UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO Centro De Filosofia E Ciências Humanas Escola De Comunicação Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Comunicação E Cultura

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UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO Centro De Filosofia E Ciências Humanas Escola De Comunicação Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Comunicação E Cultura UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas Escola de Comunicação Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação e Cultura LUCAS DE CASTRO MURARI ESTÉTICAS DO NÃO HUMANO: natureza e cinema experimental Rio de Janeiro Fevereiro de 2019 LUCAS DE CASTRO MURARI ESTÉTICAS DO NÃO HUMANO: natureza e cinema experimental Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação e Cultura da Escola de Comunicação da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Doutor em Comunicação e Cultura. Orientador: Dr. Denilson Lopes Rio de Janeiro Fevereiro de 2019 LUCAS DE CASTRO MURARI ESTÉTICAS DO NÃO HUMANO: NATUREZA E CINEMA EXPERIMENTAL Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação e Cultura da Escola de Comunicação da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Doutor em Comunicação e Cultura. Aprovada em: ______________________________________________________________ Denilson Lopes, doutor, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro ______________________________________________________________ André de Souza Parente, doutor, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro ______________________________________________________________ Guiomar Ramos, doutora, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro ______________________________________________________________ Helena Martins, doutora, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro ______________________________________________________________ Tadeu Capistrano, doutor, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro AGRADECIMENTOS Em primeiro lugar, aos meus familiares, por todo o apoio, desde sempre. Ao Denilson Lopes, sendo um orientador para a vida. Obrigado pela confiança e por todas as inúmeras ajudas e conselhos na minha formação, seja pelos comentários, críticas, sugestões, que tanto influenciaram este trabalho. À Nicole Brenez, pela generosidade de ter me recebido na Universidade Paris 3 Sorbonne Nouvelle, quando estive em meu estágio sanduíche, grato por todo o estímulo. À Helena Martins e ao Tadeu Capistrano, pelas contribuições fundamentais na banca de qualificação. Ao amigo Yann Beauvais e suas dicas preciosas a respeito desta pesquisa. Agradeço a todos da Escola de Comunicação da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, pela solicitude demonstrada durante o mestrado e doutorado, em particular a Jorgina da Silva Costa, Thiago Couto e Rodrigo de Souza Lessa. E aos professores da Pós-Graduação, pela forma instigante com a qual compartilharam os saberes. Gostaria de mencionar algumas instituições e centros de pesquisas que frequentei ao longo dos últimos anos, Biblioteca Nacional da França, Biblioteca do Cinema François Truffaut, Cinemateca do MAM, Cinemateca Francesa, Light Cone, além das ajudas propiciadas pelos seus responsáveis, sempre solícitos. O trabalho de vocês foi imprescindível neste processo. O apoio dos amigos também foi decisivo. Agradeço aos colegas da Pós-Graduação, Alex Gouin, Antoine d’Artemare, Bárbara Bergamaschi, Bia Morgado, Cíntia Guedes, Daniel Fonsêca, Diego Pale, Duda Kuhnert, Juliano Gomes, Léo Esteves, Lu Piteca, Lucas Nassif, Lucas Parente, Mannu Costa, Matheus Santos, Nancy Roane, Rodrigo Sombra, Vladimir Santafé, Vinicios Ribeiro, Wilson Milani. Eternamente grato! Ao Luiz Garcia e todos habitués do RISCO Cinema. Aos companheiros do Festival DOBRA, Cris Miranda, Rita Piffer e Raquel Rocha; aos parceiros e amigos do projeto Aventuras do Pensamento, Amanda Moleta, André Duchiade, Hermano Callou, Ian Schuler e Laila Melchior. Às amizades de Paris, Anne & Jean-Louis, Alyne Costa, Claire Allouche, Edson Barrus, Naara Fontinele, obrigado pela calorosa acolhida. Os meses junto a vocês foram mágicos. Agradeço às professoras e aos professores que gentilmente aceitaram discutir comigo este trabalho, compondo a banca de defesa da tese: André Parente, Guiomar Ramos, Helena Martins e Tadeu Capistrano. E grato ao Julio Bezerra e a Victa de Carvalho por participarem como suplentes. À Natasha Caccia, por estar junto. Por fim, agradecimento mais do que especial ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), pela bolsa concedida para o doutorado, e também à Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), pela bolsa de doutorado-sanduíche. Ambos apoios foram decisivos para o desenvolvimento desta tese. “A esquerda da esquerda, quando lhe perguntam em que consistiria a revolução, apressa-se a responder: ‘colocar o humano no centro.’ O que essa esquerda não percebe é o quanto o mundo está cansado do humano, o quanto nós estamos cansados da humanidade – essa espécie que se considerou a joia da criação, que se considerou no direito de tudo pilhar pois tudo lhe pertencia. ‘Colocar o humano no centro’ era o projeto ocidental. Levou ao que sabemos. Chegou o momento de abandonar o navio, de trair a espécie. Não há nenhuma grande família humana que existiria separadamente de cada um dos mundos, de cada um dos universos familiares, de cada uma das formas de vida espalhadas pela terra. Não há humanidade, há apenas os terranos e os seus inimigos – os Ocidentais, qualquer que seja a sua cor de pele. Nós, revolucionários, com o nosso humanismo atávico, faríamos bem em atentar nas ininterruptas sublevações dos povos indígenas da América Central e da América do Sul, nestes últimos vinte anos. A sua palavra de ordem poderia ser: ‘colocar a terra no centro.’ É uma declaração de guerra ao Homem. Declarar-lhe guerra, talvez seja esta a melhor forma de o fazer voltar à terra, se ele não se fizer de surdo, como sempre” (COMITÊ INVISÍVEL, Aos nossos amigos, 2015). LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1: Fotograma de Natural History (2014), de James Benning. ................................... 19 Figura 2: Fotograma de Natural History (2014). .................................................................. 23 Figura 3: Fotograma de Natural History (2014) ................................................................... 25 Figura 4: Reprodução do quadro Duelo a garrotazos (1820 - 1823), de Francisco Goya. ...................................................................................................................... 32 Figura 5: Fotograma de A origem da noite - Cosmos Amazônico. ....................................... 42 Figura 6: Fotograma de A origem da noite - Cosmos Amazônico. ....................................... 44 Figura 7: Fotograma de A origem da noite - Cosmos Amazônico. ....................................... 48 Figura 8: Reprodução da fotografia Boulevard du Temple (1938) registrada por Louis Daguerre. ............................................................................................................... 56 Figura 9: Fotografia do artista Michael Snow ao lado do equipamento que criou junto com o engenheiro Pierre Abeloos. ......................................................................... 59 Figura 10: Fotograma do filme A Região Central (1971). ...................................................... 66 Figura 11: Fotogramas da série Bouquets 1–10 (1994 – 1995), de Rose Lowder .................. 76 Figura 12: Caderno de anotação de Rose Lowder. .................................................................. 78 Figura 13: Fotogramas das duas cenas de Two Cabins (2011). .............................................. 85 Figura 14: Modelo de registro visual desenvolvido pelo cientista Eadweard Muybridge .... 105 Figura 15: Registro visual desenvolvido por Étienne-Jules Marey. ...................................... 106 Figura 16: Fotografia da exposição Encyclopaedia Cinematografica (2001). Registro realizado na primeira montagem da obra, no Instituto Kunst-Werke de Arte Contemporânea. ................................................................................................... 118 Figura 17: Fotografia da exposição Encyclopaedia Cinematographica (2001). Registro realizado na primeira montagem da obra, no Instituto Kunst-Werke de Arte Contemporânea. ................................................................................................... 118 Figura 18: Fotogramas de Berlin Horse (1970), de Malcolm Le Grice. ............................... 126 Figura 19: Reprodução do quadro Les animaliers au Jardin des Plantes (1902), de Fortunino Matania. .............................................................................................. 131 Figura 20: Fotogramas de The Private Life of a Cat (1944), de Maya Deren e Alexander Hammid. ............................................................................................. 134 Figura 21: Fotograma de Guillaume-en-Egypte no filme Gato escutando música (1990). Atrás, um retrato fotográfico do mesmo animal. .................................... 139 Figura 22: Fotograma de Não Sei Como é que Pareço (1986, I Do Not Know What It Is I Am Like), de Bill Viola ..................................................................................... 147 Figura 23: Fotograma da cena final do filme Leviathan (2012). .......................................... 166 Figura 24: Fotograma final do longa-metragem O mundo, a carne e o diabo (1959, The World, the Flesh and the Devil), do diretor Ranald MacDougall. ....................... 171 Figura 25: Fotograma final do filme 1945-1998 (2003). ...................................................... 177 Figura 26: Entrevista com Robert Oppenheimer para o filme The Decision to drop the bomb. ..................................................................................................................
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