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The Threat of Starvation in Gracchus Babeuf's Conspiracy of Equals

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The Threat of Starvation in Gracchus Babeuf's Conspiracy of Equals Volume 1 │ Issue 1 │ 2016 The Threat of Starvation in Gracchus Babeuf’s Conspiracy of Equals: Starvation’s Effects and Babeuf’s Exploitation Logan Elle Ryan Shorter University Georgia Theta Chapter Vol. 1(1), 2016 Article Title: The Threat of Starvation in Gracchus Babeuf’s Conspiracy of Equals DOI: 10.21081/ax0012 ISSN: 2381-800X Key Words: Babeuf, starvation, conspiracy, Communism, revolution, France This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Author contact information is available from the Editor at [email protected]. Aletheia—The Alpha Chi Journal of Undergraduate Scholarship • This publication is an online, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary undergraduate journal, whose mission is to promote high quality research and scholarship among undergraduates by showcasing exemplary work. • Submissions can be in any basic or applied field of study, including the physical and life sciences, the social sciences, the humanities, education, engineering, and the arts. • Publication in Aletheia will recognize students who excel academically and foster mentor/mentee relationships between faculty and students. • In keeping with the strong tradition of student involvement in all levels of Alpha Chi, the journal will also provide a forum for students to become actively involved in the writing, peer review, and publication process. • More information and instructions for authors is available under the publications tab at www.AlphaChiHonor.org. Questions to the editor may be directed to [email protected]. Alpha Chi is a national college honor society that admits students from all academic disciplines, with membership limited to the top 10 percent of an institution’s juniors, seniors, and graduate students. Invitation to membership comes only through an institutional chapter. A college seeking a chapter must grant baccalaureate degrees and be regionally accredited. Some 300 chapters, located in almost every state, induct approximately 12,000 members annually. Alpha Chi members have been “making scholarship effective for good” since 1922. 2016 2 Volume 1 │ Issue 1 │ Spring 2016 Article Title: The Threat of Starvation in Gracchus Babeuf’s Conspiracy of Equals DOI: 10.21081/ax0012 ISSN: 2381-800X This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The Threat of Starvation in Gracchus Babeuf’s Conspiracy of Equals: Starvation’s Effects and Babeuf’s Exploitation Logan Elle Ryan Shorter University Georgia Theta Chapter Abstract François-Noel “Gracchus” Babeuf was a journalist and social activist in the French Revolution. Though his earlier journals had not been widely accepted, he was able to amass a large following during the winter/ spring of 1795-6. The following he was able to garner can be understood through an explanation of the role starvation played in factors of the society he targeted. This research looks at exactly how Babeuf and his “Conspiracy of Equals”—the organizational group of agents working to help Babeuf spread his propagan- da—capitalized on the social struggle of starvation; this capitalization, in particular, largely accounts for Babeuf’s rise to prominence, thus providing a better understanding of the social climate in France at the time and contributing to the sociological interpretation of the French Revolution. Key words: Babeuf, starvation, conspiracy, Communism, revolution, France François-Noel “Gracchus” Babeuf was a journalist about him.2 Furthermore, the mention of him in scholar- and social activist in the French Revolution who amassed ly articles tends to focus only on his ideology.3 Moreover, a large following in Paris during the winter-spring of his journals are neglected in research about French Rev- 1795-6. Despite the widespread and continuous debate over the origins and interpretations of the French Revo- 2 Ernest B. Bax, The Last Episode of the French lution, there are few historical debates about Gracchus Revolution Being a History of Gracchus Babeuf and Babeuf. Historians of the French Revolution such as the Conspiracy of the Equals (1911); Ian H. Birchall, François Furet only give Babeuf a cursory glance; in- The Spectre of Babeuf (London: Macmillan Press Ltd., deed, as Babeuf’s most active years fall between the 1997); R.B. Rose, Gracchus Babeuf: The First Revo- lutionary Communist (London: Edward Arnold, 1978); decline of the Jacobin Terror and the rise of Napoleon, David Thompson, The Babeuf Plot: the making of a the years of 1795-6 and the character of Babeuf tend to 1 Republican Legend (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner, get lost in the history of the French Revolution. In fact, 1947). There is a larger amount of Babeuf scholarship there are only four full-length books in English written in French and Russian. 3 Ulysses G. Weatherly, “Babeuf’s Place in the History 1 François Furet, Revolutionary France 1770-1800. of Socialism,” Publications of the American Econom- Trans. Antonia Nevill. (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992); ic Association 8, no. 1 (February 1907): 113-24; K. D. Denis Woronoff, The Thermidorian Regime and the Tönnesson, “The Babouvists: From Utopian to Practical Directory: 1794-1799 (Cambridge: Cambridge Univer- Socialism,” Past & Present, No. 22 (Jul., 1962), pp. 60- sity Press, 1984): xix. 76; Patrice L.-R. Higonnet, “Babeuf: Communist or Proto-Communist?” The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 51, No. 4 (Dec., 1979), pp. 773-781. 2016 Aletheia—The Alpha Chi Journal of Undergraduate Research 3 olutionary journalism.4 And yet, his rise to prominence why he became popular in the winter-spring of 1795-6.8 through journalism and activism in Directorial France To understand this rise to prominence sociologically re- can offer a better understanding of the social climate in quires examining how Babeuf and his “Conspiracy of France at the time. Equals”—the organizational group of agents working to Indeed, a recent trend in historiography is to over- spread Babeuf’s propaganda—capitalized on the social emphasize cultural history—that is, the history of the in- struggle of starvation. Specifically, the psychological/ dividuals marginalized by race, gender, and sex—while sociological effects of hunger combined with Babeuf’s disregarding the social history of the majority as “no appeal to the people’s suffering can largely account for longer worthy of ‘privileged’ attention.”5 A consequence his rise to prominence at that time. In order to evalu- of this trend is the loss of what Paula Fass describes as ate starvation as a primary factor in Babeuf’s rise to a “ballast” for research and historical understanding; by prominence, the sociological phenomenon will be ex- offering conclusions about individuals and a marginal- amined qualitatively “from the bottom” by looking at ized group without placing them in the wider context the historical famine, the psychological effects of hun- offered by social history, “the individual culturally res- ger, Babeuf’s appeals to it, why these appeals worked, onant case cannot be made historically meaningful.”6 and the sociological implications of Babeuf’s tactics.9 A close examination of Babeuf and the Conspiracy of Before the winter 1795, the people of France had Equals, then, cannot be historically relevant and sig- already suffered famine—notably, just before the over- nificant without systematically connecting the charac- throw of the Old Regime in 1789 and during the Jacobin ter to the social context in which he acted. Indeed, the Reign of Terror from 1793-1794.10 The starvation during reactions of the people of the former sans-culottes to the Old Regime contributed to the early revolution, but Babeuf’s propaganda and the importance of the details during the Jacobin years there was a stronger central that he included in his journals can be used as param- government that handled rationing and food distribu- eters through which to understand the issues and con- tion well and put down uprisings with promises of swift cerns of the social majority of the lower classes within “measures against the famine.”11 When the Jacobin gov- Paris during the Directorial period, thus informing the ernment fell, however, and the Directory rose to power, sociological interpretation of the French Revolution and the new government inherited a terrible economic and contributing to what currently is a lack of scholarship on social situation, which was further exacerbated by its Babeuf. increasingly slow-moving government. Babeuf scholars such as R.B. Rose and David Likewise, due partially to foreign wars and fiscal Thompson have attributed Babeuf’s rise to prominence mismanagement, the new paper currency of France— to his socialist ideology.7 While an ideological interpre- the assignat—devaluated rapidly. To offset this, the tation of Babeuf offers a viable explanation for why his Directory printed more money and implemented and ideas have survived and been referenced by such revolu- rejected the maximum three times, which controlled tionaries as Marx and Lenin, that alone cannot account for prices of goods, specifically bread, thus allowing prices 4 Jeremy D. Popkin, Revolutionary News: The Press in 8 Karl Marx, “The Communist Manifesto” (1848), in France 1789-1799, (Durham: Duke University Press, Marx/Engels Selected Works, (Moscow: Progress 1990); Robert Darnton and Daniel Roche, Revolution Publishers: 1969); Marx, “The Holy Family” (1845), in Print: the press in France 1775-1800 (Berkeley: Marxists.org; Vladimir Lenin, Collected Works of V.L. University of California Press, 1989). Lenin, (New York:
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