •• • AA A User-FriendlyUser-Friendly User-Friendly Website WebsiteWebsite For ForFor Historical Historical Coins Coins • •• pounds to the reward. The narrow, cobbled incline, known as July extending to gold the 1698 ruling Rockingham was most enthusiastic The Buttress, leading up to Heptonstall that deficient silver must be cut and in accepting this challenge but felt was a tortuous five hundred-foot climb withdrawn. This was implemented by that the presence of troops would be for the cortege. One can imagine the Collectors of Revenue at a local level. counter-productive. He was keen to lowering clouds casting gloom over this The yellow trade soon ceased. The gross bolster his parliamentary position and miserable scene. Hartley’s headstone delay in enacting this obvious and tried THETHE COIN COIN SHOP SHOP was not intimidated by the climate of in the churchyard is simply marked mechanism was due to the government’s 400-500THE400-500 COIN coins coins availableSHOP available – –new new stock stock added added regularly regularly bribery and widespread popularity of ‘DH 1770’ and represents an unusual fear of recoining following the previous 400-500 coins available – new stock added regularly the coiners. He dismissed their ruthless privilege in view of the description disaster when holders of deficient ELECTRONICELECTRONIC AUCTIONS AUCTIONS behaviour and proclaimed that proper in the church register: ‘1770 May 1st silver received full face value in new 500-600500-600 lot lot auctions auctions every every two two weeks weeks application of the perfectly adequate David Hartley of Bell House in the coins. Following the subsequent flight ELECTRONIC AUCTIONS criminal laws would prevail. township of Erringdon, hanged by the of silver a heavy tax burden (including 500-600 lot auctions every two weeks By mid-November, the Leeds Mercury neck near York for unlawfully stamping the Window Tax) was levied to recover PRINTEDPRINTED AUCTIONS AUCTIONS was reporting the apprehension of and clipping public coin. the costs of this fateful exercise. On ExcellencePRINTEDExcellence in in AUCTIONScataloging, cataloging, photography, photography, & & presentation presentation perpetrators. Robert Thomas implicated The trial of Normanton and Thomas this occasion the government decided ViewView and and bid bid on on our our current current printed printed sale sale Excellence in cataloging, photography, & presentation himself by identifying as his, the heavy at the Autumn Assizes at York, on 4th not to compensate holders of gold for ViewView prices prices realized realized boots whose broadhead studs were August 1770, descended to near farce in any deficiency but feared the political View and bid on our current printed sale impressed on the face of the unfortunate view of their contradictory statements. consequences. View prices realized Deighton. He was incarcerated in York Their acquittal persuaded many coiners Over the next four years £16.5m of BOOKBOOK LIST LIST Castle where ‘King’ David was also to return to their families from hiding gold was withdrawn and recoined. ImportantImportant numismatic numismatic titles titles offered offered for for sale sale confined. and recommence, on a reduced scale, Depression returned to the kersey BOOK LIST On the 26th November Rockingham their illicit activities. area and did not lift until the demand SEARCHImportantSEARCH numismaticENGINE ENGINE titles offered for sale despatched a letter to all the dignitaries Robert Thomas was found guilty recovered with the need for materiel and merchants of the region extolling of highway robbery on 25th July and for the American War of Independence. SearchSearch all all coins coins for for sale sale ‘Great Zeal and Activity’ in overcoming sentence to hang on 6th August 1774 at Theft, plating and base counterfeiting SEARCH ENGINE this ‘dangerous and villainous practice’ Tyburn. his body was taken to Beacon all increased in the area during this CREATESearchCREATE all coinsA A WANT WANT for sale LIST LIST and in inviting them to a meeting on the Hill, Halifax where is was suspended recession. Without the misperceived A Acustomizable customizable tool tool – –receive receive advanced advanced 28th when he addressed the gathering from a gibbet. Normanton remained at benefits of the yellow trade these notificationnotification on on new new coins coins with a great sense of theatre. He exhorted liberty on bail as both his sureties were activities were properly punished. CREATE A WANT LIST them to greater dedication in eradicating themselves imprisoned! At the Spring Even today, outright condemnation of A customizable tool – receive advanced this evil and through force of character Assizes at York on 18th March 1775 he the yellow traders must be contextually RESEARCHRESEARCH enthused them to take up the campaign. was sentenced, in his absence, to hang. qualified. An apologist would claim that ResearchnotificationResearch over over on 225,000 225,000new coins coins coins sold sold for for In January 1770, heavy penalties Rockingham’s efforts ultimately they showed initiative and enterprise nearlynearly $200,000,000 $200,000,000 for coining, melting and transporting proved fruitless against this organised in difficult economic conditions. RESEARCH bullion were imposed including the crime. The intimidatory effect of It certainly is true that the Mint’s HISTORICALHISTORICAL ARTICLES ARTICLES branding of the letter ‘R’ on the cheek. Deighton’s murder on prospective complacency in allowing diminished Research over 225,000 coins sold for Powers of search and arrest were witnesses, the insidious spread of specie to circulate provided both the OvernearlyOver 400 400$200,000,000 informative informative articles articles on on coins coins extended. All this activity proved coining throughout society, over precedent and the opportunity. It could successful if only through the continued dependence on informers in the absence be argued that the authorities provided JoinJoin over over 15,000 15,000 registered registered users users absence of the menfolk fearing arrest. of adequate law enforcement and the the means and motive as well! The andHISTORICALand 100,000 100,000 monthly monthly ARTICLES visitors visitors By the York Assizes of late March burden of evidential proof were too great government’s crass failure to master Over 400 informative articles on coins 1770, 27 stood accused on capital an obstacle. Rockingham had made the the economics of bimetallic imbalance charges. On the 2nd April King David heroic but tragically flawed assumption could have proved catastrophic to Join over 15,000 registered users was sentenced to be executed. Two that the yellow trade would fold in the the emerging Industrial Revolution. others were given the death sentence face of the terrors of the ferocious coin Deficiencies in the law and its and 100,000 monthly visitors but the acquittal of the remainder laws. application, especially in the untenable critically undermined the authority of These acquittals represented a position of the Mint Solicitor, could USUS OFFICE OFFICE the Judiciary. cowardly, humiliating and myopic have been remedied with ease at an Greek, Roman, Byzantine, World,PO PO& Box Box 479,British 479, Lancaster, Lancaster, PA PA 17608-0479Coins 17608-0479 Hartley was hanged at Tyburn, near retreat by central government to avoid early stage. PhonePhone (717) (717) 390.9194 390.9194 Fax Fax (717) (717) 390.9978 390.9978 York, on 28th April. Hartley’s body was the consequences of a failure to convict. Perhaps we are indebted to the EmailEmail [email protected] [email protected] taken the fifty miles to Heptonstall. As It was not until July 1773 that effective Yorkshire Moneyers for exposing UKUK OFFICE OFFICE the cortege passed Cragg Vale villagers measures were taken. A bill was rushed incompetence in high places! WWW.CNGCOINS.COM2020 Bloomsbury Bloomsbury Street, Street, London London WC1B WC1B 3QA, 3QA, UK UK PhonePhoneUS +44.20.7495.1888 OFFICE +44.20.7495.1888 Fax Fax +44.20.7499.5916 +44.20.7499.5916 22 THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF NUMISMATIC SOCIETIES 2017 CONGRESS CNGClassicalCNGClassical Numismatic Numismatic Group, Group, Inc. Inc. 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Coming Soon, List 30, THE L.M. NOAD COLLECTION An highly important collection of predominately rare and high quality British milled silver coins.. P. O. Box 42, Betchworth, Surrey RH3 7YR Telephone/Fax: 01306 884 880 e-mail: [email protected] www..rascoins..com