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Water Supply and Sanitation in Chukotka and Yakutia, Russian Arctic

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Water Supply and Sanitation in Chukotka and Yakutia, Russian Arctic INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIRCUMPOLAR HEALTH, 2018 VOL. 77, 1423826 https://doi.org/10.1080/22423982.2018.1423826 REVIEW ARTICLE Public Health Practice Report: water supply and sanitation in Chukotka and Yakutia, Russian Arctic Alexey A. Dudarev Hygiene Department, Northwest Public Health Research Center, St-Petersburg, Russia ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Information from 2013–2015 have been analysed on water accessibility, types of water service to Received 20 March 2017 households, use of water pretreatment, availability of sewerage, use of sewage treatment in Accepted 1 January 2018 Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and Yakutia Republic, based on evaluation information accessible KEYWORDS in open sources, such as regional statistics and sanitary-epidemiologic reports. The main causes Chukotka; Yakutia; Russian of the poor state of water supply and sanitation in the study regions include: very limited access Arctic; water supply; water to in-home running water (one-quarter of settlements in Chukotka and half of settlements in accessibility; drinking water Yakutia have no regular water supply) and lack of centralised sewerage (78% and 94% of quality; water treatment; settlements correspondingly have no sewerage); lack of water pretreatment and sewage treat- sanitation; sewerage; waste ment, outdated technologies and systems; serious deterioration of facilities and networks, fre- water quent accidents; secondary pollution of drinking water. Lack of open objective information on Russian Arctic water supply and sanitation in the materials of the regional and federal statistics hampers the assessment of the real state of affairs. The situation for water and sanitation supply in these Russian Arctic regions remains steadily unfavourable. A comprehensive intervention from national and regional governmental levels is urgently needed. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (ARTEK (Greenland) [4], WIHAH (Alaska) [5]). The Alaska (SDG) #6, aims to “achieve universal and equitable meeting featured summary presentations on the sta- access to safe and affordable drinking water for all” by tus of WASH for each of the Arctic Nations where 2030 [1]. Most of the global population with unmet unmet WASH needs remain a problem (US, Canada, needs for water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) are Greenland and Russia). This paper summarises the oral found in tropical or subtropical regions. However, it is presentation prepared for the Alaska meeting by the not well understood that many Arctic residents lack author. WASH services and that the challenges of providing The poor state of water supply systems, shortage of WASH differ in the Arctic and are incompletely under- water purification facilities and disinfection systems, stood. In addition, climate and environmental change is and the generally low quality of drinking water in threatening existing water/sanitation systems by affect- Russia and the Russian Arctic are publicly recognised ing water availability, making water and sewer treat- and described in the Russian national literature. This ment more complicated and disrupting distribution of includes a publication [6] where we focused on chemi- water and sewage, particularly in areas with extensive cal and biological contamination of water sources and permafrost thawing, flooding or erosion problems. This drinking water in 18 regions of the Russian Arctic, is more than a problem of inconvenience, inadequate Siberia and Far East. A related publication assessed access to WASH is known to have negative impacts on the levels of food-and-water borne diseases in those health in Arctic populations [2]. regions [7]. In 2015, an Arctic Council Sustainable Development The present report was aimed at evaluating the Workgroup initiative was begun to document the water supply and sanitation in two Far Eastern regions extent of water and sanitation services in Arctic of Russian Arctic – the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug Nations, the related health indicators and climate- and Yakutia (Sakha) Republic. This report will review related vulnerabilities to WASH services [3]. As part of information regarding water accessibility, types of ser- that effort, two international conferences were held in vice water to households, use of water pretreatment, 2016 to highlight Arctic WASH problems and solutions. availability of sewerage, and use of sewage treatment in CONTACT Alexey A. Dudarev [email protected] Hygiene Department, Northwest Public Health Research Center, St-Petersburg, Russia © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 2 A. A. DUDAREV these two regions. This report will highlight the public and should have favourable organoleptic properties”, health challenges for WASH service in these regions. and indicates the responsibility of suppliers: To accomplish this a review was made information “Organizations engaged in supplying of cold and hot accessible in the open sources. The author’s personal water via centralized systems, are obliged to ensure the experience in multiple scientific expeditions and long correspondence of drinking and hot water quality to visits to Chukotka and Yakutia helped provide context the sanitary and epidemiological requirements”. to the available data. Few peer reviewed publications on water supply and sanitation in the Russian Arctic Geography and demography available and none exist for Chukotka and Yakutia. Official state and regional statistical materials are Table 1 provides the geographic and administrative- scanty, limited and not unified, which impede compar- demographic characteristics of the studied regions. isons of the regions. However, data for 2013–2015 for Yakutia Republic is four times larger and has a popula- this study were drawn from existing regional statistics, tion 20 times greater than Chukotka Okrug (Figure 1), regional annual reports (titled: “Status of Sanitary- but the administrative territories are similar in terms of Epidemiological Wellbeing”), materials of regional com- low population density. Chukotka’s 0.07 people/km2 is mittees and organizations and web resources. the lowest in Russia. Most settlements in Chukotka are Searching and collecting web data was based on the scattered over vast distances. There are no railroads in key words: “water supply”, “sanitation”, “Chukotka” and Chukotka and no highways (asphalt roads). “Yakutia”. Absolute values of some parameters of water Transportation connections between settlements is supply and sanitation in the studied regions (if avail- possible in the summer only by air or water (with able) have been calculated into the relative values exception of few short dirt roads), or in winter – by using demographic data from local statistics. temporary “winter roads” using off-road vehicles or powerful trucks. The transportation situation in north- ern Yakutia is similar to Chukotka. In southern Yakutia Russian legal base in water supply and one short railroad (from Amur Oblast) and the Federal sanitation highway (through Yakutsk city to Magadan Oblast) are The UN SDG objective for WASH for all people is also functioning all the year round. reflected in Russian law and policy. Russian Federal Law №52 (dated 1999) “On Sanitary and Epidemiological Water supply and sanitation Welfare of the Population” [8] declares “The Right to Water” for the Russian population throughout the coun- Figure 2 depicts the percentage of settlements (includ- try: “Population of urban and rural areas should be ing all cities, townships and villages) where the water is provided with drinking water as a priority in an amount provided either by centralised pipe (57% in Chukotka sufficient to meet the physiological and domestic and 15% in Yakutia), or by tank truck delivery (17% and needs”. This also contains the right to good quality 36% correspondingly); one-quarter of settlements in drinking water: “Drinking water must be safe in epide- Chukotka and half of the settlements in Yakutia have miologic and radiation context, harmless chemically no regular water supply. Centralised sewerage is Table 1. Demographic features of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and Yakutia Republic, 2015 (adapted from [9,10]). Chukotka Autonomous Okrug Yakutia Republic Territory, km2 721,5 km2 3083,5 km2 Districts, number 6 36 Inhabited localities, number 44 641 Largest city, population Anadyr – 14,900 Yakutsk – 303,800 Population total 50,160 959,700 Population density, people/km2 0.07 0.31 Urban population (% of the total) 34,720 (69%) 627,750 (65.4%) Rural population (% of the total) 15,440 (31%) 331,950 (34.6%) Indigenous population groups: people (% of the total) Chukchi – 12,800 (25.3%) Yakut – 467,000 (49.9%) people (% of the total) Eskimo (Inuit) – 1,500 (3%) Evenk – 21,000 (2.2%) people (% of the total) Even – 1,400 (2.8%) Even – 15,100 (1.6%) people (% of the total) Chuvants – 900 (1.8%) Non-indigenous population: Russians, people (% of the total) 25,100 (49.6%) 353,700 (37.8%) Ukraine, people (% of the total) 2,900 (5.7%) 20,300 (2.2%) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIRCUMPOLAR HEALTH 3 Chukotka Yakutia Figure 1. Map of eastern Russia (open access), showing the location of the Yakutia Republic and Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. available in 22% of Chukotka settlements and only in Therefore, using the Yakutian water
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