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Jane Austen: Juvenilia

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Jane Austen: Juvenilia Jane Austen JUVENILIA A cura di Giuseppe Ierolli © 2009 Giuseppe Ierolli per le traduzioni e le note 1ª ediz., dicembre 2009 2ª ediz., dicembre 2010 3ª ediz., maggio 2012 Titoli originali: Volume the First Frederic and Elfrida Jack and Alice Edgar and Emma Henry and Eliza The adventures of Mr Harley Sir William Mountague Memoirs of Mr Clifford The beautifull Cassandra Amelia Webster The Visit The Mystery The Three Sisters To Miss Jane Anna Elizabeth Austen A fragment - written to inculcate the practise of Virtue A beautiful description of the different effects of Sensibility on different Minds The Generous Curate Ode to Pity Volume the Second Love and Freindship Lesley Castle The History of England A Collection of Letters To Miss Fanny Catherine Austen The female philosopher The first Act of a Comedy A Letter from a Young Lady A Tour through Wales A Tale Volume the Third Evelyn Catharine, or the Bower www.jausten.it Introduzione Introduzione Gli scritti giovanili di Jane Austen, conosciuti come Juvenilia, furono scritti approssimativamente dal 1787 al 1793, ovvero quando l'autrice aveva dai dodici ai diciotto anni. Sono conser- vati in volumi manoscritti contrassegnati da tre titoli pomposa- mente ironici: "Volume the First", "Volume the Second" e "Vo- lume the Third", con un giocoso richiamo alla moda del tempo, che prevedeva in genere la pubblicazione dei romanzi in tre vo- lumi (come avvenne per i quattro romanzi di Jane Austen pub- blicati durante la sua vita: Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Pre- judice, Mansfield Park e Emma). Sono brani molto diversi l'uno dall'altro, a partire dalla lun- ghezza: si va dalla mezza pagina scarsa di Un frammento - scritto per inculcare l'esercizio della Virtù, alle oltre quaranta di Catharine, ovvero la pergola. Anche i generi sono molto diver- si: frammenti di racconti, romanzi brevi, romanzi epistolari, saggi storici, pezzi teatrali, versi. Ciò che li accomuna è la viva- ce fantasia di una ragazzina che si diverte a giocare con le pro- prie letture, con un'ironia e un gusto per la parodia che mature- ranno poi nei cosiddetti "romanzi canonici". Qui queste qualità sono allo stato puro, la piccola Jane non si preoccupa troppo dell'ortografia e della sintassi, sembra quasi correre sulle pagine come una bambina, e poi un'adolescente, che si diverta a smon- tare e rimontare a proprio piacimento i giochi che la appassio- navano tanto: la lettura dei romanzi e la messa in scena in fami- glia di lavori teatrali adattati alle capacità di figli e parenti degli Austen. I tre volumi manoscritti rimasero alla sorella Cassandra e dopo la sua morte, nel 1845, passarono a tre diversi componenti della famiglia: il primo al fratello Charles, il secondo al fratello Frank e il terzo al nipote James Edward Austen-Leigh, figlio di James. Ora il primo volume è alla Bodleian Library di Oxford e gli altri due alla British Library. La fama crescente di Jane Au- sten può essere misurata anche dal prezzo pagato dalle due bi- blioteche per i diversi volumi, acquisiti dal 1932 al 1988: volu- me I, 1932, 75 sterline; volume II, 1977, 40.000 sterline; volu- me III, 1988, 120.000 sterline. Peter Sabor, nell'introduzio-ne all'edizione critica degli Juvenilia, commenta così: "Anche con- siderando l'inflazione, si tratta di un incremento spettacola-re. 3 Introduzione Per averne un'idea, si confronti il fattore di inflazione dal 1932 al 1988, pari a circa 26, con quello dell'incremento di prezzo per i manoscritti, pari a 1.600." Ho utilizzato il testo stabilito nella "Cambridge Edition of the Works of Jane Austen": Juvenilia, a cura di Peter Sabor, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006, e nella tradu- zione ho mantenuto sia la punteggiatura, molto libera, dell'ori- ginale, sia l'uso, altrettanto libero, delle maiuscole. La cronologia dei brani non può essere stabilita con assoluta certezza, a parte alcuni che riportano una data o che sono legati ad avvenimenti ben conosciuti (per esempio la nascita delle ni- poti nei pezzi a loro dedicati). Quella stabilita nell'edizione cri- tica citata è comunque, allo stato dei fatti, la più attendibile pos- sibile; la riporto in ordine cronologico, con l'indicazione tra pa- rentesi del relativo volume (per l'elenco in ordine di volume ve- di il sommario alla fine): Frederic and Elfrida (Frederic ed Elfrida):1787 (vol. I) Edgar and Emma (Edgar ed Emma): 1787 (vol. I) Amelia Webster (Amelia Webster): 1787 (vol. I) Sir William Mountague (Sir William Mountague): 1788 (vol. I) Memoirs of Mr Clifford (Le memorie di Mr Clifford): 1788 (vol. I) The beautifull Cassandra (La bella Cassandra): 1788 (vol. I) The Mystery (Il Mistero): 1788 (vol. I) Henry and Eliza (Henry ed Eliza): 1788/89 (vol. I) The Visit (La Visita): 1789 (vol. I) Jack and Alice (Jack e Alice): 1790 (vol. I) The adventures of Mr Harley (Le avventure di Mr Har- ley): 1790 (vol. I) Love and Freindship (Amore e amicizia): 1790 (vol. II) The Three Sisters (Le tre sorelle): 1791 (vol. I) The History of England (La storia d'Inghilterra): 1791 (vol. II) Evelyn (Evelyn): 1791 (vol. III) Lesley Castle (Lesley Castle): 1792 (vol. II) A Collection of Letters (Raccolta di lettere): 1792 (vol. II) Catharine, or the Bower (Catharine, ovvero la pergola): 4 Introduzione 1792 (vol. III) To Miss Jane Anna Elizabeth Austen: 1793 (vol. I) A Fragment - written to inculcate the practise of Virtue (Un frammento - scritto per inculcare l'esercizio della Vir- tù) A beautiful decription of the different effects of Sensibility on differente Minds (Una eccellente descrizione dei di- versi effetti del Sentimento su Menti diverse.) The Genero Curate (Il Curato Generoso) Ode to Pity (Ode alla pietà): 1793 (vol. I) To Miss Fanny Catherine Austen: 1793 (vol. II) The female philosopher (La filosofa) The first Act of a Comedy (Primo atto di una Commedia) A letter from a Young Lady (Lettera di una Signorina) A Tour through Wales (Una Gita nel Galles) A Tale (Racconto) I ventisette brani sono tutti dedicati a qualcuno, con l'ecce- zione di Edgar ed Emma. I destinatari delle dediche sono il pa- dre, la madre, la sorella, tutti i fratelli salvo George (che aveva una qualche disabilità non meglio accertata, forse era sordomu- to, e fu affidato, come si usava all'epoca, a una famiglia che si prendesse cura di lui a pagamento - non è mai citato nelle lettere di Jane Austen, almeno in quelle rimasteci), le due nipoti più grandi (Fanny e Anna, rispettivamente figlie di Edward e Ja- mes), due cugine (Jane Cooper - figlia di una sorella della ma- dre - e Eliza Hancock de Feuillide, poi Austen - figlia di una so- rella del padre) e due amiche sorelle tra di loro (Mary e Martha Lloyd) che poi sposeranno due fratelli di Jane: James e Frank. In appendice ho inserito il contenuto di un numero del 1789 della rivista "The Loiterer" ("Il perdigiorno"), in cui apparve una lettera firmata "Sophie Sentiment", da molti biografi attri- buita a Jane Austen (allora poco più che tredicenne). La rivista era a cura del fratello James, con molti contributi anche di Henry, e altri biografi ritengono che la lettera potrebbe essere stata scritta da uno loro e non dalla sorella. Una delle più con- vinte assertrici dell'attribuzione a Jane Austen è Deirdre Le Fa- ye (autrice di importanti studi austeniani e curatrice dell'ultima edizione critica delle "Lettere"), che ne parla sia in Jane Austen, The British Library, London, 1988, pagg. 30-31, sia nella sua riedizione di Jane Austen: A Family Record, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004 (second edition), pag. 68. Le Faye ritiene che "il tono della parodia è talmente conforme agli 5 Introduzione Juvenilia di Jane da rendere ragionevole l'ipotesi che la lettera sia stata scritta da lei." Rivela inoltre, a sostegno di questa ipo- tesi due circostanze "esterne". La prima è che il nome utilizzato per la firma, Sophie Sentiment, è tratto da : The Mausoleum, una commedia in versi di William Hayley del 1785, che risulta acquistata da JA nel 1791 ma che potrebbe ovviamente essere stata letta anche prima (Paula Byrne, nel suo Jane Austen and the Theatre - Hambledon, London, 2002, pag. 17 - riprende questa ipotesi e scrive che la commedia potrebbe essere stata: "tra quelle considerate per una rappresentazione da parte degli Austen quando erano alla ricerca di materiale per le loro recite nel 1788"). La seconda è la circostanza che il numero 9 di "The Loiterer" fu l'unico a essere pubblicizzato sul "Reading Mer- cury", un giornale locale che circolava nel Nord Hampshire, co- sa che Le Faye legge come un omaggio particolare di James al primo scritto della sorella mai pubblicato. La questione rimane comunque irrisolta, ma la lettera, insieme al preambolo che la precede e alle considerazioni finali del redattore (James), merita di essere letta. 6 Volume primo Volume I - Frederic ed Elfrida A Miss Lloyd1 Mia cara Martha A umile testimonianza della gratitudine che sento per la tua recente generosità verso di me nel completare il mio Mantello di mussola, mi permetto di offrirti questo modesto prodotto del- la tua sincera Amica L'Autrice 1 Martha Lloyd (1765-1843); insieme alle sorelle maggiori Eliza e Mary e alla madre vedova, abitava nella canonica di Deane, vicino a Steventon, presa in affitto dal rev. Austen. La madre morì nel 1805, pochi mesi dopo la morte del rev. Austen, e Martha andò ad abitare a Bath insieme alle Austen, che seguì poi a Southampton e a Chawton. Nel 1828 sposò Frank Austen, rimasto vedo- vo nel 1823. 8 Volume I - Frederic ed Elfrida Frederic ed Elfrida romanzo. CAPITOLO PRIMO Lo Zio di Elfrida era il Padre di Frederic; in altre parole, erano cugini da parte di Padre.
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