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Copyright 2006, The Johns Hopkins University and Frances Stillman. All rights reserved. Use of these materials permitted only in accordance with license rights granted. Materials provided “AS IS”; no representations or warranties provided. User assumes all responsibility for use, and all liability related thereto, and must independently review all materials for accuracy and efficacy. May contain materials owned by others. User is responsible for obtaining permissions for use from third parties as needed. The Transnational Tobacco Industry

Frances Stillman, EdD, and Heather Wipfli, MA Institute for Global Tobacco Control Johns Hopkins University Section A

Background Why Study the Industry

“A sane policy response to the evidence against tobacco does and should threaten the viability of the industries themselves.”

Advocacy Institute, Smoke and Mirrors, 1998

4 Describing a Disease

HOST

VECTOR

AGENT ENVIRONMENT

5 The Agent

6 Image source: www.cdc.gov/tobacco/ images/sgrad6.jpg retrieved 2/28/06 The Host

Image source: Institute for Global Tobacco Control 7 The Vector

Image source: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/frankenstein/frank_promise.html retrieved 2/12/06 8 Section B

Background Background

„ 1890—American Tobacco Company (ATC) formed

„ 1900—ATC virtually controls all tobacco production and trade worldwide

„ 1911—ATC broken up into several companies, including ATC, R.J. Reynolds (RJR), Liggett & Meyers Tobacco Company, Lorillard, and British American Tobacco (BAT)

Continued 10 Background

„ 1911–1980 − Tobacco industry comprised of numerous independent companies − Tobacco growing and trade flow largely between U.S. and Western Europe

„ 1980–Present − A few mega companies − Majority of tobacco growing in low- and middle- income countries − Global production and trade

11 What Is a “Transnational” Company?

„ An enterprise comprising entities in more than one country which operate under a system of decision- making that permits coherent policies and a common strategy

„ The entities are so linked, by ownership or otherwise, that one or more of them may be able to exercise a significant influence over the others and, in particular, to share knowledge, resources, and responsibilities with the others

12 Major Transnational Tobacco Companies

„ Philip Morris (USA) „ British American Tobacco (UK) „ Japan Tobacco (Japan) „ Reemsta (Germany) „ Altadis (Spain / France)

13 Cigarette Production

World Cigarette Production ) s 6000 on i l l i 5000 b ( s 4000 tte e r

a 3000 g

ci 2000 of r e 1000 b m u 0 N

50 94 96 98 00 19 1970 1990 1992 19 19 19 20 2002 2004 Year

Data sources: U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Bureau of Census as quoted in "Vital Signs 2005" published by WorldWatch Institute.

14 Company Size and Wealth

„ PMI, BAT, JT own or lease manufacturing facilities in over 50 countries

„ PMI, BAT, JT have combined sales of over U.S. $121 billion

15 TNC Sales and Developing Countries

„ Philip Morris’ (PM) 1998 revenues ($74 billion) exceeded the GDP of many countries including Ireland, Hungary, Ecuador, Kuwait, Guatemala, and Kenya

„ RJR Nabisco’s 1998 revenues ($14 billion) exceeded the GDP of Jamaica, Laos, or Malawi

Sources: Philip Morris, 1999 Annual Report (consolidated revenues); RJR Nabisco, 16 1998 Annual Report (does not include RJR International revenues); CIA World Factbook, 1999 China National Tobacco Corporation

„ World’s largest tobacco company

„ Near monopoly over domestic market

„ Numerous cooperative agreements with TTCs to modernize manufacturing, improve crop yields, and build tobacco processing plants

„ Indications that it is considering entering international market

Continued 17 A Return to the Past?

Global Cigarette Market Share

16.40%

31% 15.40%

30.00% 7.20%

Philip Morris BAT JTI China Tobacco Other

Data sources: 1. Mackay, J., and M. Eriksen. 2002. The Tobacco Atlas. World Health Organization. 2. World Health Organization http://www.wpro.who.int/media_centre/press_releases/pr_20050830.htm retrieved 3/7/06 18 Section C

Globalization of the Tobacco Industry A Global Market

Global Cigarette Consumption

6000 s) 5000

on i f l l i o 4000 r b

s ( 3000 e mbe t t 2000 e Nu r a 1000 g i c 0

0 0 00 10 0 0 0 0 0 70 0 0 00 88 89 94 95 1 1 19 19 192 193 1 1 196 19 198 199 20 Year

Cigarette Consumption - Top 5 countries

1800 ed ) 1600 s m

n 1400 u f o s i l o 1200 l r i e

b 1000 con

mb 800 es t

t 600 Nu e r 1998 ( 400 a n i g 200 ci 0 Indonesia Russia Japan USA China Country Data source: Mackay, J and Eriksen, M. 2002. 20 The Tobacco Atlas. World Health Organization. Looking Abroad

“Tobacco exports should be expanded aggressively, because Americans are smoking less.” —Vice President Dan Quayle (1990)

21 Going Abroad

Accessed on 2/21/06 from the National Center for Tobacco-Free Kids http://www.tobaccofreekids.org/reports/falsefriends/philipmorrisus.pdf 22 A Global Business

2004 Revenue & Profit Splits for British American Tobacco Net Sales

Africa & Middle America-Pacific East 28% 13%

Europe 26%

Latin America Asia-Pacific 15% 18%

Data source: http://www.bat.com/oneweb/sites/uk__3mnfen.nsf/vwPagesWebLive/D O59NQAG?opendocument&SID=&DTC=&TMP=1, accessed 2/21/06 23 Factors Fueling Global Expansion

„ Opening of formally closed economies in former Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and China

„ World Bank and IMF pressure to liberalize foreign investment laws and privatize state-owned companies

„ Expansion of free trade areas

24 Trade Liberalization

„ General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

„ World Trade Organization (WTO)

„ Regional Agreements (NAFTA)

25 Impact of Trade Liberalization

Korea (1988–1989) „ 18.4%–30% in teenage boys „ 1.6%–8.7% teenage girls − 6% of market in one year Taiwan „ 50% increase in high school students in two years − 1% to 20% of annual sales in less than two years Japan (1990–1996) „ 26%–40% in 17 year old boys „ 5%–15% in 17 year old girls − 2% to 22% market share in ten years

26 Tobacco Leaf Production

Leading Producers of Tobacco Leaves, 2001

3000 s n 2500 o t c i r 2000 t e 1500 of m s d n

a 1000 s ou h 500 T

0 a a il y e a y e i n i A e si n na i d az k w e tal aw i In US r b I eec ista t Ch Br on r al k en Tu ba G M g m nd Pa Zi I Ar

Data source: Mackay, J. and Eriksen, M. 2002. The Tobacco Atlas. World Health Organization. 27 Tobacco Leaf Trade Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Exporters, 1999

350

300 ns

to 250 c i tr

e 200 m

nd 150 a s u

o 100 h T 50

0 Brazil USA Zimbabwe China Turkey India Greece Italy Malawi Argentina

Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Importers, 1999

300

s 250 n to c 200 tri e

m 150 d n a

s 100 u o

Th 50

0 Russia USA Germany UK Netherlands Japan France Ukraine Poland Egypt 28 Data source: Mackay, J. and Eriksen, M. 2002. The Tobacco Atlas. World Health Organization. Privatization

„ Over 140 mergers and acquisitions between international companies and state-run companies

„ A few examples − 2003 BAT buys Duvanska (Serbia) − 1997 PM buys Tabaqueira (Portugal) − 1994 PM buys Kharkov (Ukraine) − 1993 PM buys Klaipeda (Lithuania) − 1992 PM buys Czech Tabac − 1991 BAT buys Hungary’s State company

29 Foreign Investment—Ukraine

„ Foreign tobacco firms invested $520 million between 1991 and 1999—1/4 of all foreign direct investment

„ Over 90% manufacturing capacity now run by Western companies

„ Platform for exporting to other countries throughout Central and Eastern Europe

30 Major Company Mergers

„ 1999 − BAT buys Rothmans − Philip Morris buys Liggett − Japan Tobacco buys RJR International

„ Transformed size and global reach of largest three companies

31 Marlboro Market Share (2001)

„ Netherlands—39% „ France—30% „ Germany—30% „ Spain—15.5% „ Poland—7.2% „ Russia—2.0% „ Romania—1.8% „ Saudi Arabia—53.2% „ Mexico—42.5%

32 Marlboro’s Global Penetration

Credit:© 1993 Lauren Goodsmith, Courtesy of Photoshare

Image source: http://www.library.uiuc.edu/mortenson/images/marlboro.jpg 33 accessed 2/21/06 Section D

Industry Strategies I: Science and Public Relations Industry Strategies

„ Advertising and promotion „ Buying science „ Public relations „ Philanthropy „ Lobbying „ Front groups „ Intimidation „ Legislation and public policy

35 Modeling Industry Activities Messages

Media Manipulation

Undermining Science Public Relations IssueIssue FramingFraming ScienceScience PRPR Usurping Public the Agenda

Lobbying & Harassment Creating Covert Legislative Illusion of Strategy Legal & Support Economic Intimidation HarassmentHarassment LobbyingLobbying TacticsTactics Action

Source: Trochim, W.M.K., Stillman, F.A., Clark,, P.I., Schmitt C.L. Development of a model of the tobacco 36 industry’s interference with tobacco control programmes. Tob Control 2003; 12;140-147. Undermining Science Messages

Media Manipulation

Undermining Science Public Relations IssueIssue FramingFraming ScienceScience PRPR Usurping Public the Agenda

Lobbying & Harassment Creating Covert Legislative Illusion of Strategy Legal & Support Economic Intimidation HarassmentHarassment LobbyingLobbying TacticsTactics Action Source: Trochim, W.M.K., Stillman, F.A., Clark,, P.I., Schmitt C.L. Development of a model of the tobacco 37 industry’s interference with tobacco control programmes. Tob Control 2003; 12;140-147. Sworn Public Statements

„ “I believe nicotine is not addictive.”

— William Campbell (Phillip Morris, U.S. Congressional Hearings, 1994)

Image source: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/frankenstein/frank_promise.html retrieved 2/8/06 38 Confidential Statements

„ “Nicotine is addictive. We are, then, in the business of selling nicotine—an addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanisms.” − Brown and Williamson, 1963 „ “…BAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco company.” − BAT 1980 „ “ . . . [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancer/cigarette case. We can’t defend continued smoking as ‘free choice’ if the person was ‘addicted.’” − Tobacco Institute 1980

39 Buying Science and Intimidation

Cigarette smokers

32-79 r 30 e „ Letters to BMJ regarding the nc a c 1981 Hirayama Study: ng u r l −Misclassification o Non smoker

f 20 Familial passive te smoking (+) X Active smoking 000 ra 15-50 y t i l Non smoker X Passive smoking r 100, Familial passive rta o pe smoking (-) Confounding m 10 8-70 − d Total e s 108,905 −Statistical error rdi da n −Plausibility a t

S 0 21895 69645 17366 Population at enrollment (Non smoker (Non smoker (Women with wives of non wives of husbands smoking habits) smoker husbands) with smoking habits)

Data source: Hirayama T. 1981. Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer: a study from Japan. BMJ 282:183–5 40 The Attack on Meta-Analysis

Tweedie, R.L. & K.L. Mengersen. 1995. Meta-analytic approaches to dose- response relationships, with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Statistics in Medicine 14: 545-569. Excerpt from Acknowledgements – “The paper was completed at Colorado State University, with partial support from several tobacco companies; the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribed.”

Bailar, J.C. 1997. The promise and problems of meta-analysis. New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8): 559-61.

Fleiss, J.L. & A.J. Gross. 1991. Meta-analysis in epidemiology, with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer: a critique. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 44 (2): 127-139.

Excerpt from Acknowledgements – “This research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute, Washington, D.C., USA. We thank Dr Myron Weinberg, President of the Weinberg Group/WASHTECH, for encouraging us to develop this critique.” 41 Junk Science

Gori, G.B., J.C. Luik. Passive Smoke: The EPA’s betrayal of science and policy. The Fraser Institute.

Milloy, S.J. 1995. Science without sense. The risky business of public health research. Cato Institute, Washington D.C.

42 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)

„ “The massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific study is remarkable.”

Source: Ong, E. K. and Glantz, S. A. (2000, April 8). Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancer’s second-hand smoke study. The Lancet 355 (9211): 1253–1259.

43 Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC

„ “Delay the progress and/or release of the study.” „ “Affect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of results.” „ “Neutralize possible negative results of the study . . .” „ “Counteract the potential impact of the study on government policy, public opinion, and actions by private employers and proprietors.” − WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents

44 Philip Morris and SHS

“Public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease, including lung cancer and heart disease, in non-smoking adults, as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma, respiratory infections, cough, wheeze, otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. In addition, public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye, throat and nasal irritation.”

Source: Philip Morris USA website http://www.philipmorrisusa.com/en/health_issues/secondhand_smoke.asp Retrieved 2/21/06

45 Japan Tobacco and SHS

“. . . available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to health.” —Japan Tobacco

Source: Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, October 2000 46 Public Relations Messages

Media Manipulation

Undermining Science Public Relations IssueIssue FramingFraming ScienceScience PRPR Usurping Public the Agenda

Lobbying & Harassment Creating Covert Legislative Illusion of Strategy Legal & Support Economic Intimidation HarassmentHarassment LobbyingLobbying TacticsTactics Action Source: Trochim, W.M.K., Stillman, F.A., Clark,, P.I., Schmitt C.L. Development of a model of the tobacco 47 industry’s interference with tobacco control programmes. Tob Control 2003; 12;140-147. Public Statements on Youth

“. . . would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line. Absolutely . . . if we can come up with a program that . . . prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen. And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults, so be it.” — Corky Newton, Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility Programs, Brown and Williamson

Source: Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco), U.S., November 6, 1999. 48 Cited in PR in the Playground, ASH UK, 2000. Private Statements on Youth

„ “We [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows: maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise, promote, and market our products via a juvenile initiative.”

„ “Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision.”

Source: Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995), Philip Morris International, Youth Initiatives. Bates No. 2503019011/14. Cited in PR in the Playground, ASH UK, 2000. 49 Minimum Age 18

Image source: Image source: http://kumu.icsd.hawaii.gov/health/healthy- http://www.dhss.delaware.gov/dhss/dph/ lifestyles/tobacco/tpeprtoc.htm, retrieved 21/2/06 dpc/youthaccess.html, retrieved 21/2/06) 50 Changing the Issues

„ Smoking manners

“Smoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations, airports, museums and art galleries, except for designated smoking areas. There are some wards ("ku" in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking. If these regulations are broken, the smoker is liable to pay a fine. There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette butts.”

Source: http://www.tourism.metro.tokyo.jp/english/basic/basic09.html accessed 2/23/06

51 Philanthropy

52 Corporate Social Responsibility

„ “… Because for us, economic performance is not the only measure of our success. Honesty, integrity, and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselves.” − Philip Morris International

„ “Our companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st century.” − British American Tobacco

53 BATS Social Reports

„ Argentina „ Australia „ Brazil „ Germany „ Hong Kong „ Hungary „ Japan „ Korea „ Malaysia „ Mexico „ New Zealand „ Nigeria „ Poland „ Russia „ South Africa „ USA

54 Today on Addiction

PHILIP MORRIS USA/PHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL Cigarette Smoking: Health Issues for Smokers TOBACCO ISSUES

Cigarette Smoking and Addiction „ We agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive. It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so.

− http://philipmorris.com/default.asp

Continued 55 Today on Addiction

PHILIP MORRIS USA/PHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL Cigarette Smoking: Health Issues for Smokers TOBACCO ISSUES

Cigarette Smoking and Disease in Smokers „ There is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer, heart disease, emphysema, and other serious diseases in smokers. Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases, like lung cancer, than non-smokers. There is no "safe" cigarette. These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide. Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions.

− http://philipmorris.com/default.asp

56 Public Health Advocates?

If you decide to “Introducing QuitAssist quit smoking… QuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA. It’s designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available – usually for free – from government agencies, universities, and respected nonprofit organizations. This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs, telephone quitlines, websites, guides, and more that QuitAssist can help you find your own path to success. Information You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online. Resource Log on through www.philipmorrisusa.com

Philip Morris USA From there, you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behind.”

„ Never mentions the word “addiction”

Source: http://philipmorrisusa.com/en/quitassist/index_flash.asp accessed 2/23/06 57 Truth in Advertising

„ Aggressively markets the only legal product that, when used as intended by its manufacturers, eventually kills half its users

58 Section E

Industry Tactics II: Industry Advertising, Promotion, and Sponsorship Marketing

“We refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows: Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise, promote, and market our products via a juvenile initiative.*“ — Cathy Leiber, PM International, 1995

Notes: *Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision. 60 Industry Expenditures on Advertising

Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99

10000 9000 n o i

l 8000 l 7000 $mi

t 6000 n

e 5000

sp 4000

unt 3000 o 2000 m

A 1000 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Data source: Mackay, J. & M. Eriksen. 2002. The Tobacco Atlas. World Health Organization. 61 Communicating Disease

„ According to the trade magazine “Advertising Age” the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century

Image source: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/sgr/sgr4kids/adbust.htm retrieved 2/23/06 62 Advertising Strategies

„ Targeting women „ Targeting youth „ Selling America „ Sponsorship of sporting events and concerts „ Contests and give-aways „ Brand stretching

63 Grand Prix

Image source: http://www.nas.nasa.gov/About/Education/Racecar/development_emobig.html retrieved 2/23/06 64 Section F

Industry Tactics III: Lobbying, Legislation, and Litigation Lobbying and Legislation Messages

Media Manipulation

Undermining Science Public Relations IIssuessue FramingFraming ScienceScience PRPR Usurping Public the Agenda

Lobbying & Harassment Creating Covert Legislative Illusion of Strategy Legal & Support Economic Intimidation HarassmentHarassment LobbyingLobbying TTacticsactics Action

Source: Trochim, W.M.K., Stillman, F.A., Clark,, P.I., Schmitt C.L. Development of a model of the tobacco industry’s interference with tobacco control programmes. Tob Control 2003; 12;140-147. 66 A Long History of Lobbying

„ 1890—Tobacco appeared in the U.S. Pharmacopeia (official U.S. government listing of drugs) „ 1905—Dropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration) „ 2005—FDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco

67 Political Lobbying: U.S.

„ Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (#1 Phillip Morris, RJR, UST, Brown and Williamson) „ $18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 − 82% to Republican candidates and committees „ U.S. $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the U.S.)

68 The Latin Project: Argentina

„ Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public places − September 30, 1991—Neri Bill approved by Senate (advertising, promotion and sampling ban, limit public smoking) − Industry campaign—media debates, briefing packages to Senators and the President, paid chief scientific advisor to President − October 13, 1991—President vetoes law

69 The Czech Republic

June, 2001

„ Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament, a "study" concluding that smoking is good for the Czech government's finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking

70 Preemption

“We could never win at the local level. . . . The reason is [that] all of the health advocates, the ones that I unfortunately used to call ‘health nazis,’ they’re all local activists who run the little political organizations. . . . So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companies’ first priority has always been to preempt the field, preferably to put it all on the federal level, but, if they can’t do that, at least on the state level, because the health advocates can’t compete with me on the state level.” — Victor Crawford, former Maryland state legislator

71 Industry Self-Regulation?

British American Tobacco 11 September 2001

INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS

The parties subscribing to these Standards (the “Participants”) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is: • directed at adult smokers and not at youth, and • consistent with the principle of informed adult choice

72 International Tobacco Marketing Standards

„ “We have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationals’ strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image . . .” „ “Also, by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards, the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international level.” „ “. . . Interestingly, in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standards.”

73 Source: International Tobacco Marketing Standards, September 2001 Creating the Illusion of Support Messages

Media Manipulation

Undermining Science Public Relations IIssuessue FramingFraming ScienceScience PRPR Usurping Public the Agenda

Lobbying & Harassment Creating Covert Legislative Illusion of Strategy Legal & Support Economic Intimidation HarassmentHarassment LobbyingLobbying TTacticsactics Action

Source: Trochim, W.M.K., Stillman, F.A., Clark,, P.I., Schmitt C.L. Development of a model of the tobacco industry’s interference with tobacco control programmes. Tob Control 2003; 12;140-147. 74 Front Groups

It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to „ Buying citizen involvement (letter writing, phone use third parties or to create banking campaigns) by front groups "to be out in supporting front groups front fighting" smokefree policies, while the industry „ “Hand” of the industry remains behind the scenes, remains hidden protecting its public image.

-Americans for Nonsmokers’ Rights http://www.no- smoke.org/getthefacts.php?dp=d21|d 23 accessed 2/23/06 .

75 Industry Front Groups and Allies

"I've learned from experience that as soon as I'm identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute, I lose all credibility. They just sneer us away...so I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can."

- Ron Saldana, lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute, 8/24/86

Source: http://www.no-smoke.org/getthefacts.php?dp=d21|d23 accessed 2/23/06 76 International Tobacco Growers Association ITGA

„ “[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHO”

Source: Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents

77 Source: Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents Legal and Economic Intimidation Messages

Media Manipulation

Undermining Science Public Relations IIssuessue FramingFraming ScienceScience PRPR Usurping Public the Agenda

Lobbying & Harassment Creating Covert Legislative Illusion of Strategy Legal & Support Economic Intimidation HarassmentHarassment LobbyingLobbying TTacticsactics Action

Source: Trochim, W.M.K., Stillman, F.A., Clark,, P.I., Schmitt C.L. Development of a model of the tobacco industry’s interference with tobacco control programmes. Tob Control 2003; 12;140-147. 78 Intimidating Johns Hopkins

„ “The tobacco companies “Tobacco Industry have commenced nothing short of a campaign of in Fight To Get harassment against the Universities’ Data academic institutions that discovered smoking is Legal Moves Termed injurious to the public Fishing Expedition” health.” − Estelle A. Fishbein, general -The New York Times, council for Johns Hopkins Jan. 20, 2002. University

79 Industry Harassment

PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS

Public Health Under Attack: The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the Tobacco Industry - White, J. and L.A. Bero

80