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Primary and Secondary Attraction in Gnathotrichus Sulcatus

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Primary and Secondary Attraction in Gnathotrichus Sulcatus vi :,t< T~ii:,,DtiflEE DE CE GRADE 1976 ' ' - ". ?.+,t.:t OF SUPERVISOR/NOM DU DIHECTEUR DE TH~SE Dr. J. W. Borden ., '?+.r- irr idn IS' ;ereby granted to tha NATIONAL LlmRY OF L'autorisation es$ la pr&senie. accordbe d fa BIBLIOTH€- CAX& 10 rnmof I lrn thts thesis and to lend or ?ell copies * ,QUE NATIONALE DUTANADA de microfjlmer cetle rhfire-et' 'f y'- -. h ' .of the fdm. vendre des exemplaires du film. /' / 1 Thr! aullwr rescrvas other publ~cat~onrights,and ngither the - , L~auteur se rdserve I& autres d~oits,depubllcnrion. P 2' tt~i-,~s.norextensive extracts from it may be printed or othbr- th8sen;de lqngs extraits & celle-ci ne,doiyenr itre rrnprm(s -, 9 I . - - % WISC rcprduced w~thoutthe aupor s written permissirm. + & autretnent riprodgtr sans ,'autorjsatim &rite de i'ourevr. / INFORMATION TO UStRS 'AVIS AUX USAGERS 'A 4. I UIS-4-LSSERTAUbCHASSEEbCI A3tlESE-A-MICRWMEE MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED ' TkLLE QUE NOUS L'AVONS RECUE t - This copy was produced frpm-a micro- Cette copie a 6t6 faite 3 partir fiche copy of t'he_origina_l Bocument. ,A 'une microfiche du jocument - The quality of the copy is heavily orig4na.l: La qualite de la copie dependent upon the quality of the - d6pend grandement de la qua1 it6 - >riginal thesis submitted for , .de b'thsse soumise pour le I microfilmingf Every effort has micpofi lmage. Nous- avons tout - been mAde t~ ensure the highest fait pour assurer une qua1 it6 .- qua1 ity of reproductjon possible. sup6rieur-e de reproduction. t .^ PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have ' NOTA BENE: La qua1 it6 d ' impression . indistinct print. Fi.lmed & * de xertaines pages peut 1ai sser a - rece'ived. , , - - - - - - ---- - d&i rer-,Microfi$w~-te11.e -que -._ . - ,- ._. nous 1 ' avons resue. 9. a b. I . *. .- *- Pq-.1 , I ,. - . * b + 3 .-. Eanadian ~heses~ivisih I Division des thgses canadiennes- - - - - - Cataloguing Branch Direction du. catal'ogage - National Library of Canada @ - -Bibl fotheque nationale du Canada Ottawa, Canada KIA ON4 *. ' Ottawa, Canada- b KIA W4 L - * C - 3 s a * - I. / PRIMIPRY AND SECONDARY ATTRACTION IN GNATHOPRICHUS S~LCATUS (LECONTEJ (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) AND THEIR APPLICATION IN PEST MANAGEMENT B.Sc., university of %uckland, 1965 M.SC., university of kuckland, 1968 L -- -- A DISSERTATIeN SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT ,I OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the ~e~artmenc Biological Sciences i 'JOHN ALEXANDER McLEAN 1976 SIMON FRASER UNIYERSITY I April 1976 9 - %Allrights reserved. This thesis may,not be reprbduced .in whole or i~ part, by photocopy or other means, without pe&ission of the author: APPROVAL Name :, John Alexander McLean Degree : - i Title of Thesis: Primary and Secondary Attraction in Gnathotrichus . sulcatus (LeConte) (Co1eoptera:-Scoly-tidae) and their Applicationrin Pest Management Examining Committee: Chairman: Dr. -- . - - --- -5- \ Dr. J. H. Borden . Senior Supervisor , . -- - v-- Dr .' K. Graham - % 1 ,. External Examiner Professor, Faculty of Forestry . , University of British Columbia - ,.. Vancouver, British-Columbia e. April 14., 1976. DT,Approved : - -*& * B PARTIAL 'COPYRIGHT LICENSE . d f , - I hereby grant to 'simon Fraser University the right to lend my thesig or dissertation (the title of which is shown below) ,tausere of 'the S,imon Frase,r University Library, and to make partial or single copies onlymfor-such users or in responge to a requesr from the lib~ary 2 - of any other university, or other educational institution, on its 'own - r ,- behalf or for one of ~itsusers. I' furth'er agree that permission for multi-ple copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted - -- - - - --- - -- --- -- - -- - -- - -- - C hy me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that -copying or publication of this thes'is for financial gain shall not be allowed Author i dgnature) \ Ethanol and the aggr$ation ph&omone, sulcatol (6-methyl-5- - , hepten-2-01), were deployed.for the last week of the months April to f 7, - a- October 1974, in traps at 10 locatiorig in a commercial sawmill at l F Chemain~s, British Columbia. Sulcatdl was the only effective treatment i -t-- ( ' -* for capturing-the ambrosia beetle Gnathotrichus sulcatus (LeConte). , *- Traps baited with it alone or in combination with ethanbl caught ove; 98% L - - of-&he 3,09€&G. sulcatus captured, No-signi Ficant -irit-eract ionnb-etwweFnT--- -- ethanol and sulcatol was evident. Seasonal trend in numbers of beetles 1 1 - caught was distinctly bimodal. Locatioa with the greatest catches oi' b beetles were those where unseasoned lqnbef was Stored, suggesti~gthat beetles either emerged from or were attracted to such lumber: . 4 - Eggs, larvae, pupae and a callow addlt of G. sulcatus found in -- - -- - -- - - -- - - - western hemlock boards 2 months after initial attack, indicat'ed that G. P - .. sulcatus can survive and reproduce in sawn lumber 2nd-thus prese6ts a .' f I =_ threat of introduction to lumber-importing countries. In 1975, the first verified attacks on unseasoned lumber by flrypdendron~ineatum and G. - \ -* C retusys were recorded. 1 r In 1975; traps were baited with sblcatol full-time in 1 location, , I e for alternhte biweekly periods in 2 lo~ations,and left unbaited in a ' !. .- - control location. Freshly-sawn test. loads of Jumbere~eLautaf- i' weekly irkervals in each location. Suppression ratios [humber of - y -- . --L - - - - - - . - beetles cadght on traps/(number df estimated. beetles in lumber +.number " i caught on traps)-] were -highest in :he location where +raps were continu- ously baited with sulcatol. In this location, suppression ratios of 0.70 o 1 iii < '. ,' and 0.87 were recorded for male and female beetles, respectively, indi- cating that sulcatol-baited traps have good potential for suppression of C d mill populations of G. sulcatyg: Greatest attack was recorded on test loads 2 to 4 weeks after sawmilling, suggesting-development-of -secondary attraction in-the first week, and decline in host suitability due to f * dry+$ after 4 weeks, Significantly greater attack on lumber piles near sulbatol-baited traps Xndicated an area response by male.beetles. "uture control of G.. sulcatus in sawmills may Ltilize sulcatol*aited traps, '. - - - - - - - -- -- - - -- - - - - -- - - - - - -- - -- --- -- - - -- -- - placed next to "tra> piles of attractive ,fresh slabbing which could sub- - sequently be disposed of. - In the. un+;ersity of British Columbia Research forest, Maple - I Ridge,r- B. C., 4' Douglas-fir trees-were felled at each of 3 locations, , afid 4 western hemlock trees were felxed a$ each of 3 other loc3tions on' . i , - 18 April 1974 .' Logs and-theirrespective stumpsereb-aftedPwTth- -- up-Pp' - I' *' -. I ethanol and/or'sulcatol on 26 ~~ri.1,1 &baited log and stump served as ' -- -- controls in each location. G. su1cat.u~attacks increased. rapidly, reach- , ing a maiximum inJune, and,Jyly, followed by a steady decrease Wtil I October.' Over halfgi the attacks were on stumljs, in which attack density " .+ . , reached 683.5/m 2 . The majori6y of attacks were on stumps and loqs baited \ with sulcatol'or sulcatol plus ethanol. A significant interaction be- t tween-sulcatoland ethanol occurred on Douglas-fir.' Significantly more . I ! beetles attacked ethanol-baited western hemlock stumps and logs than -I \ ' 0 - - ---- unbaited controls. Stumps baited with sulcdtol and then treated with . I' . ethanol& solutions of iystemic insecticide may beausea to trap and kill 1 In field experiments,*the .optimum release\ rates for sulcatol andl ethanol were 100 mg/day and lO'g/day, respectively. Vertical cylindrical . wiremesh sticky traps were' more effective than horizontal wiremesh . -. cylibders, a flat wiremesh trap, o; a basrier krap. .In the laboratory, both sexes of G. sulcatus were attracted to western hemlock sawdust and C ethanol. The response of '&q$.es to each substance alope was greater * ' ', than that of the males, while- the &le response was greater .to-the combi- nation.- Isolation and identification of host-prodbced attractants in ' ' addition.to ethanol will prov&delnew - - - - - -- - 7 - -- control J Frontispiece. A male Gnathcitrichus sukatus constr.ucting a 1.2-mm diameter g_alier$ in a board sawn from western hemlozk sapwood. The femal her eggs in niches made in ehe walls of by the baring male will larvae and adults with food. degrade - - - -- -. -- - -- -- -- r . d . 2s & 1 ti-i - A- . --- ,-L -,A: s - .? . 1 b . I .' A,.' .a I. /g k * ACKNOWLEDGMENT C 4 . B .I r I wish to express my appreciation to the following persons and . orcJani"zationsL: Mes$rs. D. Tuckey, P. Jbbson, H. Hagg, L. Cobb, and H. r, Richmond for their asistance in re3earch at the Chemainus- Sawmill- $1 "~i.vision,MacMillan Bloedel ~td.;Vancouver Island, B.C.; Messrs. J. e Walters, D.@odich, and R. Bedaxd for assistance in field experiments at % the University of British Columbia's Research Fprest, Maple &dge, B.C.; tl L - -- T -- - DryW. wzr~efian3 &s. -er forzd vlce ---on st~€i~€ics;~r~;~~~.: li Silvers$ein and K. N; Slessor for supplies of synthetic sulcatol; Drs. 'B. P. Beirne, W. E. Vidaver, L.--M. Dill, and K. Graham for their helpful I comments and suggestions; Mr. R. Long for photography; Mr. A. Magnuson ! for the us.e of his sele&vely-logged forest at point Roberts'; MSes E. 7. * -- \ ~* Stokkink, L. Chong, D.. McLennan, 9. Holman, and Messrs.,T. Huff, R. - - - - - -- --- -- --- - --- - -*-- -- - --l -- - - -- Yernon, -and W. MacMillm for f ie4d and laboratofy assistance. I par--6 ? ticularly thank Dr. J. H. Borden. my senior supervisor, who has encour- . , 0 aged and Qcilitated this work in ever? possible way. 1 - /. This research s supported by the Council of Forest Industries .+, # f. : af British Columbia, the Canadian Foresf ry service, the National ~e-: i w search' Co~cilof Canada, and the National Science Founaation of the U.S.A. viii % i 'Abstract ........................... iii ..".. '3 . Frontispiece ..... > - . .~cknowledqment.. ...... Table of Contents ..
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