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Biology of Gnathotrichus Sulcatus (Leconte 1868) (Col.:Scolytidae)

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Biology of Gnathotrichus Sulcatus (Leconte 1868) (Col.:Scolytidae) Biology of Gnathotrichus sulcatus (LeConte 1868) (Col.:Scolytidae) with Special Emphasis on Host Colonization and Brood Production by Jose Cola Zanuncio For. Eng., Federal University of Vijosa, Brazil M.Sc, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Forestry We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard The University of British Columbia August, 1981 © JosS Cola Zanuncio In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of Fo&GST&'l? The University of British Columbia 2075 Wesbrook Place Vancouver, Canada V6T 1W5 Date Q c T O 3 € ; / ^ 1) DE-6 (2/71) i ABSTRACT The bionomics of Gnathotrichus sulcatus (LeConte) (Col.: Scolytidae) were studied on eight western hemlock (WH), Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., and eight Douglas-fir (Df), Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, trees at the UBC Research Forest, Maple Ridge, B.C. during 1978 and 1979. Natural colonization by associated scolytid beetles was also studied on the same trees, which were felled on May 8, 1978. More attacks occurred on downtrees (with branches.) than on logs (no branches), and on WH stumps, trunks (logs and down- trees) than on Df stumps and trunks. WH was more suitable for coloni• zation and brood production in the first year after felling than Df but no differences could be demonstrated between these two hosts in the second year. Whenever possible five fresh attacks were covered with petri dishes on every stump and trunk. Higher quantities of frass, numbers of brood, pupal niches, deeper penetration and longer galleries were recorded on WH than on Df. Relationships between brood, frass produc• tion and length of galleries were established. It was calculated that one hectare of clearcut with 200 WH stumps could produce 714,860 + 417,020 beetles with 13.7 + 3.7 brood per gallery (both with 95% confidence limits), within two years after attack, while the estimated total brood production from the 16 trunk/stump combinations was 107,080 from 16,049 attacks. Pupal niches, length and depth of penetration of galleries were studied on attacks initiated two to seventeen months after felling, ii excluding the winter months. For each of the three factors WH showed higher results than Df. Traps set out in Point Roberts, Washington, captured more beetles when baited with WH sapwood than with WH bark or heartwood. More beetles were captured on traps baited with Df phloem than those baited with Df bark, sapwood or heartwood. These results indicate which tissues might be extracted to determine the identity of primary attractants. It was concluded that WH is preferred as a host tree over Df by G_. sulcatus during the first year, but both hosts had similar number of attacks in the second year. Such preference for WH poses a problem for logging managers in coastal British Columbia since WH is 40% of the total volume processed. If G. sulcatus populations are allowed to build up in stumps, they could degrade logs in felled and bucked timber in adjacent areas. WH should be removed as soon as possible after felling (hot logging) and the period in dryland sorts should be minimized as logs remain vulnerable to attack 17 months following felling. iii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my wife, Teresinha Vinha Zanuncio, who encouraged me to come to Canada and made all the efforts and sacrifices to help me while here and also to my daughter Andressa Vinha Zanuncio. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I express my deepest gratitude to the following persons and organizations without whose contribution this thesis would not be possible. Dr. J.A. McLean, my supervisor, for the invaluable efforts to introduce me to this topic, firm guidance and help; my committee members, Drs. J.H. Borden, R.H. Elliott, B.J. van der Kamp and G.F. Weetman for their helpful suggestions and advice; Dr. A. Kozak for helping and recommending the statistical analysis used. J. Bebyck, J. Holman and M. Jull for their help in the field and laboratory work; and Mr. P. Saunders of the UBC Research Forest for felling and cutting trees used in this study. Also Mr. A. Magnuson for welcoming research on his selectively-logged forest at Point Roberts. The Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) and the Federal University of Vicosa (UFV) for financial support. I thank Dr. V.J. Nordin and Mr. A.F. Shirran for their help through CIDA in Canada and also Dr. Arno Brune, Coordinator of the CIDA/UFV agreement in Brazil. V TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT i DEDICATION iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv TABLE OF CONTENTS v LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES x LIST OF APPENDICES xiii 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 2.0 MATERIAL AND METHODS 9 2.1 Field Study Locations and Experimental Designs 9 2.1.1 UBC Research Forest 9 2.1.2 Point Roberts Host Tissue Attraction Studies .. 11 2.2 Host Colonization 12 2.2.1 Verification of Attacks 12 2.2.2 Weekly Pinning 12 2.2.3 Distribution Around Logs and Pinning Efficiency 12 2.3 Brood Production by Gnathotrichus sulcatus on Stumps, 13 Logs and Downtrees • 13 2.4 Gallery Dissection 16 2.5 Laboratory Rearing 16 2.6 Primary Attractants Tests 18 2.6.1 Test with Western Hemlock Stimuli 18 2.6.2 Test with Douglas-fir Stimuli 21 vi Page 2.7 Data Analysis 22 2.8 Total Brood Emergence Pattern Over Time 22 3.0 RESULTS 24 3.1 Host Colonization by Gnathotrichus sulcatus 24 3.1.1 Attacks on Each Host Category 24 3.1.2 Comparison of Attack Densities 24 3.1.3 Seasonal Attack Rates 30 3.1.4 Attack in Relation to Moisture Content in Trunks and Stumps 30 3.1.5 Distribution Around Trunks 34 3.1.6 Evaluation of Pinning Efficiency 34 3.2 Host Colonization by Associated Scolytid Species .... 36 3.2.1 Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, Hopk., the Douglas- fir Beetle 36 3.2.2 Scolytus unispinosus LeConte, the Douglas-fir Engraver 36 3.2.3 Scolytus tsugae (Swaine), the Hemlock Engraver 38 3.2.4 Pseudohylesinus tsugae Swaine 38 3.2.5 Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier), the Striped Ambrosia Beetle 40 3.3 Establishment Success of Gnathotrichus sulcatus 40 3.4 Frass Production 43 3.5 Brood Production 47 3.5.1 Stumps in the Field 47 3.5.2 Trunks in the Field 48 vii Page 3.5.3 Logs in Laboratory 52 3.5.4 Sex of Emerging Beetles 56 3.6 Gallery Dissections 56 3.6.1 Stumps 56 3.6.2 Trunks 61 3.6.3 Relationships between Brood, Frass and Length of Galleries 62 3.6.4 Aspects of Gallery Construction by Gnathotrichus sulcatus at Different Periods of Time after Felling 62 3.7 Primary Attractants Tests 68 3.7.1 Western Hemlock Stimuli 68 3.7.2 Douglas-fir Stimuli 72 3.8 Total Brood Emergence Pattern 72 4.0 DISCUSSION 76 4.1 Host Selection and Colonization by Gnathotrichus sulcatus 76 4.2 Host Selection and Colonization by Associated Scolytid Beetles 81 4.3 Establishment and Gallery Parameters 83 4.4 Aspects of Gallery Construction of Gnathotrichus sulcatus in Trunks for Different Periods after Felling 87 4.5 Relationship between Brood Emergence Pattern and Attack Data 89 4.6 Implications of the Results in B.C. Forest Industry 94 5.0 SUMMARY 96 LITERATURE CITED 98 APPENDICES 107 viii LIST OF TABLES Page Table I A review of observations on primary attraction in Gnathotrichus sulcatus. Table II Length and diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) for western hemlock and Douglas-fir logs and downtrees felled in the UBC Research Forest, May 8, 1978. 10 Table III Total number of Gnathotrichus sulcatus attacks on western hemlock and Douglas-fir stumps, logs (L) and downtrees (DT). UBC Research Forest, Maple Ridge, B.C. 1978/79. 25 Table IV Summary of attack densities of Gnathotrichus sulcatus on western hemlock and Douglas-fir stumps, logs and downtrees. UBC Research Forest, Maple Ridge, B.C. 1978-79. 27 Table V Bi-weekly mean attack/m^ Qf Gnathotrichus sulcatus on western hemlock and Douglas-fir logs and downtrees. UBC Research Forest, Maple Ridge, B.C. 1978/79. 28-29 Table VI Distribution of Gnathotrichus sulcatus attacks by quadrants on 1 m sections of western hemlock and Douglas-fir logs. UBC Research Forest, Maple Ridge, B.C. May-November, 1978 and March-October, 1979. N = 8 for each species. 35 Table VII Number and success of Gnathotrichus sulcatus attacks monitored with petri dishes on western hemlock stumps and trunks and Douglas-fir stumps and trunks in 1978 and 197 9. UBC Research Forest, Maple Ridge, B.C. 42 Table VIII Mean total frass production from 147 galleries of Gnathotrichus sulcatus monitored on western hemlock and Douglas-fir stumps and trunks in the UBC Research Forest, Maple Ridge, B.C. 1978-79. 44 Table IX Brood production from 147 galleries of Gnathotrichus sulcatus monitored on western hemlock and Douglas-fir stumps and trunks in the UBC Research Forest, Maple Ridge, B.C. 1978-79. 47 Total numbers of brood produced and sex ratio from Gnathotrichus sulcatus galleries established in western hemlock and Douglas-fir under laboratory conditions, UBC 1979.
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