DOCSLIB.ORG

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Co Based Thin Films for Window

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Physical and Mechanical Properties of Co Based Thin Films for Window Physical and Mechanical Properties of Co Based Thin Films for Window Targets in Accelerators Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of “DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY” by Shlomo Haroush 01/12/2016 Submitted to the Senate of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva Physical and Mechanical Properties of Co Based Thin Films for Window Targets in Accelerators Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of “DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY” by Shlomo Haroush May 2017 Submitted to the Senate of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva Physical and Mechanical Properties of Co Based Thin Films for Window Targets in Accelerators Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of “DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY” by Shlomo Haroush Submitted to the Senate of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Approved by the advisors Prof. Roni Z. Shneck: ________________________ 01/05/2017 Prof. Yaniv Gelbstein: ________________________ 01/05/2017 Approved by the Dean of the Kreitman School of Advanced Graduate Studies: Prof. Michal Shapira: ____________________________ May 2017 Beer-Sheva This work was carried out under the supervision of Prof. Roni Z. Shneck Prof. Yaniv Gelbstein In the Department of Materials Engineering Faculty of Engineering Sciences Research Student's Affidavit when Submitting the Doctoral Thesis for Judgment I, Shlomo Haroush, whose signature appears below, hereby declare that: I have written this Thesis by myself, except for the help and guidance offered by my Thesis Advisors. The scientific materials included in this Thesis are products of my own research, culled from the period during which I was a research student. This Thesis incorporates research materials produced in cooperation with others, excluding the technical help commonly received during experimental work. Therefore, I am attaching another affidavit stating the contributions made by myself and the other participants in this research, which has been approved by them and submitted with their approval. Date: May 01, 2016 Student's name: Shlomo Haroush Signature: Acknowledgements I would like extend my gratitude to my supervisors: Prof. Roni Z. Shneck and Prof. Yaniv Gelbstein from the Department of Materials Engineering at BGU. Their advice, experience and emotional support guided me through this study were a treasure for me. Special thanks to Prof. Luisa Meshi, and Dr. Sergei Remennik from the Department of Materials Engineering at BGU, Dr. Volodia Ezersky from the Ilse Katz Inst. for Nano-Science and Technology, Dr. Elad Priel from Mechanical Engineering Department, Shamoon College, and Dr. Giora Kimel for their help in understanding the experimental results. Many thanks to my dear friends from the NRCN, Asher Turgeman, Mimon Cohen, Ofer Sabag, Yair George and Michal Gelbstein for their help in the mechanical testing and heat treatments. In memoriam to my late mother – Sabina and my late father - Ben-Zion To my wife Dganit and my children Dotan, Eyal and Or for their support and patience throughout this long period of time until accomplishing my PhD. Abstract The mechanical properties of high strength Co Based alloys have been intensively investigated. However, the hardening mechanisms due to cold work and, especially, after heat treatments are not fully understood because of the microstructural complexity and the interplay of several hardening mechanisms. This limited knowledge and understanding led us to investigate the HAVAR alloy in different metallurgical states. HAVAR is a corrosion resistant high strength Co based alloy. One of HAVAR‘s applications is as a thin foil "window" in a medical cyclotron for 18 H2O targets, used to produce fluorodeoxyglucose. During irradiation, the HAVAR window may be damaged due to radiation effects and exposure to high temperatures. These severe conditions degrade the mechanical properties up to total failure. Window failure during the fluorodeoxyglucose production is an unacceptable scenario, so that understanding the strengthening mechanism of HAVAR, especially due to heat treatment, is a very important issue. Thin foils having thicknesses of 200 m and below are commonly applied in the food industries and for shielding, vacuum chamber and medical applications, where for the latter, a HAVAR cyclotron window of 25 m is required for fluorodeoxyglucose production. The Small Punch Test technique is known as a promising mechanical testing method for thin foils thicker than 250 µm, in which a formulation correlating the measured parameters to standard tensile properties has previously been reported. The present work focused on understanding the correlation between mechanical properties and the microstructure evolution during cold rolling and heat treatment of HAVAR. Furthermore, the research focused on the correlation between Small Punch Test results and the tensile mechanical properties of thin foils in the range of 100 to 200 µm. The Small Punch Test experiments were done using SS-316L foils, since these are much cheaper than HAVAR alloy foils. Research observations show that the annealed state of HAVAR alloy is a solid solution comprising an FCC structure, equiaxed grains, very low dislocation density and a low amount of annealing twins. During plastic deformation by rolling, up to 20% large twins form across the grains. As cold rolling increases (up to 44%) a variety of defects evolve, subdividing the large twins. These defects include dislocations, stacking faults, micro-twins and thin strain induced platelets. At higher degrees of deformation (85%), the matrix contains very high dislocation density, twins, micro-twins and fine grains, which form a mosaic-like structure. The overall changes in the microstructure are the hardening mechanisms responsible for the increase of the tensile yield stress from 400 MPa in the annealed state up to 1900 MPa at the 85% cold rolled state. Heat treatment following cold work, between 500°C and 700°C, invokes a secondary hardening mechanism that enhances the yield strength to above 2000 MPa and eliminates the ductility. This treatment did not disrupt the cold rolled microstructure, but added homogeneous precipitation of fine cubic M23C6 carbides of sub-nanometer size. This carbide precipitation is responsible for the enhanced strength. The alloy regains ductility by recrystallization, starting around 700°C. The precipitated particles were very fine therefore, electron diffraction could not detect their crystallographic structure. A set of cold rolling followed by heat treatments were done, from high temperature (900C) scale down to 500C using TEM images, electron diffraction and elemental analysis indicate that these particles are cubic (Cr,Co,Mo)23C6 carbides. The research observations demonstrated, by finite element analysis of thicknesses in the range 25 to 500 µm, that for foils thicker than 300µm thin plate bending equations, which were applied previously for thicker specimens, are still valid. On the other hand, for thinner specimens this theory fails to provide adequate correlation between the results of the Small Punch Test and tensile yield stress. For specimens thinner than 50 µm it was identified that equations derived from membrane solution should be employed rather than classical plate theory. For intermediate thickness values in the 50 to 300 µm range, a "transition zone" was identified between plate and membrane like mechanical responses. For the lower region of this "transition zone" (50 to 100 µm), an analytical expression correlating the measured Small Punch Test parameters and the tensile yield stress is currently proposed, facilitating a simple interpretation of the yield stress of foils in this thickness range from Small Punch Test measurements. It was also shown, using numerical analysis, that for specimens thinner than 50 µm, the classical “region I” of elastic bending does not exist and membrane stretching is dominant. Keywords: Co based alloy, HAVAR, Cold rolled, Heat treatment, Microstructure, Carbide, TEM, Thin foils, Mechanical properties, Small Punch Test, Finite Element Analysis Table of content 1. Background ...................................................................................................... 9 1.1. The element Cobalt (Co) ................................................................................... 9 1.1.1. Physical properties ............................................................................................... 9 1.1.2. Mechanical properties ........................................................................................ 10 1.2. Cobalt-based alloys .......................................................................................... 10 1.2.1. Wear-resistant alloys .......................................................................................... 11 1.2.2. High-temperature alloys ..................................................................................... 11 1.2.3. Corrosion resistant alloys ................................................................................... 12 1.3. The HAVAR alloy............................................................................................. 15 1.4. Small punch test ............................................................................................... 17 2. Research goals ............................................................................................... 23 2.1. Study of the mechanical properties of thin foils .............................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • International Standard Nace Mr0175/ Iso 15156-1
    INTERNATIONAL NACE STANDARD MR0175/ ISO 15156-1 Item No. 21306 First edition Petroleum and natural gas industries— Materials for use in H2S-containing Environments in oil and gas production— Part 1: General principles for selection of cracking-resistant materials Reference number NACE MR0175/ISO 15156-1:2001(E) ISBN 1-57590-1765 © NACE International/ISO 2001 NACE MR0175/ISO 15156-1:2001(E) © NACE International/ISO 2001 These materials are subject to copyright claims of ISO, ANSI, and NACE. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, including an electronic retrieval system, without the prior written permission of NACE. All requests pertaining to the NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 standard should be submitted to NACE. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 Web www.iso.ch American National Standards Institute (ANSI) 25 W. 43rd St., Fourth Floor New York, NY 10036 Tel. +1 212-642-4900 Fax +1 212-398-0023 Web www.ansi.org NACE International 1440 South Creek Dr. Houston, TX 77084-4906 Tel. +1 281-228-6200 Fax +1 281-228-6300 E-mail [email protected] Web: www.nace.org Printed in the U.S.A. by NACE ii NACE International/ISO NACE MR0175/ISO 15156-1:2001(E) Contents 1 Scope ......................................................................................................................... 1 2 Normative references................................................................................................. 2 3 Terms and definitions................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,306,544 B1 Frysz Et Al
    USOO630654.4B1 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,306,544 B1 Frysz et al. (45) Date of Patent: Oct. 23, 2001 (54) COBALT-BASED ALLOYS AS POSITIVE 5,051,233 9/1991 Horn et al. ............................. 420/50 ELECTRODE CURRENT COLLECTORS IN 5,053,297 10/1991 Yamahira et al. ................... 429/194 NONAQUEOUSELECTROCHEMICAL 5,114,810 * 5/1992 Frysz et al. ...... 429/194 CELLS 5,147,739 9/1992 Beard ....... ... 429/194 5,187,033 2/1993 Koshiba ....... ... 429/194 (75) Inventors: Christine A. Frysz, East Amherst; 2. : E. Tateishi et al. ...................... 428/548 2 : Y-2 /1995 Idota .................................... 429/194 Sally Ann Smesko, North Tonawanda; 5,578,396 * 11/1996 Fauteux et al. .. 429/209 Peter A. Kreidler, Oakfield; W. 5,643,690 * 7/1997 Tateishi et al. .. ... 429/34 Richard Brown, Clarence Center; 5,733,680 * 3/1998 Hong ............ ... 429/101 Esther S. Takeuchi, East Amherst, all 5,783,333 * 7/1998 Mayer .............. ... 429/223 of NY (US) 5,795,679 * 8/1998 Kawakami et al. 429/218 5.962,160 * 5/1999 Oyama et al. ....................... 429/104 (73) Assignee: Wilson Greatbatch Ltd., Clarence, NY 6,136,477 10/1998 Gan et al. ............................ 429/307 (US) FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this WO9833224 7/1998 (WO). patent is extended or adjusted under 35 U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. OTHER PUBLICATIONS Standard Specification for Wrought Cobalt-Nickel-Chromi (21) Appl. No.: 09/257,795 um-Molybdenum-Tungsten-Iron Alloy For Surgical Implant Applications; pp. 102-104; Designation F563-88.
    [Show full text]
  • General Disclaimer One Or More of the Following Statements May Affect
    General Disclaimer One or more of the Following Statements may affect this Document This document has been reproduced from the best copy furnished by the organizational source. It is being released in the interest of making available as much information as possible. This document may contain data, which exceeds the sheet parameters. It was furnished in this condition by the organizational source and is the best copy available. This document may contain tone-on-tone or color graphs, charts and/or pictures, which have been reproduced in black and white. This document is paginated as submitted by the original source. Portions of this document are not fully legible due to the historical nature of some of the material. However, it is the best reproduction available from the original submission. Produced by the NASA Center for Aerospace Information (CASI) ,-M (NASA-CR-140957) THE RESTSTANCB OF N75-12115 a ; SELECTED HIGH STRENGTH ALLOYS TO E&BRITTLEMENT BY A HYDROGEN ENVZhONMENT (Worth Carolina Stake Univ.) 13 p HC Unclas ^ y $3.25 CSCL 11F G3/26 02808 k' 1 AEG r 3 0' E ' E . Y xr - THE RESISTANCE OF SLLECTED HIGH STRENGTH r. ALLOTS TO EMBRITTLEMENT BY A HYDROGEN ENVIRONMENT S i _. Ray B. Benson, Jr. P North ,Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina 4 } 3l ABSTRACT Selected high strength iron base and cobalt base alloys with yield strengths in the range of 1233 to 2129'N1Nm' 2 (179-309 KSI)— were resistant to degradation of mechanical properties in a one ( p^{{^j` atmosphere hydrogen environment at ambient temperature. These alloys were strengthened initially by cold working which produced strain induced e'-lisp martensite and fcc mechanical twins in an 1 ; fcc matrix.
    [Show full text]
  • Rolled Products Brochure
    Precision Quality Experience Precision The Advantage of Arnold Magnetic Technologies Arnold Magnetics’ Rolled Products Division was established in 1950 to manufacture foil and precision strip alloys for our in-house production of tape-wound magnetic cores. The need for precise thickness and process control required us to develop specialized processes that were capable of achieving necessary characteristics in a variety of alloys. Our experience with these techniques and capabilities earned us a reputation as a premier custom processor of a wide spectrum of alloys. Arnold Magnetics’ foil and precision strip products are preferred by many companies in aerospace, medical electronics, telecommunications, instruments, sensors, electrical, and many metalworking industries. To ensure continued conformance with the quality demanded by today’s competitive environment, Arnold Magnetics has invested in personnel, training, equipment and quality control programs to meet our customers’ requirements. “We judge our performance These processes produce components for such critical applications as springs, strain gauges, shielding, gaskets, brazing, magnetic and on how well we satisfy our electromagnetic sensors, honeycomb structures, implant devices, transformers and motor laminates, and many other precision customers’ needs.” applications. Capabilities ■ Precision thin-gauge alloy foil available in: sheet, strip and continuous coils. Available widths from 16.5" to a minimum of 0.035" (0.9 mm). Minimum thickness of 0.0005" (0.0125 mm) for 4 to 16.5" in width and 0.000085" (2.16 micron) for 4" widths and less. ■ Arnold offers wire, rod and bar stock for selected magnetic alloys such as the ductile ARNOKROME™ III alloy developed by Arnold based on the iron-chrome-cobalt alloy system.
    [Show full text]
  • The Names Highlighted in Green Are Considered by the Working Group As Common Names
    The names highlighted in green are considered by the working group as common names. Trademarks should be checked before using these as common names in publications. Table 1 — Chemical compositions of some austenitic stainless steels (see A.2 and D.3) UNS Name C Cr Ni Mn Si P S Mo N Other FPREN Ni + 2Mo max. a max. a max. a max. max. max. wC wCr wNi wMn wSi wP wS wMo wN % % % % % % % % % J92500 CF-3 0,03 17,0 to 21,0 8,0 to 12,0 1,50 2,00 0,04 0,04 17 to 21 8 to 12 J92600 CF-8 0,08 18,0 to 21,0 8,0 to 11,0 1,50 2,00 0,04 0,04 18 to 21 8 to 11 J92800 CF-3M 0,03 17,0 to 21,0 9,0 to 13,0 1,50 1,50 0,04 0,04 2,0 to 3,0 24 to 31 11 to 16,5 J92843 0,28 to 0,35 18,0 to 21,0 8,0 to 11,0 0,75 to 1,50 1,00 0,04 0,04 1,00 to 1,75 Other 23 to 30 14 to 19 b J92900 CF-8M 0,08 18,0 to 21,0 9,0 to 12,0 1,50 2,00 0,04 0,04 2,0 to 3,0 24 to 31 13 to 18 S20100 201 SS 0,15 16,0 to 18,0 3,5 to 5,5 5,5 to 7,5 1,00 0,060 0,030 0,25 20 to 22 3,5 to 5,5 S20200 202 SS 0,15 17,0 to 19,0 4,0 to 6,0 7,5 to 10,0 1,00 0,060 0,030 17 to 19 4 to 6 S20500 205 SS 0,12 to 0,25 16,0 to 18,0 1,00 to 1,75 14,0 to 15,5 1,00 0,060 0,030 16 to 18 1 to 1,75 S20910 22-13-5 0,06 20,5 to 23,5 11,5 to 13,5 4,0 to 6,0 1,00 0,040 0,030 1,5 to 3,0 0,20 to Other 29 to 38 14 to 20 0,40 c S30200 302 SS 0,15 17,0 to 19,0 8,0 to 10,0 2,00 1,00 0,045 0,030 17 to 19 8 to 10 S30400 304 SS 0,08 18,0 to 20,0 8,0 to 10,5 2,00 1,00 0,045 0,030 18 to 20 8 to 10,5 S30403 304L SS 0,03 18,0 to 20,0 8,0 to 12,0 2,00 1,00 0,045 0,030 17 to 19 10 to 13 S30500 305 SS 0,12 17,0 to 19,0 10,0 to 13,0 2,00 1,00
    [Show full text]
  • Measurement of Long Lived Radioactive Impurities Retained in the Disposable Cassettes on the Tracerlab MX System During the Production of [18F]FDG
    Applied Radiation and Isotopes ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]] Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Applied Radiation and Isotopes journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apradiso Measurement of long lived radioactive impurities retained in the disposable cassettes on the Tracerlab MX system during the production of [18F]FDG D. Ferguson n, P. Orr, J. Gillanders, G. Corrigan, C. Marshall Regional Medical Physics Service, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, Northern Ireland article info abstract Article history: Using a High- Purity Germanium gamma-ray spectrometer, a number of radioisotopes have been Received 15 December 2010 identified within Tracerlab MX radiochemistry system cassettes used to synthesise [18F]FDG. Twenty Received in revised form radiochemistry cassettes were measured and the average total activity of each radioisotope was 20 May 2011 determined. Using these values and decay correction, the minimum time the cassettes should be left in Accepted 22 May 2011 a decay store before the specific activity falls below 0.4B q/g, the limit for disposal alongside Clinical Waste was found to be 24 months. Keywords: & 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Cyclotron FDG Waste disposal Radioactive waste 1. Introduction Since 18FÀ is produced by the 18O(p,n)18F reaction, it is neces- sary to remove the 18F-ion from its aqueous environment. On the 18F is the most widely used radionuclide in PET and is GE Tracerlab MX system, which utilises disposable cassettes commonly produced by bombarding 18O enriched water with (supplied by Rotem Industries, Ltd), this is performed using a QMA accelerated protons. It is well established that long lived radio- Sep-Pak column (supplied as a part of ABX reagent kit, Biomedizi- nuclide impurities are generated using this method as a result of nische Forschungsreagenzien GmbH).
    [Show full text]
  • Long-Lived Contaminants in Short-Lived Cyclotron-Produced Radiopharmaceuticals with Visual Robfit
    Long-lived contaminants in short-lived cyclotron-produced radiopharmaceuticals with Visual RobFit Robert Metzger1,a and George Lasche2 1Radiation Safety Engineering, Inc, 3245 North Washington Street, Chandler, AZ, USA 2Snakedance Scientific, LLC, 13509 Quaking Aspen Place NE, Albuquerque, NM, USA Abstract. Oxygenated target waters of cyclotron targets contain long-lived contaminants due to (p,n) reactions in the Havar target window that are spalled into the target water. These contaminants must be scrubbed out of the water as part of the drug synthesis process. Currently the USP requires that the final drug product be 99.5% pure, so the total activity of the long-lived contaminants can be no more than 0.5% of the final radiopharmaceutical product. A method of determining these long-lived contaminants with whole-spectrum non-linear shape fitting has been developed using high-resolution gamma spectroscopy. Results of whole-spectrum shape fitting are compared to results from standard software that uses results of an initial search of individual peaks. It is shown that the usual problems due to interference corrections of individually-fitted peaks are not encountered with whole-spectrum shape fitting, with improved overall analytic results. 1 Introduction lived contaminants that are evident with gamma spectroscopy are 55Co, 56Co, 57Co, 58Co , 51Cr, 52Mn, 54Mn, For positron-emission tomography (PET) short-lived 57Ni, 183Re, 95Tc, 95mTc, and 96Tc. In common practice the radionuclides that emit no gamma-rays but only positrons activity concentrations
    [Show full text]
  • CONSIDERATIONS, MEASUREMENTS, and LOGISTICS ASSOCIATED with LOW-ENERGY CYCLOTRON DECOMMISSIONING Sunderland J.J., Erdahl C.E., Bender B.R.,Sensoy L., Watkins G.L
    CONSIDERATIONS, MEASUREMENTS, AND LOGISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH LOW-ENERGY CYCLOTRON DECOMMISSIONING Sunderland J.J., Erdahl C.E., Bender B.R.,Sensoy L., Watkins G.L. Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA Corresponding author email address: [email protected] pCi/gm ± Half-Life Likely Production Channel Introduction: There are currently approximately 150 active PET cyclotrons in the US. Ce-141 0.043 0.019 32 days (n,γ) on natural cerium in concrete There are likely at least 3X that number, total, in the world. Despite the fact that Co-60 1.835 0.042 5.27 years (n,γ) on natural cobalt in concrete the first wave of PET cyclotrons is in the decommissioning stage, there is still Cs-134 0.128 0.023 2.06 years (n, γ) on natural cesium in concrete little information in the literature on the science, health physics, and regulatory Eu-152 2.23 0.086 13.3 years (n, γ) on natural europium in concrete framework surrounding the process. Here we present quantitative radioactive Eu-154 0.264 0.047 8.8 years (n, ) on natural europium in concrete waste measurements associated with the University of Iowa’s cyclotron γ decommissioning. K-40 8.16 0.386 1.3e9 years Naturally Occurring La-140 0.528 0.269 40.3 hours (n, γ) on natural lanthanum in concrete Mn-54 0.436 0.036 312 days (n,p) on natural iron in concrete Material and methods: Na-24 211.4 2.08 15 hours (n, γ) on natural sodium in concrete In the summer of 2011, the University of Iowa’s 20-year-old 17 MeV And (n, α) on natural aluminum Scandatronix cyclotron underwent decommissioning.
    [Show full text]
  • Xerox University Microfilms
    INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • Metal Strip Brochure
    INNOVATIVE & ADVANCED METALLURGICAL TECHNOLOGY • Strip • Strip • Shaped Wire • Foil • Near Net Shaped Components • Ultra-thin Foil • Thermal Management Materials WALLINGFORD METAL STRIP METAL STRIP PRODUCTS NICKEL STRIP • Offering more alloy variations through powder High-Purity Dispersed Phase metallurgy than any other producer. AME 270 - 899A AME 201 - 899E • Tightly controlled chemistries result in high- AME 200 - 899L AME 233 - 899D purity strip with extremely low impurity levels AME 201 - 899M AME 205 - 899G & surface oxides. • Featuring tight tolerance, high quality surface ALLOY AMETEK SMP INDUSTRY finish & slit edges. SYSTEM GRADE EQUIVALENT 936 Invar® • Smaller lot sizes at competitive prices. 942 Alloy 42 946 Alloy 46 STANDARD CAPABILITIES Nickel Iron Strip 948 Alloy 48 • Thickness: 952 Alloy 52 0.002” - 0.090” ± 5% Others Available • Width: Fe-Ni-Co Strip 515 Sealvar® F-15 Alloy Kovar®, Rodar® 0.062” - 14.00” (and up to 22.00” in some 891 3% up to 14% W available cases, depending on gauge & temper) - +/- .005” Nickel 886 3% up to 14% W available • Coil Size: Tungsten Strip Others Available Up to 200 lbs. PIW, or 6000 lbs, with no welds. 0.062” - 14.00” (and up to 22.00” in Ductile Cobalt Cobalt Strip 580, 591, 595 - some cases, depending on gauge & temper) - High Purity Cobalt 599 +/- .005”. Standard arbor dia. of 3”, 6”, 8”, 12”, 16” Co, Ni, NiFe offered. Oscillate-wound coils up to 1,000 lbs. Weld Wire - Others available • Temper Range: Cu-Ni-Sn 377 Pfinodal® C72900 Annealed DDQ to Full Hard, incl. ¼ H, ½ H, ¾ H. Alloy Strip 388 Spinodal C72650 80/20, 70/30 Ni-Cr - and 65/35 High-Purity Fe 900B HP Iron ABOUT WALLINGFORD Putting metal strip technology to work for you..
    [Show full text]
  • Cyclotron Produced Radionuclides: Principles and Practice and Principles Radionuclides: Produced Cyclotron Cyclotron Produced Radionuclides: Principles and Practice
    232 pages 13.76 mm technical reportS series no. This book provides a comprehensive treatment of cyclotrons, with a special emphasis on pro- duction of radionuclides. Individual sections are devoted to accelerator technology, theoreti- cal aspects of nuclear reactions, the technol- ogy behind targetry, techniques for preparation of targets, irradiation of targets under high 465 beam currents, target processing and target recovery. This book will appeal to scientists and Technical Reports SeriEs No. 465 technologists interested in translating cyclo- tron technology into practice, as well as post- graduate students in this field. Cyclotron Produced Radionuclides: Principles and Practice Cyclotron Produced Radionuclides: Principles and Practice INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA ISBN 978–92–0–100208–2 ISSN 0074–1914 D465_covI-IV.indd 1 2008-10-21 13:52:56 CYCLOTRON PRODUCED RADIONUCLIDES: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GUATEMALA PAKISTAN ALBANIA HAITI PALAU ALGERIA HOLY SEE PANAMA ANGOLA HONDURAS PARAGUAY ARGENTINA HUNGARY PERU ARMENIA ICELAND PHILIPPINES AUSTRALIA INDIA POLAND AUSTRIA INDONESIA PORTUGAL AZERBAIJAN IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF QATAR BANGLADESH IRAQ REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BELARUS IRELAND ROMANIA BELGIUM ISRAEL RUSSIAN FEDERATION BELIZE ITALY SAUDI ARABIA BENIN JAMAICA SENEGAL BOLIVIA JAPAN SERBIA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JORDAN BOTSWANA KAZAKHSTAN SEYCHELLES BRAZIL KENYA SIERRA LEONE BULGARIA KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SINGAPORE BURKINA FASO KUWAIT SLOVAKIA
    [Show full text]
  • The Pennsylvania State University
    The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of Earth and Mineral Sciences METAL ORGANIC CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION OF ENVIRONMENTAL BARRIER COATINGS FOR THE INHIBITION OF SOLID DEPOSIT FORMATION FROM HEATED JET FUEL A Dissertation in Energy and Geo-Environmental Engineering by Arun Ram Mohan ©2011 Arun Ram Mohan Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2011 The dissertation of Arun Ram Mohan was reviewed and approved* by the following: Semih Eser Professor of Energy and Geo-Environmental Engineering Dissertation Advisor Chair of Committee Ljubisa R. Radovic Professor of Energy and Mineral Engineering André L. Boehman Professor of Fuel Science and Materials Science and Engineering Coray M. Colina Corning Faculty Fellow Associate Professor of Materials Science and Engineering Yaw D. Yeboah Professor and Department Head of Energy and Mineral Engineering *Signatures are in file in the Graduate School ii ABSTRACT Solid deposit formation from jet fuel compromises the fuel handling system of an aviation turbine engine and increases the maintenance downtime of an aircraft. The deposit formation process depends upon the composition of the fuel, the nature of metal surfaces that come in contact with the heated fuel and the operating conditions of the engine. The objective of the study is to investigate the effect of substrate surfaces on the amount and nature of solid deposits in the intermediate regime where both autoxidation and pyrolysis play an important role in deposit formation. A particular focus has been directed to examining the effectiveness of barrier coatings produced by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on metal surfaces for inhibiting the solid deposit formation from jet fuel degradation.
    [Show full text]