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Representations and Responses to Surrogacy in the Reproduction of the Family

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Representations and Responses to Surrogacy in the Reproduction of the Family Representations and responses to surrogacy in the reproduction of the family Lulu Le Vay Sociology, Goldsmiths, University of London Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), 2018 Declaration I hereby declare that the work presented in this thesis is entirely my own. Wherever contributions of others are involved, these are clearly acknowledged. Lulu Le Vay 2 Acknowledgments Foremost, I want to thank the participants who took part in this project. Without them, this thesis would not have been possible. I also want to thank my supervisors Beverley Skeggs and Rebecca Coleman for their continual support over what has been a challenging process. I will also be eternally grateful to external readers and cheerleaders Hannah Le Vay and Jessica Carlisle. Despite the obstacles, we made it to the finish line. I consider this project a team effort. Dedication This thesis is dedicated to two important women in my life who I lost during the process. My mother Sonja Le Vay, who died in September 2016, and my dear friend Zoe Smith, who died in August 2017. Although my mother was unable to really grasp what the project was about, I knew she was proud of me. She hoped to still be here when I completed – it’s a shame this wasn’t possible. Zoe, on the other hand, was with me every step of the way, reading drafts of chapters when she had the time. Even in the hospice during her last two weeks, she would ask me to keep her updated on my progress, and wanted to know what the latest comments were. Zoe, I will never forget you. 3 Abstract This thesis explores representations and responses to surrogacy on TV and film. It examines how conventional notions of ‘the proper family’ are reproduced. Through textual analysis and audience work, this research explores how conventional ideals of family are constructed, and how female viewers interpret such values. A specific focus is on how narratives are articulated through genre devices, and how particular televisual techniques shape audience perception. Through textual and empirical methods, this thesis demonstrates how dominant textual narratives are steered by constructing heterosexual infertile characters as non-normative, in need of transformation into genetic mothers through surrogacy, or natural pregnancy enabled by heterosexual love. Same-sex parenting and homosexuality are articulated as more acceptable when positioned within compulsory monogamy. Through the lens of queer theory, conventional notions of family, motherhood and femininity are exposed, as any positions outside of this ideal are portrayed as ’failing to comply’. The research was conducted through three focus groups of women, consisting of mothers and non-mothers. Clips from popular mainstream texts featuring surrogacy storylines across sitcom, soap, reality TV and film were shown. Despite the hetero-norms that drive the narratives in the texts, the audience data revealed desires to see alternative happy endings that show infertile female characters more positively, and which recognise alternative formations of kinship situated outside of heteronormative monogamy and the genetic tie. The research respondents consider alternatives as meaningful, if not more reflective of contemporary structures of family. This research reveals the temporal gap between mainstream texts, which uphold the white, heteronormative, genetically-reproduced family as the ideal, at a time when forms of families are continually diversifying, and when more women are choosing alternative life paths outside of marriage and motherhood. 4 Table of contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………...…3 DEDICATION………………………………………………………………………...…3 ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………...4 TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………......5 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………...………..7 Why surrogacy?..........................................................................................7 Path to the PhD……………………..………………………………...………...8 TV and its audience……….………..………………………………...………...9 Exploring the non-normative……..…………………..……………...……….11 Family ideology in contemporary context ………..………………...………14 Chapter outlines……………………….………………………………...…….19 Terminologies……………………….………….………………………...……21 CHAPTER 2.1: THE REPRODUCTION OF THE FAMILY……...………………..23 Family circle……………………….………….………………………...……..23 Controlling motherhood – reproductive rights, infertility and technology..40 CHAPTER 2.2: CULTURAL NARRATIVES OF THE FAMILY………...………...50 Fetal attraction……………………………………………………....………...50 Maternal industries……………………………………………....…………....59 Restoring heteronormativity ……………………………………………........68 CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY……………………………....…………................76 Feminist methodology……………………………....………….....................76 Role of the researcher……………………………....………….....................78 Embodiment……………………………....…………...................................80 Textual analysis and audience research…………....................................82 Sourcing the texts………….......................................................................86 The focus group………….........................................................................90 Tools for analysis………….......................................................................99 CHAPTER 4. I WANT A BABY! BABY HUNGER AND THE DESIRE FOR A GENETIC CHILD…………................................................................................108 Baby hunger………................................................................................114 The winner gets it all………....................................................................125 Out of the frame………...........................................................................138 5 CHAPTER 5. BECOMING ORDINARY: MAKING HOMOSEXUALITY MORE PALATABLE………...........................................................................................147 Just your (stereo)type….........................................................................149 Crying like a girl......................................................................................160 Fitting in..................................................................................................172 CHAPTER 6. INFERTILE BODIES: RESCUING INFERTILITY THROUGH THE HETEROSEXUAL LOVE PLOT........................................................................182 You're not a real woman.........................................................................185 There’s nothing queer about it................................................................194 Someday my prince will come................................................................209 CHAPTER 7. QUEER FUTURES: CHOSEN FAMILIES AND ALTERNATIVE INTIMACIES......................................................................................................218 Normal service has resumed ..................................................................219 It must be love.........................................................................................226 Queering kinship.....................................................................................231 CHAPTER 8. CONCLUSION.............................................................................241 Picture imperfect.....................................................................................241 I feel for you............................................................................................244 Playing it straight ....................................................................................247 All woman...............................................................................................251 We are family..........................................................................................255 Future work............................................................................................259 BIBLIOGRAPHY...............................................................................................262 APPENDICES...................................................................................................321 1. List of texts........................................................................................321 2. Description of texts............................................................................322 2. Description of focus groups: locations, dates and participants………324 3. Consent form……...............................................................................328 4. Themes/coding...................................................................................329 6 Chapter 1: Introduction This thesis explores representations and responses to surrogacy on TV and film. It examines how conventional notions of ‘the proper family’ are reproduced. Through textual analysis and audience work, this research explores how conventional ideals of family are constructed, and how female viewers interpret such values. A specific focus is on how narratives are articulated through varying genre devices, and how particular televisual techniques shape the viewer’s perceptions of not just surrogacy as a practice, but its place within normative family and motherhood. Why surrogacy? A common question people ask me when I tell them about this project, is what sparked my interest in surrogacy? In 2010, after a decade of ongoing reproductive health issues which resulted in numerous surgeries, my consultant informed me that fertility was unlikely, and that if I wanted children ‘of my own’ I should consider surrogacy as a fertility option. I was stunned, as this was something that
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