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Visual and Semiochemical Disruption of Host Finding in Pine Bark Beetles. Brian Lee Strom Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College

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Visual and Semiochemical Disruption of Host Finding in Pine Bark Beetles. Brian Lee Strom Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 2000 Visual and Semiochemical Disruption of Host Finding in Pine Bark Beetles. Brian Lee Strom Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Strom, Brian Lee, "Visual and Semiochemical Disruption of Host Finding in Pine Bark Beetles." (2000). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 7301. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/7301 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bteedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6s x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. VISUAL AMD SEMIOCHEMICAL DISRUPTION OF HOST FINDING IN PINE BARK BEETLES A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Entomology by Brian L. Strom B. S., University of Wisconsin, 1988 M. S., North Carolina State University, 1994 August 2000 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number 9984369 _UMI __ _'S i UMI Microform9984369 Copyright 2000 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my family and friends. And, to the independent, creative, and ethical pursuit of Science. Semper fxdelis. ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Many people impacted both the existence and quality of this work. My family has been instrumental in everything that I have done in life and this is no exception. My Mom and Dad have always provided unqualified love and support, allowing me to follow my own, sometimes hair-brained and briar-filled, path. In return, they have wanted only that my life be in pursuit of my own rewards, whatever they may be. My siblings, Harold, Shelly and Sara, have provided the same, not to mention exciting new members to our family. My grandparents taught me so much about all facets of life; I wish they were still here to talk to. I thank you all with all of my heart. My Graduate Committee— Drs. J. Barnett, J. Chambers, R. Goyer, A. Hammond, and S. Johnson— has provided me with exceptional guidance and made my time at LSU positive and memorable. I am especially indebted to my major professor. Dr. Rich Goyer, who has provided me with direction, support, patience, knowledge and friendship— all of which have increased my belief in this process and helped protect me from myself, which is no small accomplishment 1 Dr. Goyer's commitment to students, both his own and those of others, is extraordinary and is a credit to himself, LSU and graduate education. I'm lucky to have experienced it firsthand. A long list of colleagues have improved this work. For their knowledge, commitment and help with just about all iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. aspects of the project, I am grateful to Jerry Lenhard and Chris Steiner. I am also indebted to Abdullahi Ameen, Jim Baldwin, Paul Drewa, Mike Haverty, Kier Klepzig, Charlie Kwit, Alex Mangini, Jim Meeker, John Reeve, Jim Roberds and Patrick Shea for sharing with me their time, substantial knowledge, and friendship. I thank Robert Borys, Brad Jaynes, Ethan Koenigs, Larry Lott and David Meyers for their technical assistance and commitment to various portions of this work. The staff at Idlewild Research Station, especially Dr. Peterson and Mrs. Smith, were always friendly and helpful. In addition to providing her equipment, supplies and expertise, Ms. Cindy Henk made the eye measurements on the scanning electron microscope both possible and enjoyable with her patience. My employer, the USDA Forest Service, provided financial support through the Southern Research Stations's southern pine beetle research work unit in Pineville, Louisiana. I am especially grateful to Susan Carr and Lary Roton. Both are friends in the truest sense. They have helped me in countless ways, providing support and companionship for many years. I have benefitted immeasurably from their stimulating challenges, ideas and conversations. This endeavor would never have begun without Lary, and not have been completed without Susan. Thank you both for everything. iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Lastly, despite the best efforts of many people, this work undoubtedly contains mistakes that will be noticed by those brave or bored enough to peruse its contents. These mistakes are mine; please don't blame others. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLB OP CONTENTS DEDICATION ......................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................... iii ABSTRACT ............................................. viii GENERAL INTRODUCTION ............................... 1 CHAPTER 1. OLEORESIN CHARACTERISTICS OF PROGENY OF LOBLOLLY PINES THAT ESCAPED ATTACK BY THE SOUTHERN PINE B E E T L E ............ 13 Introduction............................... 14 Materials and Methods ..................... 19 R e s u l t s ................................... 26 D i s c u s s i o n ................................. 33 CHAPTER 2. VISUAL AND SEMIOCHEMICAL DISRUPTION OF HOST FINDING IN THE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE ................................. 39 Introduction ............................... 40 Materials and Methods ..................... 43 R e s u l t s ................................... 50 D i s c u s s i o n ................................. 61 CHAPTER 3. VISUAL DISRUPTION OF WESTERN PINE BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) HOST FINDING ........................... 72 Introduction ............................... 73 Materials and Methods ..................... 77 R e s u l t s ................................... 82 D i s c u s s i o n ................................. 89 GENERAL SUMMARY ................................... 96 LITERATURE CITED ................................... 101 APPENDIX A. RELATIVE REFLECTANCE OF COLORS USED IN TRAPPING OF PINE BARK BEETLES .... 115 APPENDIX B. THE INFLUENCE OF VISUAL SILHOUETTE MODIFICATIONS ON HOST FINDING BY THE SOUTHERN PINE B E E T L E .............. 117 APPENDIX C. THE INFLUENCE OF VISUAL SILHOUETTE MODIFICATIONS ON HOST FINDING BY IPS S P E C I E S ........................... 141 vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPENDIX D. THE EFFECT OF BARK BEETLE SPECIES AND VISUAL SILHOUETTE MODIFICATIONS ON RELATIVE EYE SIZE AS MEASURED BY A SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE ...........176 APPENDIX E. LETTER TO PERMISSION EDITOR, ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA .............182 VITA .................................................184 vii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT Pine bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) affect ecological and anthropocentric processes in coniferous forests. Certain aggressive species, particularly among the Dendroctonus, cause widespread damage. As forests become increasingly valued for diverse commodities, protection strategies must be developed to meet a wide variety of landowner values. Disruption of the host selection process is one important
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