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Ivy: an Underappreciated Key Resource to flower-Visiting Insects in Autumn

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Ivy: an Underappreciated Key Resource to flower-Visiting Insects in Autumn Insect Conservation and Diversity (2013) doi: 10.1111/icad.12033 Ivy: an underappreciated key resource to flower-visiting insects in autumn MIHAIL GARBUZOV and FRANCIS L. W. RATNIEKS Laboratory of Apiculture & Social Insects, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK Abstract. 1. Ivy (Hedera helix and H. hibernica) is a common autumn-flower- ing plant found in Europe, North Africa, Macaronesia and Asia. Here, we use five complementary approaches (pollen trapping, nectar refractometry, local and regional surveys of insects foraging on ivy flowers, local survey of ivy abun- dance) to evaluate its importance to the honey bee (Apis mellifera) and other flower-visiting insects in Sussex, England. 2. Pollen trapping at six hives in two locations showed that an average 89% of pollen pellets collected by honey bees in the autumn were from ivy. 3. Observations of foraging honey bees on ivy showed that ivy nectar is an even greater target than pollen, as 80% were collecting only nectar. Refractom- etry of samples from ivy flowers and from honey bees foraging on ivy showed that ivy nectar is rich in sugar, 49% w/w. 4. Surveys showed that the main insect taxa foraging on ivy were honey bees (21%), bumble bees (Bombus spp., 3%), ivy bees (Colletes hederae, 3%), com- mon wasps (Vespula vulgaris, 13%), hover flies (Syrphidae, 27%), other flies (29%) and butterflies (4%). The surveys also showed significant temporal and spatial variation in taxon abundance and proportion. 5. A survey showed that ivy was very abundant on a small scale in both rural and urban areas, being present in 10/10 and 6/10 0.2 9 0.2 km samples within two 4 9 4 km areas respectively. 6. The results show that ivy should probably be considered a keystone species with a high value in the conservation of flower-visiting insects in autumn. Key words. Apis mellifera, Colletes hederae, Hedera helix, keystone species, pol- len analysis, pollinating insects. Introduction (Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull), bramble (Rubus spp.), oilseed (Brassica spp.) and hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) are among Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) and other pollinating the most important sources of nectar and pollen for honey insects have declined since WW2 with a major factor bees in the United Kingdom (Roberts, 1994; Beekman & being the reduction in flower abundance (Biesmeijer et al., Ratnieks, 2000). Similarly, heather and red and white clo- 2006; Carvell et al., 2006; Goulson et al., 2008; Potts vers (Trifolium pratense L. and T. repens) and are some of et al., 2010). Nevertheless, the relative importance of dif- the most important floral resources for bumble bees ferent plant species in the diet of different pollinating (Goulson et al., 2005). Nevertheless, the importance of insects is not fully known. Previous work has shown, for different plant species in the diet of pollinators is dynamic example, that white clover (Trifolium repens L.), heather and shows seasonal variation (Visscher & Seeley, 1982; Roubik & Villanueva-Gutierrez, 2009). Knowledge of the importance of plant species to animals that rely on them Correspondence: Mihail Garbuzov, Laboratory of Apiculture can be useful in informing land management, environment & Social Insects, School of Life Sciences, University of policy and conservation action (Dicks et al., 2010). Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK. E-mail: m.garbuzov@ Research on honey bee foraging (M.J. Couvillon, sussex.ac.uk R. Schu€rch & F.L.W. Ratnieks, unpublished data) has Ó 2013 The Royal Entomological Society 1 2 Mihail Garbuzov and Francis L. W. Ratnieks shown that in Sussex (southern Britain) the average forag- end of each hive’s 40 mm diameter entrance tube. The ing distance of honey bees, as determined by decoding mesh knocks pollen pellets from the pollen baskets of waggle dances (Beekman & Ratnieks, 2000) reduces from returning foragers as they pass through. Pollen was col- summer (July and August, ca. 4 km) to autumn (Septem- lected approximately weekly on days with good foraging ber and October, ca. 2 km), suggesting that floral weather during the main ivy flowering period, from 13 resources become more available. We hypothesised that September to 15 October 2011, 09.00 hours–17.00 hours this increase in floral resource abundance is due to the local time. Each sample was the group of pollen pellets blooming of ivy (Hedera spp.). Ivy is a common and collected from one hive on one day. After collection and widespread native plant found throughout Britain in both prior to identification, pollen samples were stored at rural and urban areas and blooms mainly in September À20 °C for 3 weeks. and October (Metcalfe, 2005). Ivy bloom can be prolific, Pollen was identified dichotomously as either ivy or although it is often overlooked, as the flowers are small non-ivy. In most cases, the daily sample from a hive was (5 mm) and inconspicuous, lacking bright petals. abundant and we analysed 50 pellets. Occasionally (6 of The ivy genus, Hedera, comprises ca. 16 species distrib- 29), the sample was less than 50 pellets and all were iden- uted throughout Europe, North Africa, Macaronesia and tified. A further 4 samples returned 0 pellets. All pellets Asia. The two British species are H. helix L. and its tetra- were of a single colour indicating that the pollen came ploid daughter species H. hibernica (Kirchner) Bean from a single plant species, as expected given that the fre- (Ackerfield & Wen, 2003). Both are common and have over- quency of mixed honey bee pollen pellets is very low lapping distributions throughout most of the British Isles, [0.05% in Wales, UK (Percival, 1947), <0.01% in Calden, although H. hibernica is considered under-recorded (Met- Argentina (Andrada & Tellerıa, 2005)]. In addition, when calfe, 2005). Both species are woody climbers with almost examining pollen under the microscope, we never saw identical morphology (McAllister & Rutherford, 1990). The more than one pollen type per pellet. juvenile form has lobed leaves and creeps over the ground, A small amount of pollen from each pellet, comprising but climbs vertically on substrates, such as tree trunks, several hundred grains, was made into a temporary slide cliffs, walls and buildings when mature, aged 10 years or under a cover slip with water and examined under bright more, and produces ovate leaves and flowers (Clark, 1983). field using Zeiss Axiophot microscope (Carl Zeiss, Oberke- The aim of this study was to assess the local abundance chen, Germany) at 4009 magnification. Ivy pollen was of ivy and its importance as an autumn food source to identified by reference to a suite of characteristic features honey bees and other flower-visiting insects in both urban described by Van Helvoort and Punt (1984) and to samples and rural areas by determining: (i) the proportion of pol- collected locally. In practice, a combination of shape and len pellets collected by honey bee foragers from ivy during size made it easy to recognise. its main flowering period, (ii) the sugar concentration in ivy nectar and the proportion of honey bee and bumble bee (Bombus spp.) foragers collecting nectar versus pollen, Measurements of sugar concentration in ivy nectar (iii) the local and (iv) regional assemblage and relative abundance of ivy flower-visiting insects and (v) the local Total sugar concentration (% w/w, °Brix) was mea- distribution and abundance of ivy. By collecting these five sured from 10 ivy flowers individually on one warm (day- complimentary data sets, we are able to build a signifi- time average 14 °C) and sunny day (4 October 2012) from cantly more comprehensive picture than previous studies, a patch near peak bloom in Falmer, using a handheld which were based either on the analysis of honey bee pol- refractometer designed for small volumes (Model 45–81, len pellets (Coffey & Breen, 1997) or counts of insects for- Bellingham & Stanley, Tunbridge Wells, UK). As the nec- aging on ivy flowers (Vezza et al., 2006; Ollerton et al., tar is secreted on the surface of an exposed floral disc, it 2007; Jacobs et al., 2010). was transferred onto a refractometer prism by smearing the disc surface against the prism surface. In addition, sugar concentration was measured from the crop contents Methods of 10 honey bee workers foraging on the same patch of ivy at the same time. Crop contents were obtained by Pollen collection and identification chilling captured bees and gently pressing on the abdomen to cause regurgitation of a small volume. Test bees were Pollen was collected from 6 honey bee (A. mellifera) obser- not killed and were then released. vation hives. Three were at the rural location (Laboratory of Apiculture & Social Insects, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK; latitude: 50.863889, longitude: À0.083830386) and three Survey of ivy flower visitors on a small scale in Falmer at the urban location (Dorothy Stringer High School, Brigh- ton, UK; latitude: 50.849370, longitude: À0.14167996). The Insects on ivy flowers were surveyed in five locations two locations are 4.5 km apart. within Falmer village, which neighbours the University Pollen from each hive was obtained by placing a pollen of Sussex campus (latitude: 50.865006, longitude: trap (5.0 mm plastic mesh; E.H.Thorne, UK) onto the À0.078547061) and is 500 m from the experimental apiary Ó 2013 The Royal Entomological Society, Insect Conservation and Diversity Ivy: a key resource to insects in autumn 3 at the Laboratory of Apiculture & Social Insects. The (Uckfield, Hailsham) (British Geological Survey, 2012). locations were chosen to have abundant flowering or Surveys were made at intervals broadly corresponding soon-to-flower ivy and were 60–380 m apart. with the early (22 September), middle (30 September–6 Surveys took place at approximately weekly intervals October) and late (14–16 October) ivy flowering periods.
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