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Jane Austen: Juvenilia

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Jane Austen: Juvenilia Jane Austen JUVENILIA A cura di Giuseppe Ierolli Jane Austen JUVENILIA Traduzione di Giuseppe Ierolli © 2009 Giuseppe Ierolli per le traduzioni e le note Ultima revisione: 20 dicembre 2018 In questa versione con testo inglese a fronte ho inserito degli spazi tra i paragrafi rispetto a quella con il solo testo italiano, per facilitare il confronto tra originale e traduzione. In copertina: Vittorio Reggianini, Una terribile notizia, part. (1900 ca.) Titoli originali: Volume the First Frederic and Elfrida Jack and Alice Edgar and Emma Henry and Eliza The adventures of Mr Harley Sir William Mountague Memoirs of Mr Clifford The beautifull Cassandra Amelia Webster The Visit The Mystery The Three Sisters To Miss Jane Anna Elizabeth Austen (A fragment - written to inculcate the practise of Virtue, A beautiful description of the different effects of Sensibility on different Minds, The Generous Curate) Ode to Pity Volume the Second Love and Freindship Lesley Castle The History of England A Collection of Letters To Miss Fanny Catherine Austen (The female philosopher, The first Act of a Come- dy, A Letter from a Young Lady, A Tour through Wales, A Tale Volume the Third Evelyn Catharine, or the Bower www.jausten.it Introduzione Gli scritti giovanili di Jane Austen, conosciuti come Juvenilia, furono scritti approssimativamente dal 1787 al 1793, ovvero quando l'autrice aveva dai dodici ai diciotto anni. Sono conser- vati in volumi manoscritti contrassegnati da tre titoli pompo- samente ironici: "Volume the First", "Volume the Second" e "Volume the Third", con un giocoso richiamo alla moda del tempo, che prevedeva in genere la pubblicazione dei romanzi in tre volumi (come avvenne per i quattro romanzi di Jane Au- sten pubblicati durante la sua vita: Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park e Emma). Sono brani molto diversi l'uno dall'altro, a partire dalla lun- ghezza: si va dalla mezza pagina scarsa di Un frammento - scritto per inculcare l'esercizio della Virtù, alle oltre quaranta di Catharine, ovvero la pergola. Anche i generi sono molto di- versi: frammenti di racconti, romanzi brevi, romanzi epistolari, saggi storici, pezzi teatrali, versi. Ciò che li accomuna è la vi- vace fantasia di una ragazzina che si diverte a giocare con le proprie letture, con un'ironia e un gusto per la parodia che ma- tureranno poi nei cosiddetti "romanzi canonici". Qui queste qualità sono allo stato puro, la piccola Jane non si preoccupa troppo dell'ortografia e della sintassi, sembra quasi correre sul- le pagine come una bambina, e poi un'adolescente, che si diver- ta a smontare e rimontare a proprio piacimento i giochi che la appassionavano tanto: la lettura dei romanzi e la messa in scena in famiglia di lavori teatrali adattati alle capacità di figli e pa- renti degli Austen. I tre volumi manoscritti rimasero alla sorella Cassandra e dopo la sua morte, nel 1845, passarono a tre diversi componen- ti della famiglia: il primo al fratello Charles, il secondo al fra- tello Frank e il terzo al nipote James Edward Austen-Leigh, fi- glio di James. Ora il primo volume è alla Bodleian Library di 3 Introduzione Oxford e gli altri due alla British Library. La fama crescente di Jane Austen può essere misurata anche dal prezzo pagato dalle due biblioteche per i diversi volumi, acquisiti dal 1932 al 1988: volume I, 1932, 75 sterline; volume II, 1977, 40.000 sterline; volume III, 1988, 120.000 sterline. Peter Sabor, nell'introduzio- ne all'edizione critica degli Juvenilia, commenta così: "Anche considerando l'inflazione, si tratta di un incremento spettacola- re. Per averne un'idea, si confronti il fattore di inflazione dal 1932 al 1988, pari a circa 26, con quello dell'incremento di prezzo per i manoscritti, pari a 1.600." Ho utilizzato il testo stabilito nella "Cambridge Edition of the Works of Jane Austen": Juvenilia, a cura di Peter Sabor, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006, e nella tradu- zione ho mantenuto sia la punteggiatura, molto libera, dell'ori- ginale, sia l'uso, altrettanto libero, delle maiuscole. La cronologia dei brani non può essere stabilita con assoluta certezza, a parte alcuni che riportano una data o che sono legati ad avvenimenti ben conosciuti (per esempio la nascita delle ni- poti nei pezzi a loro dedicati). Quella stabilita nell'edizione cri- tica citata è comunque, allo stato dei fatti, la più attendibile possibile; la riporto in ordine cronologico, con l'indicazione tra parentesi del relativo volume (per l'elenco in ordine di volume vedi il sommario alla fine): Frederic and Elfrida (Frederic ed Elfrida):1787 (vol. I) Edgar and Emma (Edgar ed Emma): 1787 (vol. I) Amelia Webster (Amelia Webster): 1787 (vol. I) Sir William Mountague (Sir William Mountague): 1788 (vol. I) Memoirs of Mr Clifford (Le memorie di Mr Clifford): 1788 (vol. I) The beautifull Cassandra (La bella Cassandra): 1788 (vol. I) 4 Introduzione The Mystery (Il Mistero): 1788 (vol. I) Henry and Eliza (Henry ed Eliza): 1788/89 (vol. I) The Visit (La Visita): 1789 (vol. I) Jack and Alice (Jack e Alice): 1790 (vol. I) The adventures of Mr Harley (Le avventure di Mr Har- ley): 1790 (vol. I) Love and Freindship (Amore e amicizia): 1790 (vol. II) The Three Sisters (Le tre sorelle): 1791 (vol. I) The History of England (La storia d'Inghilterra): 1791 (vol. II) Evelyn (Evelyn): 1791 (vol. III) Lesley Castle (Lesley Castle): 1792 (vol. II) A Collection of Letters (Raccolta di lettere): 1792 (vol. II) Catharine, or the Bower (Catharine, ovvero la pergola): 1792 (vol. III) To Miss Jane Anna Elizabeth Austen: 1793 (vol. I) A Fragment - written to inculcate the practise of Virtue (Un fram- mento - scritto per inculcare l'esercizio della Virtù) A beautiful decription of the different effects of Sensibility on diffe- rente Minds (Una eccellente descrizione dei diversi effetti del Sentimento su Menti diverse.) The Generous Curate (Il Curato Generoso) Ode to Pity (Ode alla pietà): 1793 (vol. I) To Miss Fanny Catherine Austen: 1793 (vol. II) The female philosopher (La filosofa) The first Act of a Comedy (Primo atto di una Commedia) A letter from a Young Lady (Lettera di una Signorina) A Tour through Wales (Una Gita nel Galles) A Tale (Racconto) I ventisette brani sono tutti dedicati a qualcuno, con l'ecce- zione di Edgar ed Emma. I destinatari delle dediche sono il pa- dre, la madre, la sorella, tutti i fratelli salvo George (che aveva una qualche disabilità non meglio accertata, forse era sordomu- to, e fu affidato, come si usava all'epoca, a una famiglia che si prendesse cura di lui a pagamento - non è mai citato nelle lette- 5 Introduzione re di Jane Austen, almeno in quelle rimasteci), le due nipoti più grandi (Fanny e Anna, rispettivamente figlie di Edward e Ja- mes), due cugine (Jane Cooper - figlia di una sorella della ma- dre - e Eliza Hancock de Feuillide, poi Austen - figlia di una sorella del padre) e due amiche sorelle tra di loro (Mary e Mar- tha Lloyd) che poi sposeranno due fratelli di Jane: James e Frank. In appendice ho inserito il contenuto di un numero del 1789 della rivista "The Loiterer" ("Il perdigiorno"), in cui apparve una lettera firmata "Sophia Sentiment", da molti biografi attri- buita a Jane Austen (allora poco più che tredicenne). La rivista era a cura del fratello James, con molti contributi anche di Hen- ry, e altri biografi ritengono che la lettera potrebbe essere stata scritta da uno loro e non dalla sorella. Una delle più convinte assertrici dell'attribuzione a Jane Austen è Deirdre Le Faye (au- trice di importanti studi austeniani e curatrice dell'ultima edi- zione critica delle "Lettere"), che ne parla sia in Jane Austen, The British Library, London, 1988, pagg. 30-31, sia nella sua riedizione di Jane Austen: A Family Record, Cambridge Uni- versity Press, Cambridge, 2004 (second edition), pag. 68. Le Faye ritiene che "il tono della parodia è talmente conforme agli Juvenilia di Jane da rendere ragionevole l'ipotesi che la lettera sia stata scritta da lei." Rivela inoltre, a sostegno di questa ipo- tesi due circostanze "esterne". La prima è che il nome utilizzato per la firma, Sophia Sentiment, è tratto da The Mausoleum, una commedia in versi di William Hayley del 1785, che risulta ac- quistata da JA nel 1791 ma che potrebbe ovviamente essere stata letta anche prima (Paula Byrne, nel suo Jane Austen and the Theatre - Hambledon, London, 2002, pag. 17 - riprende questa ipotesi e scrive che la commedia potrebbe essere stata: "tra quelle considerate per una rappresentazione da parte degli Austen quando erano alla ricerca di materiale per le loro recite nel 1788"). La seconda è la circostanza che il numero 9 di "The 6 Introduzione Loiterer" fu l'unico a essere pubblicizzato sul "Reading Mercu- ry", un giornale locale che circolava nel Nord Hampshire, cosa che Le Faye legge come un omaggio particolare di James al primo scritto della sorella mai pubblicato. La questione rimane comunque irrisolta, ma la lettera, insieme al preambolo che la precede e alle considerazioni finali del redattore (James), meri- ta di essere letta. 7 Volume primo 8 A Miss Lloyd1 Mia cara Martha A umile testimonianza della gratitudine che sento per la tua recente generosità verso di me nel completare il mio Mantello di mussola, mi permetto di offrirti questo modesto prodotto della tua sincera Amica L'Autrice Frederic ed Elfrida romanzo. CAPITOLO PRIMO Lo Zio di Elfrida era il Padre di Frederic; in altre parole, erano cugini da parte di Padre. Essendo tutti e due nati nello stesso giorno ed educati nella stessa scuola, non destava meraviglia che guardassero l'uno all'altra con qualcosa di più della semplice buona educazione.
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