Engines Volume II
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Diesel and Fuel-Oil Engines
HdiiUiiat uuioTAt* VI i nPicrence moK not to do AUG 2 ^ : , CuKCH JlUili lilO L, iDi slil CS102E-42 Jf' Engines, Diese! and fuei-oil (export classifications) U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE JESSE H. JONES, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS LYMAN J. BRIGGS, Director DIESEL AND FUEL-OIL ENGINES (Export Classifications) COMMERCIAL STANDARD CS102E-42 Effective Date for New Production from October 30, 1942 A RECORDED VOLUNTARY STANDARD OF THE TRADE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1942 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 10 cents . U. S. Department of Commerce National Bureau of Standard? PROMULGATION of COMMERCIAL STANDARD CS102E-42 for DIESEL AND FUEL-OIL ENGINES (Export Classifications) On January 30, 1942, at the instance of the Diesel Engine Manu- facturers’ Association, a conference of representative manufacturers adopted a recommended commercial standard for Diesel and fuel -oil engines (export classifications). Those concerned have since accepted and approved the standard as shown herein for promulgation by the U. S. Department of Commerce, through the National Bureau of Standards. The standard is effective for new production from October 30, 1942. Promulgation recommended I. J. Fairchild, Chieff Division of Trade Standards, Promulgated. Lyman J. Briggs, Director^ National Bureau of Standards, Promulgation approved. Jesse H. Jones, Secretary of Commerce. II DIESEL AND FUEL-OIL ENGINES (Export Classifications) COMMERCIAL STANDARD CS102E-42 PARTS Page 1. Nomenclature and definitions.. ' 1 2. Slow- and medium-speed stationary Diesel engines 7 3. Slow- and medium-speed marine Diesel engines 13 4. Small, medium- and high-speed stationary, marine, and portable Diesel engines 19 5. -
! National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
! . \ i NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS TECHNICAL NOTE No. 1374 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE KNOCK - LIlvITTED BLENDIDG CHARACTERISTICS OF AVIATION FUELS II - INVESTIGATION OF LEADED PARAFFINIC FUELS IN AN AIR-COOLED CYLrnDER By Jerrold D. Wear and Newell D. Sanders Flight Propulsion Research Laboratory Cleveland, Ohio Washington July 1947 , \ I NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS TN 1374 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE KNOCK-LIMITED BLENDING CH.~~ACTERISTICS OF AVIATION FUELS II - INVESTIGATION OF LEADED PARAFFINIC FUELS IN ~~ AIR-COOLED CYLINDER By Jerrold D. Wear and. Newell D. Sanders SUMMARY The relation between knock limit and blend composition of selected aviation fuel components individually blended with virgin base and ''lith alkylate was determined in a full-scale air-cooled aircraft-·engine cylinder. In addition the follow ing correlations were examined: (a) The knock-·limited performance of a full -scale engine at lean-mixture operation plotted against the knock-limited perform ance of the engine at rich-mixture operation for a series of fuels (b) The knock-limited performance of a full-scale engine at rich-mixture operation plotted against the knock-limited perform ance at rich-mixture operation of a small-scale engine for a series of fuels In each case the following methods of specifying the knock limi ted perfOl'IDanCe of the engine were investigated: (l) Knock·-limited indicated mean effective pressure (2) percentage of S-4 plus 4 ml T~~ per gallon in M-4 plus 4 ml TEL per gallon to give an equal knock-limited indicated mean effective pressure (3) Ratio of indicated mean effective pressure of test fuel ~o indicated mean effective pressure of clear S-4 reference fuel, all other conditions being the same . -
An Experimental Study on Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Hydrogen Fuelled Spark Ignition Engine
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by DSpace@IZTECH Institutional Repository International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 32 (2007) 2066–2072 www.elsevier.com/locate/ijhydene An experimental study on performance and emission characteristics of a hydrogen fuelled spark ignition engine Erol Kahramana, S. Cihangir Ozcanlıb, Baris Ozerdemb,∗ aProgram of Energy Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey bDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey Received 2 August 2006; accepted 2 August 2006 Available online 2 October 2006 Abstract In the present paper, the performance and emission characteristics of a conventional four cylinder spark ignition (SI) engine operated on hydrogen and gasoline are investigated experimentally. The compressed hydrogen at 20 MPa has been introduced to the engine adopted to operate on gaseous hydrogen by external mixing. Two regulators have been used to drop the pressure first to 300 kPa, then to atmospheric pressure. The variations of torque, power, brake thermal efficiency, brake mean effective pressure, exhaust gas temperature, and emissions of NOx, CO, CO2, HC, and O2 versus engine speed are compared for a carbureted SI engine operating on gasoline and hydrogen. Energy analysis also has studied for comparison purpose. The test results have been demonstrated that power loss occurs at low speed hydrogen operation whereas high speed characteristics compete well with gasoline operation. Fast burning characteristics of hydrogen have permitted high speed engine operation. Less heat loss has occurred for hydrogen than gasoline. NOx emission of hydrogen fuelled engine is about 10 times lower than gasoline fuelled engine. -
Los Motores Aeroespaciales, A-Z
Sponsored by L’Aeroteca - BARCELONA ISBN 978-84-608-7523-9 < aeroteca.com > Depósito Legal B 9066-2016 Título: Los Motores Aeroespaciales A-Z. © Parte/Vers: 1/12 Página: 1 Autor: Ricardo Miguel Vidal Edición 2018-V12 = Rev. 01 Los Motores Aeroespaciales, A-Z (The Aerospace En- gines, A-Z) Versión 12 2018 por Ricardo Miguel Vidal * * * -MOTOR: Máquina que transforma en movimiento la energía que recibe. (sea química, eléctrica, vapor...) Sponsored by L’Aeroteca - BARCELONA ISBN 978-84-608-7523-9 Este facsímil es < aeroteca.com > Depósito Legal B 9066-2016 ORIGINAL si la Título: Los Motores Aeroespaciales A-Z. © página anterior tiene Parte/Vers: 1/12 Página: 2 el sello con tinta Autor: Ricardo Miguel Vidal VERDE Edición: 2018-V12 = Rev. 01 Presentación de la edición 2018-V12 (Incluye todas las anteriores versiones y sus Apéndices) La edición 2003 era una publicación en partes que se archiva en Binders por el propio lector (2,3,4 anillas, etc), anchos o estrechos y del color que desease durante el acopio parcial de la edición. Se entregaba por grupos de hojas impresas a una cara (edición 2003), a incluir en los Binders (archivadores). Cada hoja era sustituíble en el futuro si aparecía una nueva misma hoja ampliada o corregida. Este sistema de anillas admitia nuevas páginas con información adicional. Una hoja con adhesivos para portada y lomo identifi caba cada volumen provisional. Las tapas defi nitivas fueron metálicas, y se entregaraban con el 4 º volumen. O con la publicación completa desde el año 2005 en adelante. -Las Publicaciones -parcial y completa- están protegidas legalmente y mediante un sello de tinta especial color VERDE se identifi can los originales. -
US5507253.Pdf
|||||||||| USO05507253A United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 5,507,253 Lowi, Jr. (45) Date of Patent: Apr. 16, 1996 54 ADABATIC, TWO-STROKECYCLE ENGINE ing,” SAE Paper 650007. HAVING PSTON-PHASING AND John C. Basiletti and Edward F. Blackburne, Dec. 1966, COMPRESSION RATO CONTROL SYSTEM "Recent Developments in Variable Compression Ratio Engines.” SAE Paper 660344. 76 Inventor: Alvin Lowi, Jr., 2146 Toscanini Dr., L. J. K. Setright, "Some Unusual Engines,” Dec. 1975, pp. Rancho Palos Verde, Calif. 90732 99-105, 109-111. R. Kamo, W. Bryzik and P. Glance Dec. 1987, "Adiabatic (21) Appl. No.: 311,348 Engine Trends-Worldwide,” SAE Paper 870018. (22 Filed: Sep. 23, 1994 S. G. Timony, M. H. Farmer and D. A. Parker, Dec. 1987, "Preliminary Experiences with a Ceramics Evaluation Related U.S. Application Data Engine Rig.” SAE Paper 870021. Paul and Humphrheys, Dec. 1952, SAE Transactions No. 6, 63 Continuation of Ser. No. 112,887, Aug. 27, 1993, Pat. No. 5,375,567. p. 259. (51) Int. Cl." ......................................... FO2B 75/26 Primary Examiner-Marguerite Macy I52 U.S. Cl. .................................... 123/S6.9 Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Bruce M. Canter 58) Field of Search .................................. 123/55.7, 56.1, 123/56.2, 56.8, 56.9, 51 B, 193.6 57) ABSTRACT An engine structure and mechanism that operates on various 56) References Cited combustion processes in a two-stroke-cycle without supple U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS mental cooling or lubrication comprises an axial assembly of cylindrical modules and twin, double-harmonic cams that 1,127,267 2/1915 McElwain .............................. 123/56.8 operate with opposed pistons in each cylinder through fully 1,339,276 5/1920 Murphy ................................. -
Artificial Intelligence for the Prediction of Exhaust Back Pressure Effect On
applied sciences Article Artificial Intelligence for the Prediction of Exhaust Back Pressure Effect on the Performance of Diesel Engines Vlad Fernoaga 1 , Venetia Sandu 2,* and Titus Balan 1 1 Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Transilvania University, Brasov 500036, Romania; [email protected] (V.F.); [email protected] (T.B.) 2 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Transilvania University, Brasov 500036, Romania * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +40-268-474761 Received: 11 September 2020; Accepted: 15 October 2020; Published: 21 October 2020 Featured Application: This paper presents solutions for smart devices with embedded artificial intelligence dedicated to vehicular applications. Virtual sensors based on neural networks or regressors provide real-time predictions on diesel engine power loss caused by increased exhaust back pressure. Abstract: The actual trade-off among engine emissions and performance requires detailed investigations into exhaust system configurations. Correlations among engine data acquired by sensors are susceptible to artificial intelligence (AI)-driven performance assessment. The influence of exhaust back pressure (EBP) on engine performance, mainly on effective power, was investigated on a turbocharged diesel engine tested on an instrumented dynamometric test-bench. The EBP was externally applied at steady state operation modes defined by speed and load. A complete dataset was collected to supply the statistical analysis and machine learning phases—the training and testing of all the AI solutions developed in order to predict the effective power. By extending the cloud-/edge-computing model with the cloud AI/edge AI paradigm, comprehensive research was conducted on the algorithms and software frameworks most suited to vehicular smart devices. -
Principles of an Internal Combustion Engine
Principles of an Internal Combustion Engine Course No: M03-046 Credit: 3 PDH Elie Tawil, P.E., LEED AP Continuing Education and Development, Inc. 22 Stonewall Court Woodcliff Lake, NJ 076 77 P: (877) 322-5800 [email protected] Chapter 2 Principles of an Internal Combustion Engine Topics 1.0.0 Internal Combustion Engine 2.0.0 Engines Classification 3.0.0 Engine Measurements and Performance Overview As a Construction Mechanic (CM), you are concerned with conducting various adjustments to vehicles and equipment, repairing and replacing their worn out broken parts, and ensuring that they are serviced properly and inspected regularly. To perform these duties competently, you must fully understand the operation and function of the various components of an internal combustion engine. This makes your job of diagnosing and correcting troubles much easier, which in turn saves time, effort, and money. This chapter discusses the theory and operation of an internal combustion engine and the various terms associated with them. Objectives When you have completed this chapter, you will be able to do the following: 1. Understand the principles of operation, the different classifications, and the measurements and performance standards of an internal combustion engine. 2. Identify the series of events, as they occur, in a gasoline engine. 3. Identify the series of events, as they occur in a diesel engine. 4. Understand the differences between a four-stroke cycle engine and a two-stroke cycle engine. 5. Recognize the differences in the types, cylinder arrangements, and valve arrangements of internal combustion engines. 6. Identify the terms, engine measurements, and performance standards of an internal combustion engine. -
Napier Sabre Engines Will Be Found on Page L75
STAITDARDIZRD DATA PAGES FOR RECIPROCATIITG EITCTI\ES Standardized data pages are used to present the specifieations of the basic aircraft engines and airhorne auxiliary units described and illustrated in the followirg section of the book. The arrangeme'nt of the data on the standardi zed" data pages is as f ollows : First, there is a concise description of the engine, its construe tion and the major accessories with which it is equipped. Then, in tabular form, there are items such as bore, stroke, displacement (swept vol- ume), compression ratio, overall dimensions, frontal areae total weight and weight per maximum horsepolyer. F'uel and lubricating oiX eonsumptions at cruising output are given in units of weight. The fuel grade and the viscosity of the lubricating oil at 210o F" (100o C) also are specified. Efficiency figures such as maximum power output per unit of dis- placement, maximum polver output per unit of piston area) maximum piston speed and maximum brake mean effective pressure have been ealculated for comparative purposes. Finally, the various horsepower ratings of the engine are given, such as; Take-off rating, or the maxinrum horsepower which it is per- missibil to ,ruJ at sea level and at low altitrdes. flrlilitary (combat) rating, or the maximum horsepower which it is perrnissib]e to use for military purposes at various alti- tudes. fVorrual rating,, or the ntaximum horsepower which the engine can deliver continuously for climh without undue stress" Cruising ratirug, or the maximum horsepo\,ver recommended for continuous operation consistent with reasonable fuel econ- omy. Ern,ergerlcy rating, or the marximum horsepower which it is permissible use a _ to for short period of time in an ernergency. -
Effect of Various Ignition Timings on Combustion Process and Performance of Gasoline Engine
ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS Volume 65 58 Number 2, 2017 https://doi.org/10.11118/actaun201765020545 EFFECT OF VARIOUS IGNITION TIMINGS ON COMBUSTION PROCESS AND PERFORMANCE OF GASOLINE ENGINE Lukas Tunka1, Adam Polcar1 Department of Technology and Automobile Transport, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic Abstract TUNKA LUKAS, POLCAR ADAM. 2017. Effect of Various Ignition Timings on Combustion Process and Performance of Gasoline Engine. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 65(2): 545–554. This article deals with the effect of the ignition timing on the output parameters of a spark-ignition engine. The main assessed parameters include the output parameters of the engine (engine power and torque), cylinder pressure variation, heat generation and burn rate. However, the article also discusses the effect of the ignition timing on the temperature of exhaust gases, the indicated mean effective pressure, the combustion duration, combustion stability, etc. All measurements were performed in an engine test room in the Department of Technology and Automobile Transport at Mendel University in Brno, on a four-cylinder AUDI engine with a maximum power of 110 kW, as indicated by the manufacturer. To control and change the ignition timing of the engine, a fully programmable Magneti Marelli control unit was used. The experimental measurements were performed on 8 different ignition timings, from 18 °CA to 32 °CA BTDC at wide throttle open and a constant engine speed (2500 rpm), with a stoichiometric mixture fraction. The measurement results showed that as the ignition timing increases, the engine power and torque also increase. -
Mathematical Modeling and Analysis of Gas Torque in Twinrotor Piston
J. Cent. South Univ. (2013) 20: 3536−3544 DOI: 10.1007/s117710131879y Mathematical modeling and analysis of gas torque in twinrotor piston engine DENG Hao(邓豪) 1, 2, PAN Cunyun(潘存云) 1, XU Xiaojun(徐小军) 1, ZHANG Xiang(张湘) 1 1. College of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; 2. Naval Aeronautical Engineering Institute, Qingdao Branch, Qingdao 266041, China © Central South University Press and SpringerVerlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 Abstract: The gas torque in a twinrotor piston engine (TRPE) was modeled using adiabatic approximation with instantaneous combustion. The first prototype of TRPE was manufactured. This prototype is intended for high power density engines and can produce 36 power strokes per shaft revolution. Compared with the conventional engines, the vector sum of combustion gas forces acting on each rotor piston in TRPE is a pure torque, and the combustion gas rotates the rotors while compresses the gas in the compression chamber at the same time. Mathematical modeling of gas force transmission was built. Expression for gas torque on each rotor was derived. Different variation patterns of the volume change of working chamber were introduced. The analytical and numerical results is presented to demonstrate the main characteristics of gas torque. The results show that the value of gas torque in TRPE falls to be less than zero before the combustion phase is finished; the time for one stroke is 30° in terms of the rotating angle of the output shaft; gas torque in one complete revolution of the output shaft has a period which is equal to 60° and it is necessary to put off the moment when gas torque becomes zero in order to export the maximum energy. -
ENRESO WORLD - Ilab
ENRESO WORLD - ILab Different Car Engine Types Istas René Graduated in Automotive Technologies 1-1-2019 1 4 - STROKE ENGINE A four-stroke (also four-cycle) engine is an internal combustion (IC) engine in which the piston completes four separate strokes while turning the crankshaft. A stroke refers to the full travel of the piston along the cylinder, in either direction. The four separate strokes are termed: 1. Intake: Also known as induction or suction. This stroke of the piston begins at top dead center (T.D.C.) and ends at bottom dead center (B.D.C.). In this stroke the intake valve must be in the open position while the piston pulls an air-fuel mixture into the cylinder by producing vacuum pressure into the cylinder through its downward motion. The piston is moving down as air is being sucked in by the downward motion against the piston. 2. Compression: This stroke begins at B.D.C, or just at the end of the suction stroke, and ends at T.D.C. In this stroke the piston compresses the air-fuel mixture in preparation for ignition during the power stroke (below). Both the intake and exhaust valves are closed during this stage. 3. Combustion: Also known as power or ignition. This is the start of the second revolution of the four stroke cycle. At this point the crankshaft has completed a full 360 degree revolution. While the piston is at T.D.C. (the end of the compression stroke) the compressed air-fuel mixture is ignited by a spark plug (in a gasoline engine) or by heat generated by high compression (diesel engines), forcefully returning the piston to B.D.C. -
Washington, 0. C. Washington Sept Ember 1942 J •
TECHNICAL NOTES NA~lONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS No . 861 TEE EFFECT OF VALVE COOLING UPO N MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE ENGINE OUTFUT AS LIMITED BY KNOCK ]y Mauri ce Munger, H. D. Wilsted, and B. A. Mu lcahy Langley Me morial Aeronauti cal Laboratory Langl ey Field, Va. COpy To be returned to t files of the Nati nil Advisory Commi rt for Aeronautics Washington, 0. C. Washington Sept ember 1942 J • ·' NATIONAL ADVISORY CO MMITTEE FOR AERO NAUTICS TECHNICAL NOTE NO. 861 THE EFFECT OF VALVE COOLING UPON MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE ENGINE OUTPUT AS LIMITED BY KNOCK By Maurice Mun g er. H. D. Wi1sted, and B. A. Mulcahy SUMMARY A Wri g ht GR-1820-G200 cylinder was tested over a wide r ange of fUel-air ratios at maximum permissible p ower o u t put as limited by knock with three different deg rees of valve cooling . The valves used were stock valves (solid i n let valve and hollow sodium-cooled ex h a u s t v a lve), hollo valves with n o coolant, and hollow valves with flo wing wat e r as a coolant. Curves s h owing t he variat i on in ma x i mu m p e r missi1 1 e v a lues of inlet air p r e ssu r e , i nd icated mean e f f e c t iv e p r e ssu re, cylin d e r c har g e, and indicat e d specific fu e l co n s umption wit h c hang e in fuel- a ir r a tio and val v e cooling are s h own .