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Universidade Federal Da Paraíba Centro De Educação Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Das Religiões UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA PARAÍBA CENTRO DE EDUCAÇÃO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS DAS RELIGIÕES RICARDO WAGNER MENEZES DE OLIVEIRA FERAS PETRIFICADAS: O SIMBOLISMO RELIGIOSO DOS ANIMAIS NA ERA VIKING JOÃO PESSOA 2016 RICARDO WAGNER MENEZES DE OLIVEIRA FERAS PETRIFICADAS: O SIMBOLISMO RELIGIOSO DOS ANIMAIS NA ERA VIKING Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ciências das Religiões da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências das Religiões, na linha de pesquisa Abordagens Filosóficas, Históricas e Fenomenológicas das Religiões. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Johnni Langer JOÃO PESSOA 2016 O48f Oliveira, Ricardo Wagner Menezes de. Feras petrificadas: o simbolismo religioso dos animais na Era Viking / Ricardo Wagner Menezes de Oliveira.- João Pessoa, 2016. 127f. : il. Orientador: Johnni Langer Dissertação (Mestrado) - UFPB/CE 1. Ciências das religiões. 2. Religiosidade nórdica pré- cristã. 3. Simbolismo religioso - animais - Era Viking. CDU: 279.224(043) AGRADECIMENTOS Aos amigos-irmãos Ítalo Duarte, Rafael Cavalcante, Wilson Júnior e David Maia pela absoluta certeza de companheirismo, não importando a distância nem o tempo. Aos meus amigos de graduação João Paulo Garcia, Elvio Franklin, Thiago Moreira, Guilherme Diógenes, Carlos Marley e Fábio Martins, companheiros de aventuras e desventuras, em terras conhecidas ou não. Aos colegas de turma do PPGCR, especialmente Thalisson Pinto, Diego Tavares, Igohr Brennand, Lorena Bandeira, Maria Isabel, Rogério Gomes, Rodrigo Gomes e Fernanda Nascimento, por compartilharmos tão intensamente alegrias e angústias da vida acadêmica dentro e fora dos estudos. Aos membros da banca examinadora, pelas valiosíssimas contribuições feitas ao meu trabalho, em especial à professora Dr. Maria Lucia, pela gentileza de suas palavras. Aos professores Dr. Johnni Langer e Ms. Luciana de Campos, pelas orientações e apoio incondicional que me foi dado, além de terem sido símbolos de inspiração, amizade, hospitalidade e humildade. Ao amigo Pablo Gomes de Miranda, pelo exemplo de simpatia, amizade e dedicação. Aos integrantes do NEVE – Núcleo de Estudos Vikings e Escandinavos, por compartilharem da mesma gana por conhecimento, ainda que enfrentando todas as intempéries acadêmicas. Aos meus pais, Marcelo Oliveira e Ricardo Maia, pelo referencial de hombridade, pelos ensinamentos como um todo e, por me ensinarem, a seus modos, como amar um filho. À minha mãe, Waneza Dolores, por todas as “Noites na Taberna” e tantas outras de cumplicidade, dedicação e amor; à minha irmã, Carla Dolores, por nossas semelhanças de convicções, caráter e pela parceria; à minha irmã, Cecília Dolores, pelas cobranças, pelo exemplo de determinação e por nossas diferenças que nos unem; e à minha avó, Fineza Gondim, por, acima de todas as coisas, me ensinar a ser alegre, não importando quando ou onde. À Kássia Lanelly, pelo carinho, pelo companheirismo, pela confiança, pela força e por crer em minhas capacidades acima de qualquer coisa. RESUMO FERAS PETRIFICADAS: O SIMBOLISMO RELIGIOSO DOS ANIMAIS NA ERA VIKING Os vikings, populações que habitavam a Escandinávia Medieval, antes da adoção do cristianismo como religião oficial no século XI, possuíam um riquíssimo conjunto de crenças, ritos e mitos que foram parcialmente preservados pela cultura oral, por manuscritos e por vestígios arqueológicos e que vem sendo estudado por pesquisadores de todo o mundo. A presente dissertação realiza uma investigação dos simbolismos religiosos atribuídos aos animais em monumentos de pedra erguidos durante a Era Viking, e para tanto, utilizamos como objeto central de estudo a iconografia presente nas estelas escandinavas, fazendo um diálogo entre estas representações imagéticas e as fontes literárias da mitologia nórdica, bem como com diversas outras fontes da Religiosidade Nórdica Pré-Cristã. Desta maneira, além de evidenciar as peculiaridades, indagações e características religiosas relacionadas aos principais animais presentes na religiosidade nórdica, este trabalho fornece um panorama geral da atual conceituação da religiosidade dos vikings e seus aspectos mais relevantes em uma abordagem sistematizadora, pois nenhum elemento da fascinante religiosidade deste povo pode ser entendido desassociado dos demais. Palavras-chave: Religiosidade Nórdica Pré-Cristã; Simbolismo; Animais; ABSTRACT PETRIFIED BEASTS: RELIGIOUS SYMBOLISM OF ANIMALS IN THE AGE VIKING The Vikings, people who inhabited the Medieval Scandinavia, before the adoption of Christianity as the official religion in the eleventh century, had a very rich set of beliefs, rites and myths that were partially preserved by oral culture, manuscripts and archaeological remains and has been studied by researchers from all over the world. This dissertation makes an investigation of religious symbolisms attributed to animals in stone monuments erected during the Viking Age, and for that we use, as a study center object, the iconography present in the Scandinavian steles, making a dialogue between these imagistic representations and literary sources of Norse mythology, as well as many other sources of Old Norse Religion. Thus so, besides highlighting the peculiarities, inquiries and religious characteristics related to the main animals present in the Nordic religion, this work provides an overview of the current concept of religion of the Vikings and their most important aspects in a systematizing approach, because no one element of this fascinating religiosity of the north can be understood disassociated from the rest. Keywords: Old Norse Religion; Symbolism; Animals; SUMÁRIO 1 INTRODUÇÃO ............................................................................................................................. 9 1.1 Vikings: quem são e de onde vieram .......................................................................... 9 1.2 As fontes da religiosidade nórdica ............................................................................ 11 1.3 As problemáticas encontradas ................................................................................... 17 1.4 Os objetivos deste estudo .......................................................................................... 17 1.5 Teorias e metodologias utilizadas ............................................................................. 18 2 A RELIGIOSIDADE NÓRDICA PRÉ-CRISTÃ ..................................................................... 23 2.1 Uma religiosidade plural e pré-cristã ........................................................................ 23 2.2 A religiosidade dos Homens do Norte ...................................................................... 25 2.3 Religiosidade da aristocracia ..................................................................................... 28 2.4 Religiosidade popular ................................................................................................ 34 2.5 Principais ritos ........................................................................................................... 36 2.6 Práticas mágicas ........................................................................................................ 41 2.7 Símbolos religiosos ................................................................................................... 45 3 DO TOPO DO COSMOS: AS AVES ......................................................................................... 52 3.1 Aves-de-rapina .......................................................................................................... 54 3.2 Corvo ......................................................................................................................... 67 3.3 Aves aquáticas ........................................................................................................... 75 3.4 Galo ........................................................................................................................... 81 4 ENTRE GUERREIROS E FERAS: OS MAMÍFEROS .......................................................... 86 4.1 Cavalo ........................................................................................................................ 87 4.2 Canídeos .................................................................................................................... 98 4.3 Urso ......................................................................................................................... 113 5 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS .................................................................................................... 118 6 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ..................................................................................... 122 LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES FIGURA 1: MAPA DAS ROTAS VIKINGS CONHECIDAS PARTINDO DA ESCANDINÁVIA. ................. 10 FIGURA 2: PEDRA RÚNICA DE LINGSBERG, U 240, SUÉCIA, SÉC. XI. ......................................... 15 FIGURA 3: ESTELA DE GOTLAND ARDRE VIII, SUÉCIA, SÉC. VIII. ............................................ 16 FIGURA 4: A ÁRVORE-MUNDO, YGGDRASIL, E A ESTRUTURA COSMOLÓGICA NÓRDICA. .......... 27 FIGURA 5: ESTATUETA ENCONTRADA EM LEJRE, DINAMARCA, SÉC. X. .................................. 29 FIGURA 6: ESTATUETA ISLANDESA, SÉC. XI, REPRESENTANDO O DEUS THOR. ........................ 32 FIGURA 7: ESTATUETA ENCONTRADA EM RÄLLINGE, SUÉCIA, SÉC. XI, REPRESENTANDO POSSIVELMENTE O DEUS FREYR. ........................................................................................ 33 FIGURA
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