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PAPUA NEW GUINEA Invisible and Neglected Protracted Displacement

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PAPUA NEW GUINEA Invisible and Neglected Protracted Displacement 11 December 2014 PAPUA NEW GUINEA Invisible and neglected protracted displacement As of November 2014, at least 22,500 people were displaced in Papua New Guinea (PNG) as a result of conflict or natural hazard-related disasters. Two thirds of internally displaced people (IDPs) have been displaced by natural hazards, the remainder by conflict. In many areas, natural disasters, conflict, violence and development projects often coincide to create an environment conducive to displacement. The majority of those displaced by conflict and disaster live in Madang and Morobe provinc- Displaced boys in the Bulolo care centre, Morobe province. Many of the children are es on PNG’s northern coast. A conservative reported to have been traumatised by the ethnic clashes that led to their displace- estimate puts the number of people newly ment in May 2010 and they have not been able to return to school. Photo: IDMC/ Frederik Kok, October 2014 displaced by violence in 2014 at 1,200. Data collection on the number and needs of IDPs is a major challenge in the absence of a clear IDP definition and weak disaster monitoring and data collec- tion systems. IDPs are not recognised as a distinct category of affected people with specific protection or assistance needs and their numbers are not captured in disaster assessments. Nearly all IDPs are living in protracted displacement, having been displaced for between four and ten years and having failed to return or successfully find other durable solutions. Around 85 per cent of the displaced are living in government-established IDP camps, officially termed “care centres”, while the re- mainder are living with host families. Prolonged displacement in camps is often accompanied by a deteri- oration of living conditions, with IDPs increasingly left on their own to meet their basic needs and sustain themselves. Tension with host communities has sometimes erupted into conflict over land and resources, putting IDPs at risk of violence and sometimes secondary displacement. Lack of food, clean water and adequate sanitary facilities and reduced access to healthcare is a major problem both in IDP camps and host communities. Lack of funding, capacity and political will hamper the search for durable solutions. The fact that almost all land is held under customary tenure complicates efforts to provide land for those who choose not to return. www.internal-displacement.org Total number of IDPs Internal displacement in PACIFIC OCEAN 22,500 Papua New Guinea As of 28 November 2014 15,000 from disasters ( 7,500 from conflict ) Capital Provincial capital International boundary Provincial boundary Displacement by conflict Lagaip-Porgera district 1,200 IDPs (since June 2014) Displacement by disasters Wewak Bogia and Sumkar districts 0 150 km 15,000 IDPs (since Nov. 2004) Bismarck Sea Sources: IOM, Amnesty International, MADANG Madang Bogia/Bulolo district authorities, IDMC interviews INDONESIA ENGA Mt. Hagen Mendi Goroka SOUTHERN HIGHLANDS Lae MOROBE Huon Gulf Bulolo district 300 IDPs (since Sept. 2013) 4,000 IDPs (since May 2010) Solomon Sea Gulf of Papua Kagua-Erave district Daru According to data gathered by 2,000 IDPs (since Nov. 2013) the International Office for Migration (IOM) between SOLOMON ISLANDS Torres Strait Port Moresby October 2013 and June 2014, a total of 1,800 people were displaced in 7 conflict-related incidents while 14 disasters displaced some 17,000 people Coral Sea (IOM, 6 August 2014). AUSTRALIA The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by IDMC. Map by: IDMC More maps are available at www.internal-displacement.org/search?Type=Map Papua New Guinea: invisible and neglected protracted displacement At the provincial level, disaster management PNG has an abundance of natural resources is constrained by poor resources and capacity. and its economy is largely based on agriculture, State assistance has tended to be temporary, minerals and energy. In recent years, economic with insufficient attention paid to the long-term growth has been mainly driven by large-scale needs of the displaced. The presence of interna- private investment in mining and gas production. tional humanitarian and development organisa- Concerns have been raised about the environ- tions in PNG is limited. With the exception of the mental and human rights impact of large-scale International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) extractive projects on local communities and their and the International Organisation for Migration potential to spark social unrest and conflict (HRW, (IOM), few organisations provide direct assistance 2013). There are also concerns about the capac- to IDPs. Most operational international agencies ity of the government to ensure that these new are involved in development work or focus on revenues translate into palpable improvements supporting the government to build capacity in in the living standards of the general population disaster risk management. (WB, 1 October 2014). The first step in effectively addressing the needs Human development indicators are among the of IDPs is for the government to make internal dis- lowest in the world with the country ranking 157 placement a priority and recognise it as both a hu- out of 187 countries (UNDP, 24 July 2014). Some manitarian and development concern. Increased 85 per cent of the population lives in rural areas involvement by the international community with the majority engaged in subsistence agri- is essential to help increase visibility on issues culture. The country has the worst health status around internal displacement. Technical support in the Pacific, one closely associated to poverty. currently provided by the UN for the revision of It is estimated that 40 per cent of the population the 1984 Disaster Management Act could also lives on less than $1 per day (UNDP, 2014). Those include assistance to address key gaps in govern- living in remote areas are particularly affected due ment response to the needs of IDPs, including the to their isolation, lack of income opportunities, lack of an institutional IDP focal point and a policy poor education and vulnerability to shocks (CARE, and regulatory framework upholding the rights of October 2011). IDPs. Causes of displacement Background Internal displacement in PNG is caused by a wide PNG, the largest country in the Pacific, occupies range of often overlapping and interlinked fac- the eastern half of the island of New Guinea, tors. In many areas, elements of natural disasters, sharing a border to the west with the Indonesian conflict, violence and development projects often province of Papua. Gaining independence from combine to both create an environment con- Australia in 1975, PNG is highly fragmented by ducive to displacement, one that increases the terrain, history, ethnicity and language. A census vulnerability of affected populations and under- in 2011 estimated PNG’s population to be about mines their resilience. 7.3 million with an annual growth rate of three per cent (PIDP, 24 January 2014). PNG is one of the Displacement caused by inter-communal violence world’s most ethnically and linguistically diverse and tribal conflicts countries, with about 840 distinct languages spo- Although PNG is generally stable, the country has ken (MRGI, 2007). a history of inter-communal violence and tribal 11 December 2014 www.internal-displacement.org 3 Papua New Guinea: invisible and neglected protracted displacement conflicts, often triggered by land disputes or polit- 2014, a tribal dispute near the town of Tari in ical rivalries. Post-independence political rivalries Hela Province resulted in loss of life and property have increased competition for access to state re- destruction with an unknown number of people sources and public goods (Reilly, 2008, p.16). The seeking refuge in safer neighbouring villages (Fiji proliferation of guns since the 1990s has resulted Times, 23 April 2014). in higher casualties (Oxfam, November 2010, p.2). Tensions around access to land are exacerbated In late 2013, significant displacement took place by rapid population growth and by natural re- in the Kagua Erave district of Southern Highlands source extraction projects which displace indige- Province, where fighting between two opposing nous communities and have the potential to spark two tribes in Sugu Valley affected some 8,000 social unrest and violence. With the exception people and displaced at least 2,000 who sought of the Bougainville conflict, which claimed up to refuge with host families (ICRC, 21 January 2014). 20,000 lives between 1989 and 1998 and caused The conflict was reportedly triggered by the death the displacement of an estimated 80,000 people of a former parliamentarian and accusations of (Wallis, 2012; UN Inter-Agency Team, March 1998, sorcery levelled against one tribe by their rivals. p.19), most inter-communal clashes have tended At least 600 homes were burnt down during the to remain localised and have not challenged the attacks which also left 40 people dead (ABC, 15 national government (Reilly, 2008). Much violence November 2013). is concentrated in the central Highlands region resulting in recent years in recurrent small to Inter-communal violence has also led to displace- medium-scale displacement. Other areas, such as ment in other parts of PNG. In May 2010, some Morobe Province, have also been affected. 10,000 people, mainly Sepik settlers, were report- ed displaced from their homes in Bulolo district in Displacement caused by tribal fighting
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